Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “OCD”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Principal components analysis of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms in children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has a broadly diverse clinical expression that may reflect etiologic heterogeneity. Several adult studies have identified consistent symptom dimensions of OCD. The purpose of this study was to conduct an exploratory principal components analysis of obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms in children and adolescents with OCD to identify improved phenotypes for future studies. METHODS: This study examined lifetime occurrence of OC symptoms included in the 13 symptom categories of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) and the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS). Principal components analysis with promax rotation was performed on 231 children and adolescents with OCD and compared with results of similar adult studies. RESULTS: A four-factor solution emerged explaining 59.8% of symptom variance characterized by 1) symmetry/ordering/repeating/checking; 2) contamination/cleaning/aggressive/somatic; 3) hoarding; and 4) sexual/religious symptoms. All factors included core symptoms that have been consistently observed in adult studies of OCD. CONCLUSIONS: In children and adolescents, OCD is a multidimensional disorder. Symptom dimensions are predominantly congruent with those described in similar studies of adults with OCD, suggesting fairly consistent covariation of OCD symptoms through the developmental course. Future work is required to understand changes in specific symptom dimensions observed across the life span.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The role of cognitive factors in the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive symptoms: a prospective study.

Cognitive models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) posit that specific kinds of dysfunctional beliefs (e.g., pertaining to responsibility and the significance of intrusive thoughts) underlie the development of this disorder. The present study was designed to prospectively evaluate whether dysfunctional beliefs thought to underlie OCD act as a specific vulnerability factor in the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive symptomatology. Eighty-five individuals were prospectively followed over a period of time thought to be associated with an increased onset of OCD symptoms -- childbirth and the postpartum. The majority of these new mothers and fathers experienced intrusive infant-related thoughts and performed neutralizing behaviors similar to, but less severe than, those observed in OCD. Scores on a measure of dysfunctional beliefs thought to underlie OCD predicted the development of obsessive-compulsive symptoms after controlling for pre-existing OCD symptoms, anxiety, and depression. Dysfunctional beliefs also predicted the severity of checking, washing, and obsessional OCD symptom dimensions, but not neutralizing, ordering, or hoarding symptom dimensions. These data provide evidence for specific dysfunctional beliefs as risk factors in the development of some types of OCD symptoms.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dissociative experiences in obsessive-compulsive disorder and trichotillomania: clinical and genetic findings.

A link between dissociation proneness in adulthood and self-reports of childhood traumatic events (including familial loss in childhood, sexual/physical abuse and neglect) has been documented. Several studies have also provided evidence for an association between dissociative experiences and trauma in patients with various psychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder, borderline personality, dissociative identity and eating disorders. Based on the relative paucity of data on dissociation and trauma in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and trichotillomania (TTM), the primary objective of this study was to examine the relationship between trauma and dissociative experiences (DE) in these two diagnostic groups. Furthermore, the availability of clinical and genetic data on this sample allowed us to explore clinical and genetic factors relevant to this association. A total of 110 OCD and 32 TTM patients were compared with respect to the degree of dissociation (using the Dissociative Experiences Scale [DES]) and childhood trauma (using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire [CTQ]). Patients were classified on the DES as either "high" (mean DES score >/= 30) or "low" (mean DES score < 30) dissociators. Additional clinical and genetic factors were also explored with chi-square and t tests as appropriate. A total of 15.8% of OCD patients and 18.8% of TTM patients were high dissociators. OCD and TTM groups were comparable on DES and CTQ total scores, and in both OCD and TTM groups, significant positive correlations were found between mean DES scores and mean CTQ subscores of emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and physical neglect. In the OCD group, high dissociators were significantly younger than low dissociators, and significantly more high dissociators than low dissociators reported a lifetime (current and past) history of tics (P <.001), Tourette's syndrome (P =.019), bulimia nervosa (P =.003), and borderline personality disorder (P =.027). In the TTM group, significantly more high dissociators than low dissociators reported (lifetime) kleptomania (P =.005) and depersonalisation disorder (P =.005). In the Caucasian OCD patients (n = 114), investigation of genetic polymorphisms involved in monoamine function revealed no significant differences between high and low dissociator groups. This study demonstrates a link between childhood trauma and DE in patients with OCD and TTM. High dissociative symptomatology may be present in a substantial proportion of patients diagnosed with these disorders. High dissociators may also be differentiated from low dissociators on some demographic features (e.g., lower age) and comorbidity profile (e.g., increased incidence of impulse dyscontrol disorders). Additional work is necessary before conclusions about the role of monoaminergic systems in mediating such dissociation can be drawn.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

DSM-IV obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: prevalence in patients with anxiety disorders and in healthy comparison subjects.

The relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) has not yet been fully clarified. The aim of the present study was to analyze DSM-IV OCPD prevalence rates in OCD and panic disorder (PD) patients to test for the specificity of the OCPD-OCD link, and to compare them to OCPD prevalence in a control group of subjects without any psychiatric disorder. A total of 109 patients with a principal diagnosis of DSM-IV (SCID-I) OCD and 82 with PD were interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders (SCID-II) in order to assess the prevalence of OCPD. All patients with a coexisting axis I diagnosis were excluded from the study to eliminate confounding factors when evaluating the association between prevalence rates of OCPD and anxiety disorder diagnoses. An exclusion criteria was also a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) score >/=16. A sample of comparison subjects (age 18 to 65 years) without any psychiatric disorder was recruited from people registered with two general practitioners (GPs), whether or not they consulted the doctor, in order to evaluate OCPD prevalence rate in the community. A significant difference was found between the prevalence of OCPD in OCD (22.9%) and in PD (17.1%) on one hand, and that in the comparison sample (3.0%) on the other. No differences were found between the two psychiatric groups, even when splitting the samples according to gender. Our study failed to support the hypothesis of a specific relationship between OCPD and OCD; we confirmed the higher prevalence rate of this personality disorder in OCD subjects with regard to the general population, but we also confirmed the higher rate of OCPD in another anxiety disorder which is phenomenologically well characterized and different from OCD, such as PD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Sexual obsessions and clinical correlates in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Because little is known about sexual obsessions in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), we examined rates and clinical correlates of sexual obsessions in 293 consecutive subjects with primary lifetime Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, OCD (54.6% females; mean age, 40.5 +/- 12.9 years). Symptom severity was examined using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Comorbidity, treatment response, insight, depression symptoms, quality of life, and social functioning were also assessed. All variables were compared in subjects who have OCD with and without sexual obsessions. Of the 293 subjects with primary OCD, 73 (24.9%) reported a history of sexual obsessions, and 39 (13.3%) of the subjects with OCD reported current sexual obsessions. Women were as likely as men to report sexual obsessions. As compared to those without these symptoms, subjects with current sexual obsessions were significantly more likely to report current aggressive (P < .001) and religious (P = .001) obsessions. Subjects with sexual obsessions also reported an earlier age of onset of OCD than subjects without these symptoms. Severity of OCD, comorbidity, treatment response, insight, depressive symptoms, quality of life, and social functioning did not differ between those with and without sexual obsessions. These preliminary results suggest that sexual obsessions are fairly common among individuals with OCD and may be associated with important clinical characteristics.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Corrigendum to "gender in obsessive-compulsive disorder: clinical and genetic findings" [Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 14 (2004) 105-113].

BACKGROUND: There is increasing recognition that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is not a homogeneous entity. It has been suggested that gender may contribute to the clinical and biological heterogeneity of OCD. METHODS: Two hundred and twenty patients (n=220; 107 male, 113 female) with DSM-IV OCD (age: 36.40 +/- 13.46) underwent structured interviews. A subset of Caucasian subjects (n=178), including subjects from the genetically homogeneous Afrikaner population (n=81), and of matched control subjects (n=161), was genotyped for polymorphisms in genes involved in monoamine function. Clinical and genetic data were statistically analyzed across gender. RESULTS: Compared with females, males with OCD (1) had an earlier age of onset, and a trend toward having more tics and worse outcome, (2) had somewhat differing patterns of OCD symptomatology and axis I comorbidity, and (3) in the Caucasian group, were more likely to have the high activity T allele of the EcoRV variant of the monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) gene compared to controls, and (4) in the Afrikaner subgroup, were more frequently homozygous for the G allele at the G861C variant of the 5HT1Dbeta gene than controls. Females with OCD (1) reported more sexual abuse during childhood than males, (2) often noted changes in obsessive-compulsive symptoms in the premenstrual/menstrual period as well as during/shortly after pregnancy, and with menopause, and (3) in the Caucasian subgroup, were more frequently homozygous for the low activity C allele of the EcoRV variant of the MAO-A gene compared to controls, with this allele also more frequent in female patients than controls. CONCLUSION: This study supports the hypothesis that gender contributes to the clinical and biological heterogeneity of OCD. A sexually dimorphic pattern of genetic susceptibility to OCD may be present. Further work is, however, needed to delineate the mechanisms that are responsible for mediating the effects of gender.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Sexual pleasure in women with obsessive-compulsive disorder?

BACKGROUND: Although patients with OCD have reported sexual dissatisfaction frequently, controlled studies are sparse. This study compared subjective appreciation of sexuality and sexual functioning between OCD patients and healthy subjects and controlled for the influence of medication or OCD subtypes on sexual functioning and satisfaction. METHODS: Self-report questionnaires were sent to 350 female outpatients with OCD and 101 questionnaires were completed. RESULTS: OCD patients reported significantly more sexual disgust (t = 4.48, p < 0.001), less sexual desire (t = 5.52, p < 0.001), sexual arousal (t = 4.28, p < 0.001), and satisfying orgasms (t = 4.94, p < 0.001), than controls. Neither medication nor OCD phenotypes did affect outcome. LIMITATIONS: A self-report questionnaire and relatively low response-rate (29%) could have biased the results and the sample was limited to women so results might not be generalisable to men. CONCLUSIONS: Female patients with OCD report low sexual pleasure, high sexual disgust and diminished sexual functioning, which are not only attributed to medication or contamination obsessions. In the future, clinicians should explicitly ask for sexual function in the assessment of patients with OCD.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The relationship between obsessive-compulsive and posttraumatic stress symptoms in clinical and non-clinical samples.

Although case reports suggest the existence of a unique relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), results from large-scale epidemiological and clinical studies have been more equivocal. Furthermore, symptom overlap may artificially inflate the significance of the relationship between OCD and PTSD. Utilizing the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory [OCI; Psychol. Assess. 10 (1998) 206] and the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale [PDS; Psychol. Assess. 9 (1997) 445], this study examined the relationship between OCD and PTSD symptoms in 128 patients diagnosed with OCD, 109 patients diagnosed with PTSD, 63 patients diagnosed with another anxiety disorder, and 40 college students. Experts in OCD and PTSD independently rated items on the OCI and PDS for the degree of overlap across the disorders. On the basis of these ratings, we created a scale from each measure that included only non-overlapping items. Results revealed that overall symptoms of OCD and PTSD were related in all samples. However, after controlling for depression and overlapping symptoms simultaneously, this relationship was no longer significant in the OCD and PTSD samples, although it remained significant in the anxious and college student comparison groups. These results support the presence of a relationship between symptoms of OCD and PTSD that may be largely accounted for by a combination of symptom overlap and depression.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory--Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample.

The present study examined the psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory--Revised (OCI-R) with the aim of replicating and extending previous findings, and addressing limitations of previous investigations. Individuals with OCD (n = 167) and other anxiety disorders (n = 155) completed the OCI-R, measures of OCD and related symptom severity, and measures of cognitive variables associated with OCD symptoms. Results indicate that the OCI-R is a psychometrically sound and valid measure of OCD and its various symptom presentations. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed a six-factor solution. The instrument also evidenced good convergent validity, and performed well in discriminating OCD from other anxiety disorders. Theoretically consistent patterns of associations between OCI-R symptom-based subscales and OCD-related cognitive variables were found, and five of the six OCI-R subscales corresponded closely to identified OCD symptom dimensions. The OCI-R is recommended as an empirically validated instrument that can be used in a range of clinical and research settings for research on OCD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Subtyping obsessive-compulsive disorder: clinical and immunological findings in child and adult onset.

It has been suggested that certain kinds of childhood OCD with specific clinical, biological and immunological characteristics may form a subgroup of OCD. We study the presence of these characteristics in child onset OCD and propose that the disorder be considered as a subtype of adult OCD. Forty adult patients with OCD were divided in two groups according to time of disease onset: 18 early onset and 21 late. Both sets were compared with a control group of 14 psychiatric patients. Child onset OCD was associated with higher mean ASLO titers, higher frequencies of history of tic disorders and tonsillitis in childhood and compulsive symptoms. No differences were found in D8/17 antibody titers or in other autoimmune parameters. The findings suggest that child onset OCD can be considered as a subgroup of adult OCD, although more specific biological markers are needed to identify it.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Implicit and explicit memory in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: an event-related potential study.

The implicit and explicit memory in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) was investigated using the event-related potential (ERP). For the assessment of implicit memory, a lexical decision task was administered. Among a total of 320 words and 140 non-words, 200 words were repeated, while the remaining 120 words and the 140 non-words were not repeated. For explicit memory, a continuous recognition task was administered, in which 280 words were repeated and 100 were not repeated. On the recognition task, both the controls and OCD patients showed more positivity to the old words than to the new words during the 200-600 ms period post-stimulus. Both groups showed faster response time to the old words than to the new words. On the lexical decision task, the controls showed the old/new effect during the 200-500 ms period post-stimulus, while the OCD patients did not. However, OCD patient showed faster response time to the old words than to the new words, although OCD patients showed prolonged response times to the old words compared to the controls. These results indicate that OCD patients have preserved explicit and implicit memory. The absence of old/new effect on ERP in OCD patients was discussed in terms of dysfunction of frontostriatal system, which plays an important role in both OCD and implicit memory.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The role of clinical phenotypes in understanding the genetics of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Studies have shown that genetic factors are significant in predisposing individuals to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Family studies have demonstrated significantly higher rates of OCD in parents and siblings of OCD probands with an age-corrected morbid risk ranging from approximately 10% to 35% in first-degree relatives. Twin studies suggest that this familiality is, in part, due to genetic factors, and results from complex segregation analyses imply the existence of genes that have major effects on the transmission of OCD. However, not all cases of OCD seem to be familial. Furthermore, it appears that even in the familial form, there are clinical and genetic heterogeneities. Thus, future studies should either adjust the prevalence rates used in genetic analyses to account for nonfamilial cases or perform separate analyses of those families with a demonstrably familial form of OCD. Furthermore, in complex psychiatric disorders such as OCD, a single genetic locus may influence only a small part of phenotypic variance, and other genetic and environmental factors may interact in determining clinical phenotype. The implications of this finding on clinical and genetic heterogeneity in OCD are discussed.

Female↗
PubMed2006

A neuropsychological comparison of obsessive-compulsive disorder and trichotillomania.

BACKGROUND: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and trichotillomania (compulsive hair-pulling) share overlapping co-morbidity, familial transmission, and phenomenology. However, the extent to which these disorders share a common cognitive phenotype has yet to be elucidated using patients without confounding co-morbidities. AIM: To compare neurocognitive functioning in co-morbidity-free patients with OCD and trichotillomania, focusing on domains of learning and memory, executive function, affective processing, reflection-impulsivity and decision-making. METHOD: Twenty patients with OCD, 20 patients with trichotillomania, and 20 matched controls undertook neuropsychological assessment after meeting stringent inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Groups were matched for age, education, verbal IQ, and gender. The OCD and trichotillomania groups were impaired on spatial working memory. Only OCD patients showed additional impairments on executive planning and visual pattern recognition memory, and missed more responses to sad target words than other groups on an affective go/no-go task. Furthermore, OCD patients failed to modulate their behaviour between conditions on the reflection-impulsivity test, suggestive of cognitive inflexibility. Both clinical groups showed intact decision-making and probabilistic reversal learning. CONCLUSIONS: OCD and trichotillomania shared overlapping spatial working memory problems, but neuropsychological dysfunction in OCD spanned additional domains that were intact in trichotillomania. Findings are discussed in relation to likely fronto-striatal neural substrates and future research directions.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Is there a relationship between Parkinson's disease and obsessive-compulsive disorder?

Obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have been reported in Parkinson's disease (PD). This is interpreted as an indirect evidence for the involvement of frontobasal ganglia circuitry in OCD. However, the evidence for relationship between the OC symptoms and PD is inconsistent. This study systematically assessed OC symptoms and OCD in non-demented idiopathic PD patients (n=69) and matched medically ill controls (n=69). The cases did not differ from controls with respect to OC symptoms, clinical and subclinical OCD, tics and other psychiatric diagnoses. There was no relationship between severity of PD and OC symptoms. The findings do not support relationship between OCD and PD. While the findings of this study do not in any way rule out the involvement of frontobasal ganglia circuitry in OCD, it is speculated that the involvement of different circuitry in the pathophysiology of OCD and PD explain the lack of association between PD and OCD.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2006

Volumetric MRI assessment of brain regions in patients with refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder.

No prior study to date has examined the comparisons of the structures that have been implicated in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in patients with refractory OCD, those who are treatment-responded and healthy controls concurrently. Therefore, we performed a volumetric MRI study in patients with refractory OCD, those with treatment responding OCD and healthy controls. Morphometric MRI was used to compare in thirty patients with OCD and ten healthy controls. Of the patient group, ten were first applying patients, ten were treatment-responded and the rest were refractory OCD patients. As a whole group, OCD patients had increased white matter volume than healthy controls. First applying patients had significantly smaller left and right orbito-frontal cortex (OFC) volumes compared with treatment-responded patients and healthy controls, with a significant difference between refractory patients and treatment-responded patients and with no significant difference was found between the volume of first applying patients compared to that of refractory patients. Anterior cingulate exhibited a near-significant difference only between first applying patients and healthy controls on left side. First applying patients had significantly greater left and right thalamus volumes compared with treatment-responded patients and healthy controls and there was a considerable difference in regard to thalamic volumes between refractory patients and treatment-responded patients. Taken together, our findings suggest that reductions in OFC and increase in thalamic volumes may be associated with refractoriness of OCD and may not be due to changes in cingulate and caudate regions.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Comparative neuropsychological function in obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia with and without obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

Executive function deficits are seen in both schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but research suggests that dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPF) dysfunction is associated with schizophrenia and orbitofrontal (OBF) dysfunction is associated with OCD. As part of a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment, the Bechara Gambling Task (BGT) was used to assess OBF function and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) was used to assess DLPF function among three groups: 26 individuals with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder with obsessive-compulsive symptoms (SCZ+), 28 individuals with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder without obsessive-compulsive symptoms (SCZ-), and, 11 individuals with OCD. It was predicted that the SCZ+ group and the OCD group would show impairments in OBF function, as compared to the SCZ- group, and that the SCZ+ and SCZ- groups would show impairments in DLPF function, as compared to the OCD group. It was also predicted that the SCZ+ group would perform more poorly than the SCZ- and OCD groups in a number of other cognitive domains. Contrary to expectation, no divergence between groups was seen on tests of executive function. Instead, there was a statistical trend for the SCZ+ and SCZ- groups, when combined, to perform worse than individuals with OCD on the measure of OBF. Although not significant at the designated alpha level, the profile results showed that the SCZ+ group performed slightly below the OCD and SCZ- groups across nearly all neuropsychological domains.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

An examination of the cognitive processes involved in childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder.

The cognitive theory of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is the most widely accepted account of the aetiology and maintenance of this disorder in adults. This paper investigated whether cognitive processes were evident in a sample of children with a primary diagnosis of OCD. Using an idiographic approach, as proposed by the Obsessive-Compulsive Cognitions Working Group, this paper assessed cognitive appraisals of responsibility, probability, severity, thought-action fusion, self-doubt and cognitive control. Ratings of these cognitive appraisals were obtained across a sample of children with OCD, and were compared with ratings from a clinical control group of anxious children and a non-clinic control group. It was hypothesised that consistent with the cognitive theory of OCD, children in the OCD group would display higher estimations of these cognitive processes in comparison to anxious and non-clinic children. Results of this investigation provide preliminary support for a cognitive conceptualisation of OCD during childhood. OCD children reported significantly higher ratings of responsibility, severity, thought action fusion and less cognitive control in comparison to non-clinic children. OCD children could also be clearly differentiated from anxious children on ratings of cognitive control. Implications of this investigation are discussed and directions for future research are highlighted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Strategies of thought control in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Intrusive anxiety-provoking thoughts are a core feature of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Recent research suggests that individuals use five different techniques of thought control including: distraction, punishment, re-appraisal, social control, and worry. The purpose of the present study was to examine the strategies of thought control used by OCD patients compared to those used by non-anxious controls. In addition, the relationship of method of thought control and domains of OCD-related psychopathology were investigated. Results revealed that OCD patients used punishment, worry, reappraisal, and social control more often than non-patients. Conversely, distraction was used more often by non-patients than OCDs. Interestingly, punishment was the strongest discriminator of OCDs and non-patients mostly because of the low frequency of its use by non-patients. Furthermore, punishment and worry were the only methods of thought control that correlated with OCD symptomatology. These results suggest that OCD patients may use maladaptive methods of thought control when faced with obsessions.

Adolescent↗