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PubMed2006

[Trends in the agents used for euthanasia and the relationship with the number of notifications].

OBJECTIVE: To provide insight into the relationship between the drugs used for euthanasia and its notification. DESIGN: Retrospective and descriptive. METHODS: By comparing the drugs used for euthanasia according to different components of studies carried out in 1990, 1995 and 2000, insight was obtained into the drugs used in all cases of euthanasia satisfying the definition thereof (death-certificate studies), those cases of euthanasia that, in addition, were defined as such by the physician (physician interviews), and the cases of euthanasia that, in addition, had been reported (reported case studies). RESULTS: In 2001, standard drugs for euthanasia were used in 76% of cases and opioids in 23%. Euthanasia with standard drugs was reported in 73% of cases in 1995, and in 71% of cases in 2000, while euthanasia with opioids was reported in 2% and 1% of cases, respectively. The total percentage of euthanasia reported was higher in 2001 than in 1995 (54% versus 44%), since in 2001 euthanasia was apparently performed more often with standard drugs and less with opioids. CONCLUSION: An increasing proportion of cases of euthanasia is being carried out with the drugs recommended for this purpose. Euthanasia with opioids was rarely reported. Possibly, physicians did not always consider these cases to be euthanasia.

Barbiturates↗
PubMed1991

Tuberculosis notification rates in the elderly.

The highest rate of tuberculosis notification in England and Wales during the 1980s occurred in males aged 65 years and over. This is explained on the basis of reactivation rather than recent infection: a trend which is likely to continue until the end of the century.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Partitioning knowledge bases between advanced notification and clinical decision support systems.

Due to the varying rates of change of ephemeral administrative and enduring clinical knowledge in decision support systems (DSSs), the functional partition of knowledge base (KB) components can lead to more efficient and cost-effective system implementation and maintenance. Our prototype loosely couples a clinical event monitor developed by Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC) with a secure notification service proxy developed by IBM Research to form a novel and complex clinical event communication service.

Computer Security↗
PubMed2006

Deaths at Red Cross Children's Hospital, Cape Town 1999-2003--a study of death notification forms.

OBJECTIVES: The availability of cause-specific mortality data for children in South Africa is limited. Hospital-based data have the potential to contribute to understanding of the causation of childhood death in South Africa. The objectives of the study were to gain insights into the causes of death in a South African children's hospital. DESIGN: Prospective, descriptive study of death notification forms. SETTING: Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town. METHODS: Data from 1999 to 2003 were analysed by direct and underlying causes of death (using a modified Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) classification) and demographic variables. Death rates per 1 000 hospital admissions were calculated for certain common causes of death. Seasonal correlates of mortality were examined. RESULTS: There were 1 978 deaths. The number of deaths per year increased by 11.4% over the period. The death rate rose from 15.9 to 18.4 per 1 000 admissions from 1999 to 2002, declining to 17.4/1 000 in 2003. The death rate was higher for females than for males (18.4/1 000 versus 17.6/1 000, p = 0.007). Sixty per cent of deaths occurred in children less than 1 year old. GBD group I diseases (infectious, nutritional, perinatal) accounted for the greatest proportion of deaths (58.6%), followed by noncommunicable diseases (29.1%), and injuries (7.9%). HIV/AIDS accounted for 60% of infectious deaths (31.6% of all deaths). Diarrhoea-related mortality was 3 times higher in summer than in winter. Congenital conditions dominated GBD group II (57.5%). CONCLUSION: The analysis shows the value of routinely recording data on childhood hospital deaths. The results mirror those of the South African Medical Research Council's Burden of Disease studies but also reflect the hospital's tertiary functions. Female children were at higher risk of death. Childhood HIV-related deaths are a major challenge to the health system.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1991

Results of a one year longitudinal study of HIV antibody test notification from the San Francisco General Hospital cohort.

We examined the psychological impact of HIV antibody testing in 107 homosexual men in San Francisco. Seventy-eight percent of the seropositives but only 43% of the seronegatives correctly anticipated their results. Twelve months after notification (but not earlier), notified seropositives reported significantly greater increases in total distress than nonnotified controls. However, notified seronegatives demonstrated significantly lower levels of hopelessness than nonnotified controls at every follow-up assessment. Thus, knowledge of HIV antibody status appears to dispel a sense of gloom in persons who incorrectly believe themselves to be infected with HIV, but does not appear to induce significant distress in those whose expectation of a positive result is confirmed. Both groups reported lower distress than men with ARC or AIDS, suggesting that distress was related more to symptomatology than knowing antibody status. These results suggest the benefits of HIV testing for the considerable proportion of seronegative subjects believing themselves to be seropositive and should be weighted against the more limited induction of distress in seropositives who receive confirmation of their test result expectation. The benefits of testing are also supported by increasing knowledge of the usefulness of early intervention in HIV disease.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1991

Notification of disease. Worthwhile or not?

Disease notification is part of the community surveillance system for control of infectious diseases, but it has fallen into disuse. Understanding the goals and mechanisms of surveillance allows us to respond most appropriately to the needs of both our patients and the community.

Australia↗
PubMed1991

Using a notification card to improve communication between community pharmacists and general practitioners.

A pilot scheme was set up to evaluate a notification card to be used by community pharmacists when referring patients to their general practitioner, with the aim of improving communication. Six community pharmacists and 15 general practitioners took part in the study. During the 18 month study period 120 cards were issued by pharmacists. The majority of patients (71%) advised to see their general practitioner by the pharmacist did so. Fourteen cards (12%) were issued for suspected adverse drug reactions. The card was received positively by patients, doctors and pharmacists.

Communication↗
PubMed1991

Health status of hostel dwellers. Part V. Tuberculosis notifications.

Cape Town tuberculosis notification rates for the hostel dwellers of Langa and Guguletu emphasise the severity of the problem among the poor in the city. But the enormity of the problem for the broader dependent migrant population can only be surmised from these figures. It is not possible to compile a comprehensive tuberculosis profile for a geographically divided mobile population nor provide the necessary continuity of treatment under the present politically contrived disparate health care system. Control of tuberculosis cannot wait for a political solution.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Partner notification for HIV control.

Long used as a public health tool for controlling sexually transmitted diseases, partner notification has been underutilized against HIV infection. Why? Issues of confidentiality, cost-effectiveness, and clinical benefit are involved. The validity of these concerns is addressed in a review of recent experience in Colorado and elsewhere.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1990

Criteria for the notification of childhood tuberculosis in a high-incidence area of the western Cape Province.

The medical records of 124 children notified from Ravensmead Clinic, Parow, as having tuberculosis during 1987 were reviewed in order to determine the strength of the evidence on which the diagnosis was made. Arranging the diagnostic criteria in an hierarchical manner, as suggested by the World Health Organisation, the cases were categorised as suspect, probable or confirmed. Twenty-five were suspect cases (20%), 89 probable cases (72%) and the remaining 10 confirmed cases (8%). These findings indicated that notifications from the clinic were being made in accordance with internationally accepted practice. The use of the WHO approach for the categorisation of childhood tuberculosis cases is recommended for both clinical and epidemiological purposes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Referrals and notifications by British optometrists.

1031 British optometrists completed a questionnaire to give information on their rates of referral and notification to the medical profession. Data were collected in relation to the conditions concerned, the age and sex of the patient, and the spectacle correction. Major causes of referral were cataract, glaucoma, fundus changes, headaches/migraine/eye pain and lowered visual acuity; 6.5% of all patients seen were referred to their general medical practitioner notified, and of this group it was estimated that 25-30% could have managed with reading glasses which comprised spherical lenses of equal power. If such glasses could be self-selected, without reference to a medical practitioner or optometrist, a significant number of people would not benefit from the health screening aspects of the eye examination.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Death notification.

Death notification--informing the deceased's family of an unexpected death--is a singularly stressful task common to medical personnel, clergy, and police. We surveyed by questionnaire a group of 50 Los Angeles Police Department homicide detectives, 21 of whom were subsequently interviewed by telephone. The detectives stated that their initial apprehension stemmed from feeling unprepared. Identification with victims' families was common and compounded the stress. One prevalent worry concerned the possible reactions of the family upon hearing the news, especially the risk of a violent attack on the police officer. Several coping styles were recognized. Our findings suggest that the repetitive performance of this continuously stressful task may be a prominent and underappreciated contribution to occupational burnout.

Death↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Retrieval of 'left the area leprosy cases' by cross-notification.

It has been noticed that a large number of cases registered as Leprosy under National Leprosy Control Programme are being deleted (approximately 20-25% of total cases) as 'Left the area' every year. It is not known what is happening to these 'left the area cases'. It is resulting in loss of regularity of treatment to the patient, continuation of transmission of infection in the community and multiple registration of the same case as new case at several places giving rise to false Incidence Rates. A system of cross-notification is suggested to overcome this problem.

Follow-Up Studies↗
PubMed1985

Notification and risk assessment for bladder cancer of a cohort exposed to aromatic amines. III. Mortality among workers exposed to aromatic amines in the last beta-naphthylamine manufacturing facility in the United States.

A retrospective cohort mortality study was conducted among workers employed at the last facility in the United States that manufactured beta-naphthylamine (BNA), a recognized human bladder carcinogen. This study was conducted in conjunction with a pilot project in which workers were notified of the health risks associated with exposures to carcinogenic amines. Cause-specific mortality for 1,312 male workers employed between 1940 and 1972, and followed through 1979, was compared with the mortality of the general population in the United States. Two deaths from bladder cancer were observed while 0.7 such deaths were expected. Due to the use of these potent carcinogenic amines, it had been anticipated that more bladder cancer deaths would be found in this population. The reasons for the small number of bladder cancer deaths could have been the low percentage of the work force exposed, an inadequate latency period, and/or the high survival rate for bladder cancer. In fact, a notification and medical screening project recently conducted in this same population found an additional 11 bladder cancer cases. This suggests that mortality may not always be an adequate indicator of disease risk.

2-Naphthylamine↗
PubMed1972

Viral hepatitis in Israel: the effect of canvassing physicians on notifications and the apparent epidemiological pattern.

Notifications of morbidity are frequently incomplete but they represent the only practicable way of carrying out large-scale surveillance. Studies of hepatitis in the Central District of Israel offered an opportunity of assessing the reliability of routine data. The regular canvassing of physicians resulted in a 2-3-fold increase in reports of viral hepatitis. Comparisons of rates before and after canvassing with those for an insured population within the Central District indicated that there was an improvement from 37.4% in 1960/61 to 96.2% in 1968/69. None the less, the lower (precanvassing) level of reporting adequately delineated year-to-year fluctuations in morbidity, the seasonal cycle, and age distribution. One consequence of canvassing was a distortion of the secular trend not only for hepatitis but also for some other communicable diseases.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1977

Notification of Sarcoidosis in Denmark--the "true" incidence?

Although the central nation-wide registration of sarcoidosis in Denmark has provided valuable informations, the estimation of incidence is too low because a) far from all cases are detected owing to the often silent and transient nature of the disease and b) there has been a significant deficiency in the notification of known cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Measles notifications -- the first year.

Measles is a major cause of childhood mortality in the developing world. Observed trends in the USA confirm the efficacy of a measles control programme. South Africa launched such a programme in 1975 with the introduction of free vaccine for all children. In order to enhance and monitor this campaign, measles became a notifiable condition on 24 August 1979. Notifications received in the first year are reviewed and the observed patterns are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Leprosy control in Guadeloupe (French West Indies). I General organization notification and registration of patients (author's transl)].

The French department of Guadeloupe gets good health structures and a high number of physicians in regard to its population. The Institut Pasteur of Guadeloupe is in charge of the leprosy control, with a team of specialized physicians who are in the same time microbiologists. The control methodology must take into account the fear still caused by the disease in the population, the patient's request to remain anonymous, the rquirements of the law concerning the notification and the registration of every new patient, and the real contagiosity of leprosy. In thirty years, a pragmatic, effective and not too compelling approach has been set up. A full cooperation, has been developed between the private practioners, the Public health service with its hospitals for specialized treatments, and the Institut Pasteur in charge of epidemiological control.

Health Policy↗