Reference librarians' perceptions and use of Internet resources: results of a survey of academic health sciences libraries.
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Canada↗
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The evolution of modern technology and its societal impact on biocommunications in academe.
A perspective is presented on how communications technology has evolved over the last century and has resulted in the digital revolution and information explosion affecting biocommunications today. The paper includes three sections: historical perspective, current situation, and future direction. The relationship between information technology and societal factors impacting on higher education, health care, and the field of biocommunications is discussed and suggestions made for understanding and coping with this change.
Communication↗
JADE: an approach for interconnecting bioinformatics databases.
To achieve the integration of biological data available on the World Wide Web and maintained in diverse sources such as GDB, Genbank or Acedb, we have developed a software called Jade. Jade allows programmers to create analytic tools and graphical user interfaces for one or more existing bioinformatics data sources. These tools can then be interchanged, compared and reused without making modifications in the data sources themselves. The system is implemented in the Java programming language and will run equally well on Macintosh, Windows or Unix workstations. Jade is free and can be used immediately by all interested parties.
Computational Biology↗
Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. Health Resources and Services Administration, HHS. Final rule.
This document sets forth improvements to the final rule governing the operation of the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN), published in 1998. It reflects the advice of a panel convened by the National Academy of Science's Institute of Medicine, as called for in the Department's appropriation act for 1999. It also reflects comments on the 1998 rule and consultation with representatives of the organ transplantation community, as recommended in the same legislation; and it summarizes new transplant data developed in the period since enactment of the appropriations act.
Community Networks↗
Effect of Federal programs on health sciences libraries.
The radical changes and improvements in health sciences libraries during the last quarter century have been primarily achieved through the leadership of the National Library of Medicine (NLM) in the application of technology and in the creation of a biomedical communications network. This article describes principal programs and activities of the National Library of Medicine and their effects on health sciences libraries: the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System (MEDLARS), implementation of the Medical Library Assistance Act (MLAA), and defense of "fair use" of copyrighted material. The article briefly summarizes more recent Federal activities which directly affect access to and dissemination of health information and concludes with a summary of problems for which solutions must be found if health sciences libraries are to be prepared to meet the future. It is clear from comparing the programs described with current government attitudes that, although the Federal government has promoted advancement in the dissemination of biomedical information in the past, this trend is reversing, and Federal funding to libraries is decreasing while the cost of accessing information is increasing.
Forecasting↗
Linking water science to policy: results from a series of national workshops on water.
To ensure science better informs the decision-making process, researchers and policy/program managers need to understand and respect each other's way of working, culture and operational timelines. However, there is little practical guidance on how this should be done and even less documented experience with specific mechanisms that better link these two groups. The published literature on information transfer has largely emphasized the dissemination of standard packages of information to ill-defined constituencies whose needs for scientific information are not well understood. Environment Canada's National Water Research Institute, on behalf of the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, led a series of "Linking Water Science to Policy Workshops" as one such mechanism by which recent science could be delivered to practitioners, and practitioners could identify their research needs to scientists and research managers. There is a pressing need to explore and share experiences using creative mechanisms for sustained dialogue and networking between scientists and policy and program managers. The lessons learned from the workshop series and the need for science to continually inform the decision-making process has particular relevance for Canada's Ecosystem Initiatives given their integrated, place-based focus on long-term restoration and protection, and the challenge of continually changing ecosystems.
Canada↗
Continuity and quality of care in type 2 diabetes: a Residency Research Network of South Texas study.
OBJECTIVE: We investigated the relationship between continuity of care and the quality of care received by patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. STUDY DESIGN: We used a cross-sectional patient survey and medical record review. POPULATION: Consecutive patients with an established diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus presented to 1 of 6 clinics within the Residency Research Network of South Texas, a network of 6 family practice residencies affiliated with the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. OUTCOMES MEASURED: Continuity was measured as the proportion of visits within the past year to the patient's usual primary care provider. A quality of care score was computed based on the American Diabetes Association's Provider Recognition Program criteria from data collected through medical record review and patient surveys. Each patient was awarded points based on the presence or absence of each criterion. RESULTS: The continuity score was associated significantly with the quality of care score in the anticipated direction (r =.15, P =.04). Patients who had seen their usual providers within the past year were significantly more likely to have had an eye examination, a foot examination, 2 blood pressure measurements, and a lipid analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Continuity of care is associated with the quality of care received by patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Continuity of care may influence provider and patient behaviors in ways that improve quality. Further research on how continuity contributes to improved quality is needed.
Academic Medical Centers↗
Service-oriented science.
New information architectures enable new approaches to publishing and accessing valuable data and programs. So-called service-oriented architectures define standard interfaces and protocols that allow developers to encapsulate information tools as services that clients can access without knowledge of, or control over, their internal workings. Thus, tools formerly accessible only to the specialist can be made available to all; previously manual data-processing and analysis tasks can be automated by having services access services. Such service-oriented approaches to science are already being applied successfully, in some cases at substantial scales, but much more effort is required before these approaches are applied routinely across many disciplines. Grid technologies can accelerate the development and adoption of service-oriented science by enabling a separation of concerns between discipline-specific content and domain-independent software and hardware infrastructure.
Algorithms↗
HIV and African Americans in the southern United States: sexual networks and social context.
BACKGROUND: Heterosexual HIV transmission among African Americans in the rural southern United States has climbed in recent years. Concurrent partnerships and bridge populations have emerged as key elements in the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). GOAL: The goal of this study was to examine published empiric data and other literature concerning the extent of these network patterns and their relationship to the socioeconomic context among African Americans in the rural South. STUDY DESIGN: The authors conducted a review of public health, medical, and social sciences literature. RESULTS: In areas of the rural South with high STI rates, there is extensive concurrency with evidence of dense sexual networks and bridging among the general population, core group members, and other high-risk subpopulations. Qualitative research reveals socioeconomic factors that support these network patterns: low ratio of men to women, economic oppression, racial discrimination, and high incarceration rates of black men. CONCLUSION: Concurrency and bridging likely contribute to increased heterosexual HIV transmission among blacks in the South; contextual factors promote these network patterns in this population.
Black People↗
APBioNet: the Asia-Pacific regional consortium for bioinformatics.
Bioinformatics and computational biology, along with the related fields of genomics, proteomics, functional genomics and systems biology are new wave scientific disciplines that harness composite computational power across networks to advance biological knowledge at the most basic level and to direct traditional laboratory-based research efforts in the biomedical sciences. 'Fostering the growth of bioinformatics and allied disciplines in the Asia-Pacific region' is the motto of the first regional bioinformatics society, the Asia-Pacific Bioinformatics Network (APBioNet). APBioNet addresses the issues of hardware, software, databases and networks pertaining to bioinformatics, with the additional layer of pertinent education, training and research. Recent milestones achieved include hosting an international bioinformatics symposium in Asia and setting up large-scale regional grid-computing projects.
Asia↗
[The "rehabilitation sciences" promotional emphasis--a promotional program and its implementation].
The German Federal Research Ministry and the German pension insurance have set up a special funding programme for medical rehabilitation research. Eight regional research networks with about 70 projects receive funds for a first three year period. Rehabilitation experts from several countries selected the promising networks and studies from more than 100 proposals. In these networks medical and social scientists from universities and other research units cooperate with rehabilitation centers and pension insurance institutes in order to combine forces for the development of German rehabilitation science. The programme aims at improving the research structures and at tackling the major challenges of medical rehabilitation research. The following subjects represent the main fields of the ongoing research: a) etiology, course and prognosis of chronic diseases and their consequences to rehabilitation, b) diagnostics in rehabilitation, c) evaluation and improvement of rehabilitation therapy, d) the patient's perspective in rehabilitation and e) rehabilitation system research. As yet funding is limited to the year 2001. Further support of the networks will depend on the results of a thorough evaluation of the progress of their research and their structural perspective.
Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
Dynamin II is involved in endocytosis but not in the formation of transport vesicles from the trans-Golgi network.
Dynamins are a family of approximately 100-kDa GTPases that are thought to play a pivotal role in the formation of endocytic coated vesicles. There are three dynamin genes in mammals: dynamin I is neuron-specific, dynamin II shows ubiquitous expression, and dynamin III is expressed in testis, brain, and lung. However, most studies on the functions of dynamins to date have been restricted to dynamin I. In the present study, we show that, like dynamin I, dynamin II is involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis. While this study was in progress, Jones et al. [Jones, S.M., Howell, K.E., Henley, J.R., Cao, H., and McNiven, M.A. (1998) Science 279, 573-577] reported that dynamin II is localized in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and involved in the formation of constitutive transport vesicles and clathrin-coated vesicles from this compartment. However, immunofluorescence analyses and experiments using cells transfected with dominant-negative dynamin II failed to show any evidence for localization of dynamin II in the TGN or for its involvement in vesicle formation from this compartment. Our data thus indicate that dynamin II is involved in endocytosis but not in the formation of transport vesicles from the TGN.
Animals↗
Elucidation of gene-to-gene and metabolite-to-gene networks in arabidopsis by integration of metabolomics and transcriptomics.
Since the completion of genome sequences of model organisms, functional identification of unknown genes has become a principal challenge in biology. Post-genomics sciences such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics are expected to discover gene functions. This report outlines the elucidation of gene-to-gene and metabolite-to-gene networks via integration of metabolomics with transcriptomics and presents a strategy for the identification of novel gene functions. Metabolomics and transcriptomics data of Arabidopsis grown under sulfur deficiency were combined and analyzed by batch-learning self-organizing mapping. A group of metabolites/genes regulated by the same mechanism clustered together. The metabolism of glucosinolates was shown to be coordinately regulated. Three uncharacterized putative sulfotransferase genes clustering together with known glucosinolate biosynthesis genes were candidates for involvement in biosynthesis. In vitro enzymatic assays of the recombinant gene products confirmed their functions as desulfoglucosinolate sulfotransferases. Several genes involved in sulfur assimilation clustered with O-acetylserine, which is considered a positive regulator of these genes. The genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis clustered with the gene encoding a transcriptional factor that up-regulates specifically anthocyanin biosynthesis genes. These results suggested that regulatory metabolites and transcriptional factor genes can be identified by this approach, based on the assumption that they cluster with the downstream genes they regulate. This strategy is applicable not only to plant but also to other organisms for functional elucidation of unknown genes.
Arabidopsis↗
Getting the big picture in community science: methods that capture context.
Community science has a rich tradition of using theories and research designs that are consistent with its core value of contextualism. However, a survey of empirical articles published in the American Journal of Community Psychology shows that community scientists utilize a narrow range of statistical tools that are not well suited to assess contextual data. Multilevel modeling, geographic information systems (GIS), social network analysis, and cluster analysis are recommended as useful tools to address contextual questions in community science. An argument for increased methodological consilience is presented, where community scientists are encouraged to adopt statistical methodology that is capable of modeling a greater proportion of the data than is typical with traditional methods.
Cluster Analysis↗
Impact of different variables on the outcome of patients with clinically confined prostate carcinoma: prediction of pathologic stage and biochemical failure using an artificial neural network.
BACKGROUND: The advent of advanced computing techniques has provided the opportunity to analyze clinical data using artificial intelligence techniques. This study was designed to determine whether a neural network could be developed using preoperative prognostic indicators to predict the pathologic stage and time of biochemical failure for patients who undergo radical prostatectomy. METHODS: The preoperative information included TNM stage, prostate size, prostate specific antigen (PSA) level, biopsy results (Gleason score and percentage of positive biopsy), as well as patient age. All 309 patients underwent radical prostatectomy at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center. The data from all patients were used to train a multilayer perceptron artificial neural network. The failure rate was defined as a rise in the PSA level > 0.2 ng/mL. The biochemical failure rate in the data base used was 14.2%. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to validate the results. RESULTS: The neural network statistics for the validation set showed a sensitivity and specificity of 79% and 81%, respectively, for the prediction of pathologic stage with an overall accuracy of 80% compared with an overall accuracy of 67% using the multivariate regression analysis. The sensitivity and specificity for the prediction of failure were 67% and 85%, respectively, demonstrating a high confidence in predicting failure. The overall accuracy rates for the artificial neural network and the multivariate analysis were similar. CONCLUSIONS: Neural networks can offer a convenient vehicle for clinicians to assess the preoperative risk of disease progression for patients who are about to undergo radical prostatectomy. Continued investigation of this approach with larger data sets seems warranted.
Adult↗
Technological trends in clinical laboratory science.
OBJECTIVE: This article will review the advancements and new developments being made in (1) advanced computers, (2) microtechnology, (3) advanced immunodiagnostics, (4) neural networks, and (5) molecular biology. The influence of these technologies and their products on clinical laboratories is also discussed. CONCLUSION: Significant evolutionary and revolutionary technological changes are occurring in a number of scientific and engineering disciplines that impact the medical profession. As a consequence of this era of rapid change, the discipline of Clinical Laboratory Science is undergoing a "technological explosion" which is having a significant and profound effect on how clinical laboratories of today and tomorrow are and will be staffed, equipped, and operated.
Chemistry, Clinical↗
[Interdisciplinary Network for Epidemiological Research in Berlin--EpiBerlin].
The Interdisciplinary Network for Epidemiological Research in Berlin (EpiBerlin) has the goal of bringing together epidemiologists and experts in epidemiology and public health in Germany's capital city of Berlin and to offer them opportunities for knowledge transfer and networking. In that way, existing resources may be strengthened and additional potential in Berlin as a science center may be developed. EpiBerlin was founded by an initiative of the Berlin Center of Public Health (BZPH) and is closely affiliated with the three universities in Berlin (Free University, Technical University, and Humboldt University) as well as the Robert Koch Institute, Germany's national center for health research. EpiBerlin is evenly funded by the state of Berlin, through the Senatsverwaltung für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kultur (Senate Administration for Science, Research, and Culture), and the Bund-Länder-Kommission (Commission of the Federation and States). The development of a databank of the epidemiological databases in the region of Berlin (EpiDB) aims to show the variety of epidemiological work in the area. The aim of EpiDB is to provide transparency and an overview of existing and current research in Berlin, which may also benefit external users. Cooperation, networking, and division of labor for joint venture research may be promoted, also beyond the region of Berlin.
Berlin↗
Understanding spatial diagram structure: an analysis of hierarchies, matrices, and networks.
Abstract diagrams are powerful tools for comprehension and problem solving in diverse contexts. Two studies examined the structural properties of (i.e., applicability conditions for) three interrelated spatial diagrams--hierarchies, matrices, and networks. College students from two groups with distinct educational backgrounds and learning histories--advanced computer science students and representative undergraduates--rated the diagnosticity of the hypothesized applicability conditions for each of the 3 diagrams. The results validated 24-26 of the 30 hypothesized applicability conditions and provided evidence regarding the relative importance, or diagnosticity, of the validated properties for each type of diagram. A different set of properties was identified as most highly diagnostic for each type of diagram, indicating that the three spatial diagrams are optimized to serve different representational functions: The matrix stores static information about the kind of relation that exists between pairs of items in different sets, the network conveys dynamic information by showing the local connections and global routes connecting the items being represented, and the hierarchy depicts a rigid structure of power or precedence relations among items. The quantitative and qualitative differences in representational knowledge due to educational background are discussed.
Analysis of Variance↗