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PubMed2003

Naming and recognizing famous faces in temporal lobe epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE: To assess naming and recognition of faces of familiar famous people in patients with epilepsy before and after anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL). METHODS: Color photographs of famous people were presented for naming and description to 63 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) either before or after ATL and to 10 healthy age- and education-matched controls. RESULTS: Spontaneous naming of photographed famous people was impaired in all patient groups, but was most abnormal in patients who had undergone left ATL. When allowed to demonstrate knowledge of the famous faces through verbal descriptions, rather than naming, patients with left TLE, left ATL, and right TLE improved to normal levels, but patients with right ATL were still impaired, suggesting a new deficit in identifying famous faces. Naming of famous people was related to naming of other common objects, verbal memory, and perceptual discrimination of faces. Recognition of the identity of pictured famous people was more related to visuospatial perception and memory. CONCLUSIONS: Lesions in anterior regions of the right temporal lobe impair recognition of the identities of familiar faces, as well as the learning of new faces. Lesions in the left temporal lobe, especially in anterior regions, disrupt access to the names of known people, but do not affect recognition of the identities of famous faces. Results are consistent with the hypothesized role of lateralized anterior temporal lobe structures in facial recognition and naming of unique entities.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Reduced neuronal injury after treatment with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or 2-sulfo-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone (S-PBN) following experimental brain contusion.

OBJECTIVE: Nitric oxide (NO) and oxygen free radicals are implicated in the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Peroxynitrite formation from NO and superoxide contributes to secondary neuronal injury but the neuroprotective effects of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-inhibitors have been contradictory. This study was undertaken to examine whether PTtic administration of the (NOS)-inhibitor N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), and a combination of L-NAME and the nitrone radical scavenger 2-sulfo-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone (S-PBN) favorable affects neuronal injury in a model of TBI. METHODS: A weight-drop model of TBI was used. The animals received L-NAME, S-PBN or a combination of the drugs 15 minutes prothrombin time (PT) and sacrificed after 24 hours or six days. NOS activity was measured by the conversion of L-[U-C]arginine to L-[U-C]citrulline. Peroxynitrite formation, cellular apoptosis, neuronal degeneration and survival were assessed by nitrotyrosine-, TUNEL-, Fluoro-Jade- and NeuN-stainings. RESULTS: eNOS and nNOS activity was significantly reduced in animals that received L-NAME alone or the combination with S-PBN. iNOS activity or iNOS immunoreactivity was not affected. All treatments significantly reduced neuronal degeneration and nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity at 24 hours and increased neuronal survival at six days PT. No differences were detected between L-NAME and L-NAME + S-PBN groups. CONCLUSION: NO from NOS contributes to secondary neuronal injury in this TBI-model. PTtic treatment does not inhibit early beneficial NO-related effects. L-NAME and S-PBN limit peroxynitrite formation, promoting neuronal survival. The combination of L-NAME and S-PBN was neuroprotective; surprisingly no additive effects were found on nitrotyrosine formation, apoptosis or neuronal survival.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Medication errors resulting from the confusion of drug names.

If drug names are similar, errors can occur. Problems arise when different drugs have similar names (whether proprietary or non-proprietary), when formulations with the same brand name contain different drugs, when the same drug is marketed in formulations with different names, and when drug names are abbreviated. The risk of errors could be reduced by some simple precautions at different stages of drug development, prescribing, supply, and administration. Regulatory authorities and manufacturers should maintain their vigilance when naming new drugs and formulations, and should be prepared to change names if errors occur. Before they write an unfamiliar name on a prescription, prescribers should check what they are prescribing and what other medications the patient is taking (patients should be familiar with their medicines), and pharmacists should check patients' medicines. At all times there should be good communication among those who prescribe, supply, and administer medicines, and those who take them.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed2001

Hypertension and impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation of arteries from spontaneously hypertensive and L-NAME-treated Wistar rats.

Effects of chronic treatment of normotensive Wistar rats with N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) on blood pressure and on endothelium-dependent relaxation of the aorta, carotid and iliac arteries were studied. The endothelium-dependent relaxation was compared in arteries from normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) and genetically hypertensive rats (stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats, SHRSP). Chronic treatment of normotensive Wistar rats with L-NAME caused an elevation of blood pressure. The elevated blood pressure at 15 weeks of age was significantly higher in these animals than that of untreated Wistar rats, but lower than that of SHRSP. Endothelium-dependent relaxation of the arteries induced by acetylcholine (ACh) was almost abolished by chronic treatment with L-NAME. The remaining small relaxation in arteries from L-NAME-treated rats was completely inhibited by application of L-NAME (10(-4) M). In such preparations, higher concentrations of ACh induced a contraction, which was abolished by removal of the endothelium or by an application of indomethacin (10(-5) M). Endothelium-independent relaxation induced by sodium nitroprusside was similar between preparations from untreated and L-NAME-treated Wistar rats. Endothelium-dependent relaxation was significantly impaired in preparations from SHRSP, when compared with that in those from WKY. However, the impairment was less prominent in preparations from SHRSP than in those from L-NAME-treated rats. These results suggest that the impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation in the arteries from L-NAME-treated rats is not due to the elevated blood pressure resulting from the chronic treatment, and that impairment of NO synthesis by the endothelium does not play a major role in the initiation of hypertension in SHRSP.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Endothelium-dependent relaxation in pulmonary arteries of L-NAME-treated Wistar and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats.

To evaluate whether the elevated blood pressure induced by chronic treatment with N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) contributes to an impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR), the effects of chronic treatment of Wistar rats with L-NAME on systolic blood pressure, pulmonary arterial blood pressure and EDR of the pulmonary arteries were studied and compared with those of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). While the systolic blood pressure (SBP) of Wistar rats was increased above that of controls by chronic treatment with L-NAME, it was still significantly lower than that of SHRSP. Chronic treatment with L-NAME did not affect pulmonary arterial blood pressure. On the other hand, the pulmonary arterial blood pressure of SHRSP was slightly but significantly higher than that of the control normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). EDR in response to acetylcholine in the pulmonary artery of L-NAME-treated rats was significantly smaller than that in control Wistar rats. The EDR markedly increased in the presence of L-arginine and completely disappeared in the presence of N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine. Indomethacin hardly affected EDR. In preparations from SHRSP, the EDR was not different from that in those from WKY. Relaxation induced by sodium nitroprusside was identical in all preparations. Elevation of SBP and the impairment of EDR observed in L-NAME-treated rats recovered two weeks following cessation of treatment. These results suggest that the impaired EDR in the pulmonary artery of L-NAME-treated rats is not due to an L-NAME-induced increase in blood pressure but due to the inhibition of nitric oxide synthase by the drug remaining in the endothelium.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Participation of kinins in the inhibitory action of captopril on acute hypertension induced by L-NAME in anesthetized rats.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of bradykinin in the inhibitory action of captopril in hypertension induced by L-NAME in anesthetized rats. Male Wistar rats (260-320 g) were anesthetized with chloralose and arterial blood pressure was recorded with a polygraph pressure transducer. The hypertensive effect of L-NAME was studied in rats pretreated with saline, captopril or HOE 140 plus captopril. The effect of captopril was also studied during the sustained pressor effect of L-NAME. The acute pressor effect of L-NAME (10 mg/kg, i.v.) was significantly reduced by i.v. pretreatment with 2 mg/kg captopril (delta increase of 49 +/- 4.9 mmHg reduced to 20 +/- 5.4 mmHg, P = 0.01). The pressor effect of L-NAME (delta increase of 38 +/- 4.8 mmHg) observed in rats pretreated with captopril and HOE 140 (0.1 mg/kg, i.v.) was not significantly different from that induced by L-NAME in rats pretreated with saline (P = 0.09). During the sustained pressor effect induced by L-NAME (delta increase of 49 +/- 4.9 mmHg) captopril induced a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in arterial blood pressure (delta decrease of 22 +/- 3.0 mmHg). The present results demonstrate that the acute pressor effect of L-NAME is reduced by captopril and this inhibitory effect may be partly dependent on the potentiation of the vasodilator actions of bradykinin.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed2006

The time-dependent effect of Provinols on brain NO synthase activity in L-NAME-induced hypertension.

Red wine polyphenols have been reported to possess beneficial properties for preventing cardiovascular diseases but their neuroprotective effects during chronic L-NAME treatment have not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to analyze a time course of Provinols effects on brain NO synthase activity and oxidative damage in L-NAME-induced hypertension. Male Wistar rats, 12 weeks old, were divided into six groups: control groups, groups treated with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 40 mg/kg/day) for 4 or 7 weeks and groups receiving Provinols (40 mg/kg/day) plus L-NAME for 4 or 7 weeks. At the end of the treatment, marker of membrane oxidative damage - conjugated dienes (CD) in the brain and NO synthase activity in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and brainstem were determined. L-NAME treatment for 4 or 7 weeks led to the increase in blood pressure, elevation of CD concentration and decrease of NO synthase activity in the brain parts investigated. Provinols partially prevented blood pressure rise and elevation of CD concentration. Comparing to the L-NAME treated group, Provinols increased NO synthase activity after 4 weeks of treatment. However, the prolonged Provinols treatment for 7 weeks had no effect on NO synthase activity decreased by L-NAME treatment. In conclusion, Provinols partially prevents L-NAME induced hypertension via the different mechanisms depending on the duration of treatment. Prevention of oxidative damage in the brain with modulating effect on NO synthase activity is suggested.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Anatomical names of foramina and canales in skeleton].

Latin anatomical names of Foramina and Canales in skeleton were analyzed and compared with Japanese anatomical names for better understanding of the structures of the human body and for possible revision in the future. The conclusions were as follows: 1. In general, short tunnels were called Foramina (singular: Foramen), and long tunnels Canales (singular: Canalis). 2. One end of Canalis was sometimes called Foramen. In this case, Canalis and Foramen were usually modified by the same words. 3. Each name of Foramina contained the word which means form, state, absolute size, region of existence, one of the contents or function of Foramina. 4. Each name of Canales contained the word which means region of existence, one of the contents or function of Canales. 5. Some names of Foramina and Canales that were supposed to mean the region of existence meant one of the contents of the structures. 6. As for Latin anatomical names, the relation between words were relatively clear by the proper use of noun, adjective, nominative, and genitive. 7. Since different Chinese characters were sometimes pronounced similarly in Japanese anatomical names, different structures might be confused. 8. It seemed that some Japanese anatomical names needed partial correction.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Study of the radioprotective effect of the NO-synthase inhibitor L-NAME in Chinese hamster cell culture].

A radioprotective effect of L-NAME was estimated by the yield of the aberrant anaphases after exposure of Chinese hamster cells to different doses of gamma-rays and beta-particles. It was shown that cell treatment with L-NAME before irradiation only decreased the frequency of radiation-induced chromosome aberrations. The equal yield of the aberrant anaphases was found in the cells treated with L-NAME and irradiated with 6 Gy gamma-rays later and in the cells non-treated with L-NAME and irradiated with 3 Gy gamma-rays. The treatment of cells with L-NAME just before and immediately after irradiation did not modify the radiation-induced frequency of the chromosome aberrations. The treatment of cells with L-NAME decreased the level of SH-groups (as estimated by UV-spectrophotometer) and increased the chromatin condensation (as estimated by flow cytometry). It was suggested that radioprotective effect of L-NAVE may be connected with its cooperation with DNA. Condensation of L-NAME on the surface of DNA resulted in increasing of probability of the chemical repair of DNA-radicals after irradiation. Thus, these results indicate the involvement of NO-dependent mechanism of the realization of the radiation-induced damage to the hereditary cell structure and optimal conditions for the realization as well as the conceivable mechanism of radioprotective effect one of the most inhibitors of NO-synthase--L-NAME.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

A neural network model of lexicalization for simulating the anomic naming errors of dementia patients.

Word-finding difficulty (anomia) is the most common linguistic deficit in dementia. It is often measured by picture naming tasks as naming a picture taps all the major processes in word production, i.e., activation of a concept, retrieval of lexical-semantic information on that concept, retrieval of the corresponding word form and articulation. Naming and naming errors have extensively been simulated by neural network models of lexicalization (see e.g. [1,2]). A common feature of these models is that they are static, i.e. non-learning. However, naming is a dynamic process that changes as a function of normal learning or re-learning after neural damage. These important patterns cannot be caught by the static models of lexicalization. Therefore we have developed a learning model of lexicalization based on multi-layer-perceptron (MLP) neural networks. We tested the model by fitting it to the naming data of 22 Finnish-speaking dementia patients and 19 neurologically intact control subjects. The tests showed an excellent fit between the model's and the subjects naming response distributions. Thus our model seems be suitable to simulate naming disorders of dementia patients.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed2006

Protective effects of BAY 41-2272 (sGC stimulator) on hypertension, heart, and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by chronic L-NAME treatment in rats.

This study evaluated the effects of BAY 41-2272 (BAY), a specific activator of sGC NO-independent action on changes of mean arterial blood pressure, heart and left ventricle weight indexes, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy (Vv) and fibrosis area induced by chronic N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) treatment in rats. The animals were divided into (a) control group, (b) L-NAME group, (c) L-NAME+BAY group, and (d) BAY group. Eight weeks of L-NAME treatment caused a significant increase in mean arterial blood pressure when compared with untreated rats (173 +/- 11.1 and 109 +/- 5.0 mm Hg, respectively; P < 0.01). L-NAME + BAY cotreatment abolished the L-NAME-induced hypertension (112 +/- 5.1 mm Hg; P < 0.01). Significant increases in heart and left ventricle weight indexes and in Vv were observed in the L-NAME-treated animals compared with control group, and concomitant treatment with BAY significantly attenuated this hypertrophic effect. Treatment with L-NAME presented several areas of repairing fibrosis in left ventricles, and this effect was also abolished by BAY cotreatment. Our results demonstrate that BAY 41-2272 inhibits hypertension and prevents heart abnormalities (cardiac hypertrophy and increased fibrosis areas) induced by NO synthase inhibition.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Young children's disambiguation of object name reference.

Children show a disambiguation effect--a tendency to select unfamiliar rather than familiar things as the referents of new names. In previous studies, this effect has been reversed in young 2-year-olds, but not older children, by preexposing the unfamiliar objects, suggesting that attraction to novelty controls 2-years-olds' choices of referents for new names, but a mutual exclusivity and/or lexical gap-filling principle determines preschoolers' selections. Both the disambiguation effect and its reversal by preexposure were replicated in the present study; however, 24-month-olds' rate of selecting unfamiliar over familiar kinds was less when they were simply asked to choose between the items than when they were asked to identify the referents of unfamiliar names. Thus, some young children may have both an attraction to novel tokens and a tendency to honor an abstract lexical principle. Referent selections were also affected by object typicality and word similarity. Correlations between the tendency to acknowledge a new name's unfamiliarity and to treat it like a similar-sounding familiar name suggested that youngsters' phonological matching skills affect their interpretation of new names. Also, 4-year-olds who most often mapped distinctive-sounding new names to unfamiliar kinds tended to admit their unfamiliarity with these names most frequently, suggesting that children's increasing awareness of their own knowledge begins to affect their lexical processing during the preschool years.

Attention↗
PubMed1989

Efficacy and generalization of treatment for aphasic naming errors.

Two severely aphasic patients who made frequent semantic errors in verbal picture naming, as well as frequent errors in written naming, were studied. Contrasting patterns of errors across various language tasks provide evidence that the two patients' naming errors arose from different underlying deficits. The effectiveness of cueing hierarchies on improving each patient's written naming was demonstrated in single-subject experiments using a multiple baseline design. Although both patients exhibited acquisition and maintenance of written naming, only one showed generalization to verbal naming and to untrained stimuli. Different results are interpreted as a reflection of separate sources of the subjects' naming errors. It is concluded that determining the cognitive basis of an individual's naming difficulty may permit predictions concerning language behaviors that are likely to improve concurrently as a function of treatment. Also, reporting specific deficits of patients should allow other clinicians to select appropriate candidates for therapy procedures found to be effective in within-subject treatment experiments.

Anomia↗
PubMed1995

[Deficiency in the reproduction and learning proper names after left tubero-thalamic ischemic lesion].

Predominant impairment or preservation of category-specific naming and comprehension is not rare in aphasics. Much less frequent is a selective inability to generate proper names. To our knowledge, only one such case has been reported after a left thalamic lesion, located in the ventral anterior nucleus, the mamillo-thalamic tractus and the genu of the internal capsule. We report a new case of selective inability to generate proper names after a left tubero-thalamic infarct. A 65-year old right-handed man presented with a selective impairment in producing proper names, both from photographs or descriptions and on tests of verbal fluency. The deficit was obvious both for persons names and for geographical names. The rest of the neuropsychological testing was remarkable only for a mild verbal amnesia, affecting only serial material (list of words), a reduced fluency for flowers, fruits and musical instruments, difficulties in learning of new words, and a dissociation between preserved learning for words on a test of learning of words and occupations (Cohen, 1990). This anomia for proper names could result from an indirect frontal-lobe dysfunction, preventing voluntary activation of the phonological representation of proper names.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Effects L-NG-nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), L-NG-monomethyl arginine (L-NMMA) and L-arginine on the antinociceptive effects of morphine in mice.

The effects of L-NG-nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), L-NG-monomethyl arginine (L-NMMA), L-arginine and D-NG-nitro arginine methyl ester (D-NAME) on morphine antinociception were studied in the mouse using two nociceptive assays, the abdominal constriction and tail flick tests. In the abdominal constriction test, L-arginine and D-NAME (20 mg/kg) had no effect on the number of abdominal constrictions, nor did they affect the responses due to morphine (1 mg/kg). L-NAME and L-NMMA (10 mg/kg) exhibited marked antinociception when administered on their own, and morphine antinociception was enhanced in mice pretreated with these two agents. In the tail flick test, similar doses of L-NAME, L-NMMA, L-arginine and D-NAME had no effect on their own. D-NAME had no effect on morphine analgesia, L-NAME and L-NMMA enhanced morphine antinociception, and L-arginine attenuated morphine antinociception. Therefore, increasing the levels of NO attenuates morphine antinociception, while lowering the levels enhances it. These results suggest that NO may play an important role in pain perception, and probably in the antinociceptive responses to morphine.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Personal names and the human right hemisphere: an illusory link?

Names are thought to be represented in the brain differently from common nouns. Although this idea is supported by both theoretical and empirical arguments, the brain areas that are relevant for the recognition of personal names-and in particular the extent of right hemisphere involvement-remain controversial. We investigated the hypothesis that, unlike common nouns, personal names are represented preferentially by the right hemisphere (D. Van Lancker, 1991; D. Van Lancker et al., 1991; C. Ohnesorge & D. Van Lancker, 1999). Participants performed lexical decisions to common nouns and pseudowords (Experiment 1) or familiarity decisions to personal names (Experiment 2), which were presented briefly to the left or right visual fields. Asymmetries were small or absent for both pseudowords and unfamiliar names. For familiar names, both reaction times and error rates revealed strong advantages for the right visual field/left hemisphere (RVF/LH), which were comparable to the asymmetries for nouns. Familiar personal names may be represented by brain systems that differ from those representing common nouns, but current evidence does not suggest a distinct contribution of the right hemisphere to these brain systems.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Cortical mechanisms of person representation: recognition of famous and personally familiar names.

Personally familiar people are likely to be represented more richly in episodic, emotional, and behavioral contexts than famous people, who are usually represented predominantly in semantic context. To reveal cortical mechanisms supporting this differential person representation, we compared cortical activation during name recognition tasks between personally familiar and famous names, using an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Normal subjects performed familiar- or unfamiliar-name detection tasks during visual presentation of personally familiar (Personal), famous (Famous), and unfamiliar (Unfamiliar) names. The bilateral temporal poles and anterolateral temporal cortices, as well as the left temporoparietal junction, were activated in the contrasts Personal-Unfamiliar and Famous-Unfamiliar to a similar extent. The bilateral occipitotemporoparietal junctions, precuneus, and posterior cingulate cortex showed activation in the contrasts Personal-Unfamiliar and Personal-Famous. Together with previous findings, differential activation in the occipitotemporoparietal junction, precuneus, and posterior cingulate cortex between personally familiar and famous names is considered to reflect differential person representation. The similar extent of activation for personally familiar and famous names in the temporal pole and anterolateral temporal cortex is consistent with the associative role of the anterior temporal cortex in person identification, which has been conceptualized as a person identity node in many models of person identification. The left temporoparietal junction was considered to process familiar written names. The results illustrated the neural correlates of the person representation as a network of discrete regions in the bilateral posterior cortices, with the anterior temporal cortices having a unique associative role.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Differential impairments in recalling people's names: a case study in search of neuroanatomical correlates.

The case of a patient with selective left hemispheric medial and lateral temporal lobe damage is described. The patient was of slightly supra-average intelligence and had no problems in normal memory functions, but was severely anomic with respect to people's names. One month post-onset, this deficit held for names of colleagues and friends she had gotten to know during the last 10 years prior to the infarct and for all names confronted with post-infarct. On the other hand, learning of face-name associations was preserved and was independent of the ability to generate context-specific information for the subjects whose names were requested. The results support the existence of category-specific naming impairments, and, moreover, indicate a deficit that has to be differentiated with regard to memory systems. A time-limited, but prolonged engagement of interconnected left medial and adjacent lateral temporal lobe structures in ecphory is stressed for context-restricted information such as proper names.

Anomia↗