Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Multiparity”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Parity effect on preterm birth and growth outcomes among infants with isolated omphalocele.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between parity and fetal morbidity outcomes among omphalocele-affected fetuses. STUDY DESIGN: We carried out a retrospective study of 498 cases of isolated omphalocele (210 born to nulliparous and 288 to multiparous mothers) in New York State from 1983 through 1999. Infants of nulliparous mothers were compared to those of multiparous gravidas using adjusted odds ratios generated from a logistic regression. RESULTS: Omphalocele-affected fetuses of nulliparous mothers had a lower risk of being delivered preterm (odds ratio (OR)=0.49; 95% CI=0.27-0.90) but comparable risks for low birth weight (OR=1.01; 95% CI=0.60-1.72), very low birth weight (OR=0.33; 95% CI=0.09-1.20), very preterm birth (OR=0.42; 95% CI=0.15-1.16), and small size for gestational age (SGA) [OR=0.61; 95% CI=0.23-1.63]. CONCLUSION: Omphalocele-affected fetuses of multiparous mothers have double the risk for preterm birth compared to their nulliparous counterparts. This information is potentially useful in counseling parents whose fetuses have omphaloceles.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Oregano improves reproductive performance of sows.

Natural herbs are being explored as alternatives to antimicrobials. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of strategic addition of oregano to prefarrowing and lactation diets of sows under field conditions. Alternate farrowing groups were given diets containing 1000 ppm oregano (dried leaf and flower of Origanum vulgare, enriched with 500 g/kg of cold-pressed essential oils of O. vulgare) in prefarrowing and lactation diets. Overall, 801 oregano-treated sows, including 601 primiparous and 1200 multiparous (parity 2.99 +/- 0.43, mean +/- S.E.) and 1809 untreated control sows (705 primiparous and 1104 multiparous; parity 3.04 +/- 0.38), were used. Sows fed oregano had lower annual sow mortality rate (4.02 +/- 0.4% versus 6.92 +/- 1.11%, mean +/- S.E.; P = 0.003), lower sow culling rate during lactation (8.01 +/- 1.11% versus 14.02 +/- 1.33%, P = 0.02), increased farrowing rate (77.02 +/- 2.31% versus 69.91 +/- 2.32%, P = 0.01), increased number of liveborn piglets per litter (10.49 +/- 1.5 versus 9.95 +/- 1.22, P < 0.05), and decreased stillbirth rate (0.909 +/- 0.01 versus 0.807 +/- 0.01, P = 0.05). In addition, multiparous sows fed oregano had higher (P = 0.04) daily voluntary feed intake compared to non-treated sows (7.7 +/- 0.32 kg versus 7.0 +/- 0.42 kg, P = 0.04). Additional studies are needed to elucidate the effects of oregano on the gastrointestinal, immune and urogenital system in swine and to determine if it has any adverse effects.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2004

Reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows treated with cloprostenol at the time of insemination.

The effect of intravenous cloprostenol treatment at the time of insemination on reproductive performance was consecutively evaluated in three different subpopulations of high producing lactating dairy cows: Study (1) early postpartum synchronized and fixed-time inseminated (about 50 days in milk) cows (n = 379: 187 control and 192 treated cows); Study (2) presumed high fertility cows first inseminated between 90 and 120 days postpartum (n = 248: 124 control and 124 treated cows); and Study (3) heat stressed repeat breeder cows (n = 183: 93 control and 90 treated cows). Data were analyzed using multiple regression methods. Study 1: Parity (primiparous versus multiparous), milk production, body condition score at AI, insemination season (cool versus warm period) and treatment were included in the analysis as potential factors affecting ovulation, double ovulation, return to estrus, and pregnancy to first AI and to second AI (first AI plus return AI) rates. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the final model for ovulation rate only included the interaction (P = 0.002) between insemination season and treatment. Cloprostenol treatment at insemination led to a 4.2-fold increase in the ovulation rate in cows inseminated during the warm period. There were no significant effects of treatment, parity, milk production, body score or the insemination season on the return to estrus rate. The only variables included in the final logistic model for double ovulation and pregnancy to first AI rates were treatment and season, respectively. Treatment led to a 2.6-fold increase (P = 0.001) in the double ovulation rate, whereas cows inseminated in the warm period were 2.1 times less likely (P = 0.007) to become pregnant at first AI compared to those inseminated in the cool season. The variables included in the final logistic model for the pregnancy rate to second AI were treatment and season. Cloprostenol given at AI increased the risk of pregnancy 1.9 times (P = 0.002), and cows inseminated during the warm season were two times less likely to become pregnant (P = 0.003). No significant interactions were found among these three dependent variables (double ovulation and pregnancy to first and to second AI rates). Study 2: Logistic regression analysis of all the dependent variables: return to estrus, and pregnancy to first and to second AI (first AI plus return to AI) rates indicated no significant effects of treatment, parity, days in milk, milk production or body score at AI. No significant interactions were found. Study 3: The final model for the pregnancy rate only included the interaction between parity (primiparous versus multiparous) and treatment. Days in milk, milk production and insemination number showed no significant effect on pregnancy rate. Cloprostenol treatment at insemination increased the pregnancy rate in primiparous repeat breeder cows (odds ratio: 3.6). The treatment group and parity showed significant (P < 0.0001) interaction. This interaction suggests that cloprostenol treatment of primiparous cows at insemination might enhance pregnancy yet have no effect in multiparous cows. Our findings indicate that cloprostenol administered at insemination promotes ovulation and double ovulation in lactating dairy cows. Cloprostenol treatment showed no benefit in cows with acceptable reproductive performance, suggesting that cloprostenol treatment at AI may only be useful in cows in which stress factors affect ovulation and in repeat breeder cows.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Diurnal rhythms of labor and delivery in women: modulation by parity and seasons.

OBJECTIVES: Our purpose was to evaluate in women the diurnal (24 hour) rhythms of the onset of labor and time of delivery and their modulation by parity and seasons. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective analysis was performed on 15,910 at term deliveries of single fetuses with noninduced labor. RESULTS: A diurnal rhythm of labor onset, with peak frequency at 8 PM and 9 AM was observed in nulliparous women but not in multiparous women. No diurnal rhythm of labor length was detectable. A diurnal rhythm of delivery, with peak values at 2 PM was evident in nulliparous but not in multiparous women. In nulliparous women the two acrophases of the diurnal rhythm of labor onset were closer in summer (10 hours) than in winter (13 hours). The acrophase of the diurnal rhythm of delivery progressively shifted to earlier hours from winter (5 PM) to summer (1 PM). CONCLUSIONS: These data show the attenuation of the diurnal rhythms of labor and delivery in multiparous women and their modulation by seasons.

Circadian Rhythm↗
PubMed2000

Knowledge and willingness to use emergency contraception among low-income post-partum women.

We performed a multivariate analysis to determine factors associated with knowledge and willingness to use emergency contraception in a consecutive sample of 371 post-partum women from an inner-city public hospital. Women were queried about previous contraceptive use, pregnancy history including abortions and unplanned pregnancies, and demographic characteristics. Outcomes included knowledge of emergency contraception and willingness to use it. Questionnaires were conducted in person, in English or Spanish.Of 371 women, 3% had used emergency contraception, 36% had heard of it, and 7% knew the correct timing for use. Two-thirds of the population indicated a willingness to use emergency contraception in the future. Factors positively associated with knowledge included being a teenager or more than 30 years old, prior use of condoms, and history of an elective abortion. Being multiparous, monolingual Spanish-speaking, or Asian were negatively associated with knowledge. Willingness to use emergency contraception was positively associated with being multiparous and negatively associated with a higher income, moral or religious objections to the use of emergency contraception, a belief that it is unsafe or a perception that it is an abortificient. Knowledge about emergency contraception, especially correct timing, remains low. Multiparous women should receive increased education given their lack of knowledge but willingness to use emergency contraception. In order to increase the acceptability of emergency contraception, educational efforts must include accurate information about its mechanism of use and safety.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Incidence and morphology of endometrial angiopathies in mares in relationship to age and parity.

The morphology of endometrial blood vessels in uterine biopsy specimens from mares of varying age and reproductive status was examined by light (n = 117) and electron microscopy (n = 13), and additionally after elastase digestion (n = 86). Inflammatory vascular alterations were observed in 20.5% of the specimens. Smaller and larger arterial and venous vessels demonstrated mild to severe degenerative lesions. Unaltered vessels were detected only in maiden mares. Vessels in older maiden mares were frequently affected by angiosclerotic changes, characterized by mild to moderate perivascular and intimal sclerosis. The incidence and severity of angiosis increased with the number of previous pregnancies and with advancing age. Changes in multiparous mares resembled the so-called "pregnancy-sclerosis" of other species, with fraying and disruption of the membrana elastica interna, medial atrophy intimal, medial and adventitial elastosis and fibrosis, and calcification processes within the media. Ultrastructural studies revealed characteristic arterial changes in post-parturient mares, namely, disruption of the membrana elastica interna, as well as activated smooth muscle cells and immature elastic fibres within the intima and inner media, suggesting a pregnancy-induced pathogenesis. Haemodynamic and hormonal alterations during pregnancy and the puerperium possibly induce active vascular remodelling. Cycles of vascular growth during pregnancy and subsequent involution post partum are thought to result in progressive degenerative vascular changes, as seen in multiparous mares. Ageing processes, chronic inflammation and short foaling intervals have to be considered as additional pathogenetic factors. Furthermore, severe angiosis was frequently combined with phlebectasia and lymphangiectasia. This may indicate a reduced ability of the vessels to adapt to the varying demands of uterine circulation, with a decrease of uterine perfusion and lymph drainage. Angiosis in older, multiparous mares might therefore be intimately related to infertility.

Aging↗
PubMed1988

Effects of Alfaprostol and uterine palpation on postpartum interval and pregnancy rate to embryo transfer in Brahman influenced beef cows.

Two trials were conducted to determine the effects of Alfaprostol, a prostaglandin F2 alpha analogue, and uterine palpation on reproductive performance in postpartum beef cows. In Trial J, 143 multiparous and 132 primiparous Brahman crossbred embryo recipient cows were assigned to receive one 5 mg injection of Alfaprostol between 29 and 65 d postpartum or to serve as controls. Alfaprostol treatment between 29 and 42 d postpartum decreased (P<0.05) postpartum interval in multiparous but not primiparous cows. Alfaprostol treatment increased pregnancy rate to embryo transfer. Trial II utilized 369 multiparous Brangus cows, 17 to 49 d postpartum, that were assigned to one of three groups: 1) Alfaprostol plus uterine palpation (APP), 2) Uterine palpation only (UP) or 3) Control. Completion of uterine involution was determined at treatment. Alfaprostol plus uterine palpation decreased postpartum interval regardless of uterine involution, while UP had a greater effect if uterine involution was not complete. Both APP and UP increased the number of cows which were detected in estrus by 80 d postpartum. Alfaprostol and uterine palpation, alone or in combination, can increase postpartum reproductive performance in Brahman crossbred and Brangus beef cows.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Relationships between calf birth weight, prepartum concentrations of plasma energy metabolites and resumption of ovulation postpartum in Limousine suckled beef cows.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between energy status before calving and calf birth weight and their potential effects on interval between calving and first ovulation. Sixty-nine Limousine, suckled beef cows were sampled weekly over a 3-yr period during the last 2 m.o. of pregnancy to determine the concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-3-hydroxybutyrate (beta-OHB), glucose and glycerol. After parturition, progesterone concentrations were measured weekly to determine time of resumption of ovulation. Cows were allotted to 3 groups according to calf birth weight (Heavy: > 44 kg, n = 37; Medium: 39 to 43 kg, n = 56; and Light: < 38 kg, n = 45) and to postpartum ovarian resumption of cyclicity (Late: > 11 wk, n = 41; Mid: 7 to 10 wk, n = 57; and Early: < 6 wk, n = 40). Puerperium glycaemia of the dams was steady state (0.66 +/- 0.03 g/L) and was not related to calf birth weight. Plasma NEFA, beta-OHB and glycerol values were higher (P < 0.05) in Heavy than in Medium and Light group dams during the last 4 wk of pregnancy. Interval between calving and first ovulation was significantly longer for primiparous than for multiparous cows (respectively, 9.9 +/- 2.0 and 7.7 +/- 1.4 wk; P < 0.05). Calf birth weight was not related to time of first ovulation. Late primiparous cows had higher NEFA plasma concentrations than Mid and Early group primiparous cows during the last 4 wk of pregnancy, whereas NEFA plasma concentrations were not related to interval between calving and first ovulation in multiparous cows. Thus, lipomobilization increased with calf birth weight during the last 4 wk of pregnancy. High level of body reserves mobilization was associated with delayed first ovulation in primiparous but not in multiparous cows.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed1984

Effects of serotonergic and cholinergic antagonists on suckling behavior of neonatal, infant, and weanling rat pups.

In Experiment 1, Sprague-Dawley rat pups at postnatal days 3-4, 7-8, 10-11, 15-16, and 23-24 were tested for suckling behavior on their anesthesized multiparous dams following administration of metergoline or scopolamine. The serotonergic antagonist, metergoline, inhibited suckling in 3- to 4- and 7- to 8-day-old rat pups, but was not found to influence suckling in older pups. Scopolamine, a cholinergic antagonist, reduced suckling primarily in 3- to 4-day-old pups. In Experiment 2, parity of the maternal female was manipulated to assess whether this variable would influence suckling behavior and the effects of metergoline on suckling of weanlings. Baseline levels of suckling were reduced in 23- to 24-day-old pups of primiparous dams when compared with multiparous-derived offspring. Administration of metergoline increased the amount of time that these primiparous-derived pups spent attached to nipples, but did not influence suckling of offspring of multiparous dams, perhaps as a result of a ceiling effect on suckling behavior in these animals.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed2002

Risk factors for repeat-breeder syndrome in New South Wales dairy cows.

A retrospective case-control study involving 1041 cow lactations from 10 commercial dairy herds in Australia determined relationships between biographic, production, reproductive and disease factors and repeat-breeder syndrome (RBS) (conception to greater than two inseminations). The study population was stratified into primiparous- and multiparous-cow sub-groups and logistic regression was used. Effects of herd were examined by including this variable alternatively as a fixed and a random effect. In the primiparous-cow fixed-effect model, the risk of RBS was increased with post-calving metritis, stillbirth, and with increasing days taken to reach peak milk yield, and reduced following dystocia. An inverted U-shaped relationship with total milk-solids percentage at the time of first service was detected. In the multiparous-cow fixed-effect model, the risk of RBS was increased in cows with chronic metritis, cystic ovarian disease (COD), in cows of parity >5 and in cows that were sub-fertile in the previous lactation. Increasing days to first recorded heat (DFH) reduced risk of RBS and a non-linear relationship with average 120-day milk-protein percentage was found. When herd was fitted as a random effect, stillbirth and 120-day average milk-protein percentage were no longer significant in the primiparous and multiparous models, respectively. The study emphasises the need to control appropriately for the clustering effect of herd and supports the need to minimise periparturient disease and improve nutrient balance to achieve optimal fertility in dairy herds.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Differential proopiomelanocortin gene expression in the medial basal hypothalamus of rats during pregnancy and lactation.

Hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene expression was determined using in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH) during pregnancy and lactation in rats with and without prior reproduction experience. POMC mRNA levels in the arcuate nucleus were compared between primigravid (first pregnancy) and multigravid (second pregnancy) and primiparous and multiparous lactating rats, and between these groups and age-matched, regularly cycling, nulliparous females in diestrus. Hybridizations were performed using a digoxigenin-labeled riboprobe complementary to 837 bp of the POMC gene. The number of cells expressing POMC mRNA in the arcuate nucleus decreased in primiparous rats on day 12 of lactation when compared with the number of POMC cells in the arcuate nucleus of nulliparous rats in diestrus. In addition, the number of cells expressing POMC mRNA in multigravid animals was significantly less than in the primigravid group on days 7 and 21 of pregnancy, and on day 12 of lactation in primiparous animals. Repeated reproductive experience affected the number of POMC mRNA positive cells; there were fewer cells expressing POMC mRNA in the multigravid females on day 7 of pregnancy and an increase in the number of POMC cells in the multiparous group on day 12 of lactation compared to the primiparous animals. Optical density measurements revealed a significant increase in reaction product in the labeled cells on all days of pregnancy compared with virgin females in diestrus and a significant decrease in reaction product on day 12 of lactation in the multiparous group. The results of the present study indicate that POMC gene expression changes across pregnancy and lactation and that repeated reproductive experience has long-term, possibly permanent, effects on the endogenous opioid system.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Follicular growth and ovulation in postpartum beef cows following calf removal and GnRH treatment.

This study investigated the effects of calf removal (CR) and gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) administration on the duration of the postpartum anoestrous period in suckled beef cows. Experiment 1 involved 20 multiparous suckled cows that were assigned to each of two treatments on Day 61 postpartum: (i) unlimited access to their calves (C; n=10) and (ii) calf removal for a period of 96 h (CR96, n=10). Experiment 2 involved 24 multiparous cows that were assigned to each of two treatments on Day 63 postpartum: (i) CR96 (n=12); and (ii) CR96 plus 250 microg of GnRH administered on the day before calf return (CR96+GnRH, n=12). Experiment 3 was a 3x2 factorial experiment, involving 48 multiparous cows assigned to the experiment on Day 58 postpartum. The factors were C, CR96 and calf removal for 144 h (CR144), and 0 or 250 microg GnRH administered on the day prior calf return. In Experiment 1, the number of cows that ovulated within 12 days of calf removal was higher (P<0.05) in CR96 group (3/9) compared to the C group (0/10). In Experiment 2, all 12 cows in the CR96+GnRH group ovulated. In contrast only 4/12 cows in the CR96 group ovulated in response to calf removal. The diameter of the ovulatory follicle tended (P=0.06) to be smaller in CR96+GnRH cows (9.8 +/- 0.3 mm) than in CR96 cows (11.3 +/- 0.9 mm). The maximum diameter attained by the corpus luteum (CL) also tended (P=0.08) to be smaller for cows in the CR96+GnRH than for cows in the CR96 group (12.1 +/- 2.4 mm versus 16.7 +/- 7.5 mm, respectively). Plasma progesterone concentrations 12 days after calf removal tended (P=0.06) to be lower in CR96+GnRH cows than in CR96 cows (0.66 +/- 0.1 ng/ml versus 2.00 +/- 1.1 ng/ml, respectively). Few cows in the CR96+GnRH group regained normal cyclical activity and the interval from onset of calf removal to conception was longer (P<0.05) compared to cows in the CR group (52.2 +/- 5.7 days versus 20.0 +/- 6.6 days). In Experiment 3, 5/8 cows on the CR144 group and all 8 cows in the CR144+GnRH group ovulated. However, the interval from CR to conception was similar for all treatments. Temporary (96-144 h) calf removal, particularly in combination with GnRH treatment, can induce a high proportion of beef cows to ovulate, but the restoration of oestrous cycles may not be achieved.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Women's views on elective primary caesarean section.

OBJECTIVE: Elective primary Caesarean section (EPCS), Caesarean section performed at a woman's request in the absence of a recognized obstetrical indication, is becoming increasingly common. Recent articles and opinions in both the medical and lay press have polarized this issue. The purpose of this study was to determine the opinions and choices of nulliparous and multiparous women with respect to mode of delivery. METHODS: All women attending antenatal clinics at Kingston General Hospital from May to August 2005 were invited to participate in a confidential survey. Basic demographic data including maternal age, level of education, parity, and previous mode of delivery were collected. Respondents who had had a previous Caesarean section were excluded from data analysis. The questionnaire provided a written statement of potential benefits and risks of an EPCS compared with vaginal delivery; no other counselling was provided. Respondents were asked if EPCS should be offered to all women and whether they would choose EPCS if given the choice. Respondents were also asked to indicate the most and least influential factors in their decision. RESULTS: Responses were received from 107 nulliparous women and 103 multiparous women. Thirteen percent of nulliparas (14/107) stated that they would choose EPCS if given the option, compared with 5% of multiparas (5/103). Fifty-one percent of nulliparas (55/107) and 28% of multiparas (29/103) believed that EPCS should be offered to all women receiving antenatal care. The most and least important reasons, chosen from a list, for requesting or declining EPCS varied between nulliparas and multiparas. The convenience of scheduling permitted by Caesarean section was not important for either multiparas or nulliparas. The perceived risks of vaginal delivery were commonly cited by both nulliparas and multiparas as reasons for requesting EPCS, whereas the risks of Caesarean section for the baby or for future pregnancies were the most commonly cited reasons to decline EPCS in both groups. Regardless of the decision to request or decline EPCS, cost to the health care system was not an important factor for either nulliparas or multiparas. CONCLUSION: The majority of pregnant women surveyed would not request an EPCS. However, a significant number of pregnant women, both nulliparous and multiparous, felt that women should be given the option of undergoing EPCS.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Mammary infection with Staphylococcus aureus in cows: progress from inoculation to chronic infection and its detection.

The progress of Staphylococcus aureus infection from inoculation to the early chronic stage was examined in 12 Israeli-Holstein cows (four primiparous and eight multiparous) for up to 48 d after inoculation. Before inoculation, the primiparous cows were free from any infection and the multiparous cows were infected by coagulase-negative staphylococci. Two quarters in each cow were inoculated intracisternally following milking with 2000 cfu of a local prevailing Staph. aureus strain, VL-8407. Infection was established in 21 out of 24 quarters. The control quarters remained free from infection during the study, with no significant change in function. No statistically significant differences were found between primiparous and multiparous cows in the responses examined. Somatic cell count (SCC) increased within 24 h of inoculation and remained high for the duration of the study. In the infected quarters mean ln (SCC) increased within 24 h from 9.9 +/- 0.5 before inoculation to 13.0 +/- 0.2 after inoculation; most of the cells were neutrophils. N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity, expressed as ln (nnmol/min per l), was increased from 0.9 +/- 0.6 to 2.4 +/- 0.2 by inoculation, and was highly correlated with SCC. The Staph. aureus count fluctuated with no particular relationship with SCC. The phagocytic activity of neutrophils was significantly lower in the inoculated than in the control quarters and this difference increased with time after inoculation. CD8+ T lymphocytes were the main subpopulation of lymphocytes found in inoculated quarters. After inoculation, maximum but not minimum electrical conductivity (EC) recorded during milking increased significantly. The rises in maximum EC varied significantly among cows. The rises in SCC were associated with a persistent increase in EC in only one of the eight cows examined. No clinical signs were observed, and milk yield and composition were not affected during the study period. The results suggest that some strains of Staph. aureus may induce a relatively mild response in mammary glands of cows in mid lactation, and that the concomitant development of such chronic Staph. aureus infections in two quarters may not be detected by changes in the EC of composite milk and in the yield of the cow.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed1999

Plasma vitamin A, E, and beta-carotene levels in adult post-partum Algerian women.

Vitamins A and E are essential for foetal growth, reproduction, and lactation. In this article we report the results of a study, lead in three Eastern Algeria cities, that involved 786 post-partum women and 250 control. Plasma levels of vitamins A, E, beta-carotene, and some nutritional indexes were measured in both groups. In control women, plasma retinol and beta-carotene levels were significantly lower in Algeria than in France (retinol: 1.4 +/- 0.42 vs. 1.78 +/- 0.53 mumol/l; beta-carotene: 0.35 +/- 0.261 vs. 0.94 +/- 0.611). These differences could be the consequence of different beta-carotene and retinol intakes. In Algeria, comparisons between post-partum women and controls, showed that plasma vitamin A and beta-carotene levels were significantly lower in post-partum than in control women. This fact, and the lower level of retinol in control women, raises the question of supplementation for pregnant women in Algeria, at least for those with the lowest standard of living whose protein and zinc levels are also very low after delivery. Plasma vitamin E levels and vitamin E/total lipid ratios were not different in Algeria and in France. Vitamin E concentration was higher during pregnancy, but the vitamin E/total lipid ratio was significantly lower, which shows a relative deficiency at the end of pregnancy. Comparisons of plasma vitamin E levels, at delivery, in primiparous and in multiparous women reveal a better tocopherol status in multiparous women. This difference could reflect an adaptive response to oxidative stress in multiparous women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Effects of parturition and maternal experience on noradrenaline and acetylcholine release in the olfactory bulb of sheep.

Acetylcholine (ACh) and noradrenaline (NA) release in the olfactory bulb (OB) of ewes was monitored using microdialysis. Both ACh and NA release increased at parturition in multiparous but not in primiparous ewes. However, vaginocervical stimulation performed 6 hr postpartum induced an increase of ACh and NA release in both primiparous and multiparous ewes, indicating that a maturation process had occurred. Finally, pharmacological challenges to the ACh and NA inputs revealed differential responsiveness between nulliparous and multiparous nongestant ewes. These results suggest that the first parturition induces changes in neural circuitry involving ACh and NA inputs to the OB.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1975

Effect of age and parity upon the uptake of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene-9-14C by mammary parenchymal cells of the rat.

The radioactivity of the parenchymal cell intracellular lipid obtained from 200-day old multiparous animals was significantly less than that of both 50- and 200-day old virgin rats at all time intervals. Furthermore, the parenchymal cell dry, fat-free tissue of the multiparous animals ocntained significantly less DMBA-9-14C than this fraction obtained from young or old virgin rats. Since there was a decrease in both the uptake and binding of DMBA-9-14C by the mammary parenchymal cells of multiparous animals, it would appear that factors associated with pregnancy and/or lactation result in an altered susceptibility of the parenchymal cell to this carcinogen. Binding of DMBA-9-14C by parenchymal cells of old virgin rats was significantly less than that of younger animals at 3 and 6 h post feeding but did not differ statistically at the later time intervals. The possibility exists that neoplastic transformation may require the interaction between high levels of DMBA and the constitutents of the mammary parenchymal cells for extended periods of time. Therefore, the decreased exposure of the cellular constituents to DMBA could account for the decrease in mammary cancer incidence observed in older rats.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed2001

Physicians who induce labor for fetal macrosomia do not reduce cesarean delivery rates.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether obstetricians with high rates of induction for the indication of fetal macrosomia had higher or lower cesarean section rates. STUDY DESIGN: Data were analyzed from 1432 deliveries with birthweights > 4000 g. Four physician populations were identified: a faculty service and three groups of private practitioners with induction rates 20% to 40%, 40% to 60% and > 60%. The average cesarean section rate was determined for each group as well as the percentage of each group's deliveries occurring before 39 weeks, at 39, at 40, and after 40 weeks. In addition, the relative risk of cesarean delivery was calculated for the entire study population. RESULTS: No correlation was found between the rate of induction of labor and the rate of cesarean section. Delivery of nulliparous and multiparous patients after 40 weeks carried an increased risk of cesarean section. Delivery of multiparous patients before 39 weeks did also. Obstetricians with induction rates > 40% significantly decreased the incidence of delivery after 40 weeks, which lowered their cesarean section rates, but no net lowering occurred because of increased rate of cesarean section < 39 weeks. CONCLUSION: A fetal weight of 4000 g or more is not an indication for induction of labor. For multiparous patients, induction at 38 weeks or before is associated with an increased rate of cesarean delivery.

Cesarean Section↗