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Wheels within wheels: creating a circle of knowledge through communication.

For end-stage renal disease patients, patient education is a critical aspect of treatment and wellness. A successful patient education program depends on knowing the target audience and choosing materials and media according to what they already know and what they want and need to learn. Understanding how people learn and selecting an educational model to guide the creation of an educational program provide the underpinnings for an effective presentation. Selection of materials and medium and determining who, when, where, and how the program is conducted optimize the potential for learning. This article presents and illustrates part of The Renal Network's (ESRD Networks 9/10) outreach, communication, and programming efforts to bring all of these elements together in educational activities suitable for a diverse and significantly older population of patients across a 4-state area. It highlights The Renal Network's use and support of the Patient Advisory Council Representative as a patient leader undertaking activities on the facility level to provide patient-to-patient assistance, information sharing, and educational opportunities for fellow patients at their facility. This article shows how the Network initiated a consistent flow of information to facilitate the identification, assessment, selection, media, and means for its patient education activities.

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.↗

Knowledge-driven problem-solving models in nursing education.

This paper compares the hypothetico-deductive model of clinical problem solving commonly used in current nurse education and practice with the knowledge-driven problem-solving model (Bordage, Grant, & Marsden, 1990). It is argued that the knowledge-driven model provides a more complete account of the processes involved in clinical problem solving. The knowledge-driven model emphasizes the organization and availability of relevant content knowledge stored in memory as the prime determinant of clinical problem solving. This contention is discussed in relation to the development of a clinical problem-solving task for nursing students and its implications for nursing curricula.

Clinical Competence↗

Diabetes education in the elderly: a 5-year follow-up of an interactive approach.

A continuing interactive educational model was established for elderly patients with diabetes mellitus. The effects were studied in 148 diabetic patients aged > or = 60 years who participated in 60 monthly scheduled interactive meetings over a 5-year period. The meetings were performed as group discussions, cultural activities, dining out, and the like. Empowering patients with skills, perceptions and feelings to cope with diabetes and metabolic control was emphasized, rather than clinical aspects. Comparison between pre-programme and 5 years later demonstrates a significant increase (P, 0.001) of knowledge and skills to deal with treatment requirements, and a reduction in body weight and antidiabetic medication (daily doses of insulin and oral compounds; P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). HbA1c levels improved significantly (P < 0.02). There were less diabetes related conditions requiring emergency services and hospital admission.

Aged↗

Productive international faculty exchange: one Columbia University to Gothenburg University example.

This article describes the preparation, implementation and outcomes of a visiting professor exchange experience from the United States to Sweden, and provides recommendations for other faculty who may be asked to enact a similar international role. The major goals of the visit were to coalesce the themes of the earlier administrative contacts into specific projects, and to model a scholarly faculty role consistent with the Columbia University School of Nursing mission as a World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for International Nursing Development. Professional nursing activities during the exchange visit were comprised of three main categories: teaching, consultation, and socialization. Strategies are described that enhanced the bilingual lectures for the Swedish students. The relationships that developed from consulting at the college and on site at various clinical locations culminated in the mutual identification of collaborative research projects and plans for the cross-cultural adaptation of the author's parent education model. Recommendations are made concerning the range of philosophical, institutional, professional and personal resources needed for international exchanges.

Education, Nursing, Graduate↗

A conceptual model for a geriatric fellowship in podiatric medicine.

The number of older individuals living in the United States is projected to increase significantly over the next few decades. To help meet the health-care needs of this growing population, podiatric medicine must assure the public of the availability of specially educated teachers and practitioners who can not only provide direct patient care, but also participate in establishing national policies and priorities pertaining to foot health. Fellowship training, the traditional educational model beyond the first professional degree and residency education, is one means of accomplishing this goal. This article proposes a model for a geriatric fellowship in podiatric medicine. Implementation of such fellowship training in geriatrics can help the podiatric medical profession pursue its mission and fulfill its responsibility to the public.

Aged↗

Adapting the CAUSN accreditation process for emerging models of nursing education in Canada.

This paper highlights the accreditation issues raised by new and emerging models of baccalaureate nursing education and program delivery in Canada. It suggests ways of adapting the accreditation process to address recent changes. Nursing degree programs now offered by universities include programs at several sites, collaborative programs with partner institutions at multiple sites, and programs offered primarily through distance education. The accreditation program developed by the Canadian Association of University Schools of Nursing (CAUSN) provides a mechanism for monitoring the quality of a nursing education program and promoting the growth of the school that offers the program. Since the decision to undergo accreditation signifies a major commitment on the part of a nursing program, it is essential that the accreditation process be adaptable to meet the needs of evolving nursing education and program delivery models, and that it be fair, equitable, and credible.

Accreditation↗

The physician as a patient educator. From theory to practice.

Patient nonadherence to therapeutic regimens is a serious issue in the practice of medicine. Empiric studies done by professionals from diverse backgrounds have shown that physicians who use educational strategies can be effective in gaining the cooperation of patients to follow their recommendations. The educational model that currently is most familiar to physicians and the one they use most frequently when educating patients is pedagogy, the theoretic basis for teaching children. Andragogy, a theoretic basis for teaching adults, is now being suggested by medical educators as an alternative model. To illustrate the clinical relevance and application of the andragogic approach, studies focusing on physician behaviors associated with behavioral measures of adherence were reviewed, analyzed, and categorized according to a framework called the "ADULT" model. Physicians in a postgraduate training program who have had exposure to this framework and have incorporated it into their practices report less difficulty functioning as patient educators. The systematic use of this approach can have a positive effect on patient adherence.

Adult↗

Applying the Mims-Swenson sexual health model to nurse education: offering an alternative focus on sexuality and health care.

Several recent publications have documented the existence of negative attitudes towards lesbians, gay men and bisexual men and women among health care professionals. It has been demonstrated that these negative attitudes predate the advent of HIV/AIDS, and are ingrained in medical and nursing education. Research has shown that, within the hospital environment, negative attitudes towards homosexuality may be directly translated into the medical and nursing care provided for lesbian, gay and bisexual clients. In this article, studies focusing on the attitudes of health care professionals towards homosexuality and bisexuality are examined, and their implications are discussed with reference to the future of nursing education.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

Stress management training for the elderly: a psychoeducational approach.

A procedure is described for teaching elderly persons the use of relaxation as a coping skill. The procedure, called Stress Management Training, seeks to provide the client with: 1) a cognitive understanding of stress and relaxation, 2) the ability to relax by controlling muscle tension and sympathetic-nervous-system activity, and 3) the ability to extend the relaxation skill to real-life stress situations. A case report demonstrates the process, which is an educational model rather than a medical model. The role of the psychotherapist as an educator and the potential usefulness of the social learning theory as a basis for conceptualizing mental health problems are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

[A model of primary prevention of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS in adolescents].

OBJECTIVE: To develop, apply, and evaluate an educational model for the primary prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) that was based on the sexual knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) of adolescents and on their perceptions and behaviors in this area, with the ultimate goal of helping develop educational tools to prevent infection with STDs and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). METHODS: An STD/HIV/AIDS primary prevention model was applied with adolescent schoolchildren (12 to 15 years old) in the canton of Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Ecuador. Two groups with similar characteristics were formed: the experimental group, with 358 students, and the control group, with 288 students. Schools were selected according to inclusion criteria, and adolescents at each school were chosen at random. A discussion guide was applied with 16 focus groups, and the resulting information was used to prepare a KAP survey. After being validated, the KAP survey was applied to the experimental group and to the control group. A prevention education program geared to students and teachers was implemented with the experimental group. Eight months later a second KAP survey was done with the experimental group and the control group. The differences in KAPs before and after the intervention were evaluated using the chi-square test. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups before the intervention, but afterwards the differences were statistically significant (P = 0.012), with an increase in the knowledge of sexuality and STDs/AIDS in the experimental group, even though the long-term behavior changes have not been evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: This study validated a multifactorial STD/AIDS prevention model adapted to the reality of adolescents, and it suggests the possibility of extrapolating this experience more broadly to contexts similar to those of this Ecuador population.

Adolescent↗

Education guidelines for self-care living with diabetes.

Educational processes for those with diabetes can occur in a variety of settings. Major problems in education and implementation of programs for this population continue to be discussed. Methods for assessing programs' effectiveness in establishing adherence to individual regimens are developing. Health care professionals have assumed that individuals who are better informed make better decisions. This assumption implies that exposure to a body of facts and opportunities to develop technical skills provide the necessary elements for self-care and thus responsibility for self-health-care. Until sufficient data either confirm or negate these assumptions, programs to develop these skills and knowledge will continue. Educational program planning should occur in a systematic way with the process of the learning experiences identified along with an evaluation of the outcome of the program objectives. This educational model described (SURVIVAL, HOME MANAGEMENT, and LIFE STYLE) provides a systematic method for developing educational programs in a variety of health care and community settings. Diabetes self-care programs can be evaluated for content, design, and process. Their outcome in terms of short-term health behavior skills can also be measured. The yet unanswered question remains: Do educational programs resulting in desirable individual behaviors (adherence) make a difference in the long-term effects, quality of life, and avoidance of disability in the diabetic population? The answers may come in the future through well controlled and defined evaluative research studies. The profession of dietetics is an important part of the future. Have we been effective in our counseling or educational endeavors and, if so, can that professional function be documented? Current economic trends are stimulating to cost-effective research. Although research studies to demonstrate such effectiveness are difficult to design, the current "Guidelines" provide a model for evaluating outcome of educational programs in terms of the knowledge and skills necessary for self-care.

Diabetes Mellitus↗

Global gladiators: a model for international nursing education.

Vietnam is a beautiful country with many needs related to the achievement of optimal healthcare and the role of nurses in the country. The authors describe a U.S. Agency for International Development funded project sponsored by Health Volunteers Overseas. Nursing educators involved in the project share their experiences to help readers gain insight into the coordination necessary to make an international nursing education project successful.

Education, Nursing↗

Working towards an inclusive curriculum.

The move towards an inclusive model of education presents teachers with the difficulty of differentiating the curriculum for children with speech, language and communication impairments. This paper focuses on the 'WiSaLT Curriculum Appendix'-a tool which can be used by teachers and speech and language therapists to help such children access the mainstream curriculum and to promote improvement in their language and communication skills. As well as highlighting potential areas of difficulty within each attainment target for key stage one, the appendix guides users to specific strategies and activities. Thus the speech and language therapist and teacher can identify which attainment targets might prove problematic for any one child and also have access to ideas which can help.

Child↗

Nurses' education related to the use of restraints.

Given that the use of restraints is common and this use may be hazardous, it is important that the education of health-care providers include acquiring knowledge, skills, and attitudes related to restraint use. Teaching methods should include lectures, demonstrations, case studies, simulations, interactive videos, films, discussions, debates, clinical assignments, and examinations. To meet the need for nursing education related to the current use of restraints, model education programs need to be developed, implemented, and evaluated.

Education, Nursing↗

Modern technology in lifelong learning of occupational medicine.

The introduction of new learning technologies and an increasing usage of the Internet have the potential of changing the image of postgraduate education. A rapid progress in innovative communication systems has lead to essential changes in conditions of acquiring knowledge and professional skills. This has resulted in the development of different educational models and the incorporation of computer-assisted education into training programs. In 2002, the School of Public Health at the Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine has launched first in Poland the introductory course in occupational medicine specialization in the form of distance education. The course was recognized to be equivalent to the traditional face-to-face education. The training process was based on the use of CD-ROM. E-mail was used as the main means of communication to facilitate the exchange between trainers and trainees. Particularly wide interest in distance education among physicians specializing in occupational medicine indicates the need to consider the possibility of introducing consecutive courses, which are required for specialization or for other professional developments in this form of teaching. The purpose of this paper was to discuss the development and implementation of a distance learning course taking into consideration the academic and educational requirements necessary for effective education and training at the post basic level.

CD-ROM↗