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PubMed1998

History of dementia and dementia in history: an overview.

The history of dementia is probably as old as mankind itself. In recent years, considerable advances have been made in our understanding of the epidemiology, the pathogenesis and the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related disorders, and the nosology of these disorders is under scrutiny. Furthermore, we are witnessing the emergence of therapeutic agents specifically designed to enhance memory and cognition in AD patients. Despite the limited efficacy of the agents currently available, their introduction has shed an entirely new light on the field. We therefore feel that this is a good time to look at the past to understand the present and perhaps gain insight into the future. This paper reviews the history of dementia and of attitudes about dementia as documented in early medical writings, in recorded history and in the arts. It also examines developments that occurred in Alois Alzheimer's time as well as closer to our day.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed1997

Hippocrates and urology: the first surgical subspecialty.

Hippocrates, who is generally considered a focal point for the start of western medical tradition, left behind a corpus of medical writings that constituted the first recorded comprehensive health system. The pivotal point of the Hippocratic corpus was the Hippocratic Oath, which outlined the duties of healers of his school, but demarcated lithotomy as a practice that was off limits to his fellow physicians. Surgery for bladder stone, urology in essence, was thus the first specifically identified surgical subspecialty.

Hippocratic Oath↗
PubMed1988

Normality and disease.

There have been trends to equate normal with an ideal state of health, and disease with disturbances that are determined solely by subclinical abnormalities. While in any living language there is a conflict between established definition and the need for change, modification in the use of words that are of such central importance to medical writing requires cogent justification that has not been forthcoming in these instances. To avoid further obscuration of the literature, the term normal should be limited to its traditional connotation of average, and the term disease should be reserved for disturbances of health that are clinically manifest.

Disease↗
PubMed2003

The emergence of multiple sclerosis as a nosological category in France, 1838-1868.

Neurologists have retold a story about the discovery of multiple sclerosis (MS) in essentially the same form from the 1870s to the present. Upon close analysis this narrative was found to be problematic. Once the nosological category of MS came into existence in 1868, physicians reread the scientific past through this new category and created a linear story. Following generations received this story uncritically, rereading the past through the conceptual lens of their own times. Writers selected the earlier cases, illustrations, and medical writings in the literature for inclusion in the discovery narrative and did not analyze them in their original historical contexts. The author offers an alternative account of the discovery of MS. The creation of the disease category of MS by Charcot in France was the result of several converging factors including a new histopathological technology, a unique relationship between patient and physicians in the clinic, a unique relationship between the clinic and the autopsy room, and a neurological culture emphasizing disease specificity.

France↗
PubMedDate not supplied

How conceptual frameworks influence clinical practice: Evidence from the writings of John Thelwall, a 19th-century speech therapist.

BACKGROUND: The impact of speech therapists' conceptual frameworks on their clinical methods tends to be ignored or taken for granted by today's practitioners. One way to show the importance of such frameworks is to study how they were used previously. John Thelwall, a 19th-century elocutionist, offers a rich source for studying the influence of conceptual frameworks in the past and provides needed distance for clinicians to discover how they frame their own practices. AIMS: To discover how conceptual frameworks have influenced past and current speech-therapy practices. METHODS & PROCEDURES: Content analyses of the writings of Thelwall were performed to discover his conceptual frameworks and how and when they were used. The results were then compared with frameworks in use today. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: Four frameworks were found in Thelwall's writings: medical, linguistic, educational and political. All are still used, but each differs from Thelwall's in scope and detail. These comparisons have the potential for revealing the significance of conceptual frameworks in today's clinical practices. CONCLUSIONS: The ways Thelwall wrote about his work early in the 19th century bear striking resemblances to today's construals of speech therapy practices. It is the scope and application of the frameworks that have changed with time. Both the similarities and differences between current practices and those of Thelwall offer instructive insights into about how frameworks can influence clinical choices and practices.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed2006

Vasomotor symptoms in menopause: where we've been and where we're going.

The decline in gonadal hormones during menopause gives rise to a wide range of physiological and psychological changes with the potential to significantly impact a woman's health and quality of life. Most notable among these are menopausal vasomotor symptoms, hot flushes and night sweats, along with mood and sleep disturbances. Given the biological and social significance of menopause, it is remarkable that the language used to describe this event and its associated symptoms is inconsistent. This review traces the history of Western medical writing about menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms and considers how terminology has contributed to the current confusion regarding symptoms and symptom reporting. Although hormone therapy is the only treatment for menopausal symptoms currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, other forms of therapy are under evaluation. Agreement about the definition of menopause and its associated symptoms is critically important for the design and evaluation of new therapies and for the optimal treatment of women during this important phase of their lives.

Affect↗
PubMed1980

High-energy, low-velocity close-range shotgun wounds.

A review is made of 42 close-range shotgun wounds. The massive injuries had many of the characteristics attributed to high-velocity missile wounding. Calculations of kinetic energy show magnitudes at muzzle velocity in the range of those generated by high-velocity rifle rounds. This is due to the very great mass. While emphasis has been placed in the literature on the factor of velocity, it is stressed that the mass is also very important since the equation for kinetic energy is the product of the square of velocity and mass. It is kinetic energy which relates to tissue injury. Medical writings should return velocity to its proper place as a factor and not an end-point of energy calculations.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed1976

Preparation of tables for medical articles: guidelines for physician-authors.

This review of the basic purposes and principles of tables is oriented toward their preparation by physician-authors for use in medical manuscripts. The guidelines suggested are consistent with the general format and style current in scientific and medical writing, with emphasis upon the latter. Style and usage do evolve, though, and even at any given time there may be in existence several acceptable variations of "standard" practices. Therefore, the value of style of the journal to which a manuscript will be submitted is again emphasized.

Authorship↗
PubMed2005

Legacy of Edwin Beer: fulguration of papillary bladder tumors.

PURPOSE: Edwin Beer introduced the first endoscopic treatment of papillary bladder tumors in 1910. This historical review describes how his landmark discovery paved the way for office cystodiathermy to treat recurrent papillary tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical writings of Edwin Beer and all studies pertaining to the treatment of papillary bladder tumors from 1879 to the present were reviewed. RESULTS: Edwin Beer discovered that papillary bladder tumors could be destroyed through the ordinary cystoscope with high frequency current by electro-coagulation. This therapy revolutionized the treatment of bladder tumors. CONCLUSIONS: The legacy of Edwin Beer is that office fulguration of recurrent papillary bladder tumors has now become a practical reality due to recent changes in the histological classification of papillary tumors, better definition of their biological behavior and improved endoscopic equipment.

Carcinoma, Papillary↗
PubMed1993

Do citation conventions influence coauthorship patterns?

The main purpose of contributing to radiologic publications should be to advance the state of knowledge or increase awareness of issues useful in radiologic practice and research. According to experts on medical writing, however, the pride of discovery and the communication of scientific information for the enrichment of public knowledge are not the sole motives of authors. Success in the profession, prestige, and tenure have long been associated with prolific publishing in peer-reviewed journals. A proof of this association is the documented rise through recent years in the number of authors per paper. The phenomenon has been attributed in part to the increasing complexity and labor intensiveness of biomedical research, but this speculation remains unproved, and it is believed that often the allocation of authorship has a volitional component.

Authorship↗
PubMed2006

Psychiatry and psychology in medieval Persia.

OBJECTIVE: The history of psychological sciences and especially the ways in which related disorders were treated in medieval Persia are not well known in the West. The main objective of this article is to review the clinical approaches to psychological disorders used by practitioners in medieval Persia. DATA SOURCES: Several documents still exist from which the clinical data on different psychological syndromes in medieval Persia can be ascertained. Data for this review were identified by searches of MEDLINE, Current Contents, the Internet, references from relevant articles and books, the Astan-e-Ghods Razavi Library, the Tehran University Library, the Mashhad University Library, and the files of the authors. Search terms included psychiatry, psychology, Persian, medieval, Avicenna, and pharmacotherapy. DISCUSSION: The medieval practitioners defined various signs and symptoms, apparent causes, and hygienic and dietary rules for prevention of these disorders. Medieval Persian medical writings encouraged the treatment of psychological disorders by tackling the conditions that cause or contribute to the disorder and through the use of electrical-shock therapy, phlebotomy, psychotherapy, music and color therapy, and especially prescription of long lists of medicaments. CONCLUSION: Some of the approaches of doctors in medieval Persia are accepted today, although most remain largely unexamined. With further research, more of these treatments may be shown to be of use to modern medicine.

History, Medieval↗
PubMed1999

Frozen in time: life in the face of chronic care cutbacks.

Kathy Cook won the $750 first prize in CMAJ's 7th Annual Amy Chouinard Memorial Essay Contest. The deadline for entries to the contest, which is designed to stimulate interest in medical writing among journalism students, is June 1. Entries should be forwarded to the news and features editor. In her winning essay, Cook explores the frustrations and quality-of-life issues that arise in a chronic care institution that is trying to operate in the midst of serious funding cuts.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

An annotated history of craniofacial surgery and intentional cranial deformation.

The history of craniofacial surgery and the use of intentional cranial deformation is a long and varied one. Researching some of the earliest medical writings and reviews of early terracotta and stone figures from throughout the world clearly revealed that these two forms of treatment were widely extant. Intentional cranial deformation was used for a number of reasons including beautification, tribal identification, and social stature. The development of craniofacial surgery is a more modern practice and its historical evolution is reviewed in the context of techniques and the personalities involved.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Death foretold.

We briefly trace the history of a belief in the possibility that a person in apparent good health may accurately predict his or her own demise. The phenomenon is referred to as death foretold and we present presumed examples of it from the Bible, world literature, medical writings and newspaper reports without pretending to completeness. In two widely quoted scientific papers, death foretold is subsumed under the wider heading of decease due to psychic stress. We speculate on a possible link between the two, taking into consideration the fact that most people who prophesy their end are of an advanced age.

Attitude to Death↗
PubMed1996

[In memory of Dr. Lien-teh Wu].

Based on materials dealing with early medical activities of Mr. Lien-teh Wu, this paper gives a description to his contribution to modern medical course in China. For examples, he inaugurated the Chinese Medical Journal both in Chinese and English within the same issue, which is the first of its kind in the history of Chinese journals. Moreover, Mr. Wu was also the first to establish modern hospital, port quarantine, banning drug abuse, and many others. He also advocated medical education, gave special attention to traditional medical morality and mottoes. He made substantial medical writing as well. He was a great contributor to the development of China's medicine.

China↗
PubMed1998

[Changes in psychiatric care in the lands of Poland in the 19th century].

Due to the specific political and economic conditions under which Poland found itself in the 19th century, including above all the lack of independent statehood, any attempt to identify the directions of change in psychiatric care observed in the lands of Poland in that period can be undertaken mainly through an analysis of those scientific and general-purpose medical writings of the period which point to the formation and transformation in the physicians' awareness, rather than by an assessment of the particular practical achievements the transformations in health care as such. In her search for traces of the first mentions of new ideas in psychiatric care, the author analyzes the general-purpose writings of August Ferdinande Wolff and Jozef Frank, as well as the first specialist writings in the field, by Jozef Jakubowski and Jozef Korzeniowski, which appeared in the 1830 and 1840s. She indicates the sources of inspiration and describes the emergence of the so-called psycho-moral approach in treatment. At the same time she gives a background for the new ideas, by describing the realities of the psychiatric institutions of the time, where mechanical-surgical and somatic treatment predominated. She shows the effort made by such pioneers as, e.g., Klemens Maliszewski and Damian Reykowski of Vilnius, who brought about a change in the views on the etiology and prognosis of mental illnesses, and contributed to the gradual introduction of psychologically based treatments and to the inclusion of the care of patients in their treatment, especially since the 1870s, when new forms of psychiatric care had begun to appear, including psychiatric care outside hospitals.

History, 19th Century↗