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PubMed1990

New narcissism scales for the California Psychological Inventory and MMPI.

New Narcissism scales for the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) were developed on the basis of DSM-III criteria and the writings of Akhtar and Thomson (1982), Kernberg (1975) and Kohut (1971, 1977). Self-report protocols from 152 adults and 198 college students were utilized. Rationally selected preliminary items were retained or discarded according to their alignment with the total score on these items. The resulting 49-item CPI and 39-item MMPI scales correlated .81 with each other, and significantly so at p less than .01 with ratings of narcissism, the Raskin-Hall Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) and the MMPI Narcissism scale of Morey, Waugh, and Blashfield. Personological implications of the two new scales were examined in relation to other measures and to observers' adjectival and Q-sort descriptions. Intrascale factor analyses identified five common themes: Cathexis of Power, Risk-Seeking Propensity, Need for Attention, Disesteem for Others, and Impatient Willfulness.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Relationship of MMPI scores of drug-abusers to personal variables and type of treatment program.

The MMPI scores for drug-abusers admitted to a multimodality treatment program (N=324) were analyzed to determine the extent of MMPI scale differences due to basic personal variables (age, sex, race), as well as type of program entered (drug-free vs. methadone-based) and program environment (residential vs. ambulatory). The results support the view that the MMPI group profile for drug-abusers, characterized by a substantially elevated Pd scale and somewhat less elevated scores on most other diagnostic scales, is relatively invariant and not substantially affected by personal background or program differences.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Atypical emotions in relationships as correlates of the MMPI.

College student subjects (N = 77) were assessed for atypical emotional experience in each of 10 relationships, using the Situation Affect Test (Harrison, 1986). Atypical emotions in each relationship were assessed by 17 imaginary situations in which subjects' reported feelings were compared with normative expectations. The 10 relationship scores were correlated with 15 standard scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Thirty-two of the 150 resulting correlations were statistically significant (p < .05), a number shown to be well above chance expectations. Stepdown analyses showed that the Si, F, Sc, and Ma scores were positively related to atypical feelings in the 10 relationships; in contrast, the Es, Mf, and Lie scores were related to typical feelings. Atypical feelings in relation to one's self, sweetheart, prospective children, siblings, and mother were correlated (p < .05) with the MMPI scales. It is suggested that these results can be used to supplement standard MMPI interpretation in specifying possibly difficult or atypical relationships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

MMPI diagnosis of psychosis in epilepsy.

Clinical experience suggests that the diagnosis of psychosis in epilepsy with the MMPI is problematic, perhaps because the symptomatology of epilepsy and psychosis overlap. This study attempted to differentiate psychotic and nonpsychotic epileptics using the MMPI clinical and content scales, code-type categories, and modified Goldberg rule. A comparison group of schizophrenics was employed to explore differences between epileptic and schizophrenic psychoses. The failure of clinical scales and profile classification systems to differentiate the two epileptic groups implies that the MMPI might be insensitive to differential psychopathology in seizure-type subgroups.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1996

Post-concussive syndrome: paraclinical signs, subjective symptoms, cognitive functions and MMPI profiles.

In order to investigate the organic and psychogenic components of post-concussive syndrome (PCS), the subjective complaints, the cognitive findings and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles of 53 consecutive mild head injury patients (MHI) with persistent PCS were evaluated. The results seem to suggest the presence of two groups: in the first, minimal lesional signs were associated with more prolonged loss of consciousness (LC) and post-traumatic amnesia (PTA), as well as an MMPI profile not indicative of a neurotic state, whereas in the second the absence of any lesional sign was associated with shorter LC and PTA duration, as well as evidence of neurotic MMPI scores. A female prevalence was observed in the first group and a male prevalence in the other one.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

MMPI-2 profiles of persons with multiple chemical sensitivity.

We compared the MMPI-2 profiles of adults with multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS), epileptic seizures (ES), and nonepileptic seizures (NES). Both NES and MCS are medically unexplained conditions. In previous studies profiles associated with NES were elevated on scales Hs and Hy, compared with profiles associated with ES. We predicted that profiles associated with MCS would be elevated on Hs and Hy compared with the ES group. Patients with ES and NES were diagnosed after intensive EEG monitoring using published criteria. MCS was diagnosed if there was a complaint of illness in response to multiple common odors at levels that are not noxious to most people. All the MCS cases had legal claims for injury related to chemical exposures. The results showed that on MMPI-2 scales Hs, D, and Hy the MCS group had means significantly higher than both the ES and NES groups. Fake Bad Scale scores were elevated in 11 MCS cases, and regression-based estimates of Fake Bad Scale scores showed elevation in the MCS group compared with both seizure groups. We conclude that MMPI-2 data, obtained from people seeking financial compensation, indicate that there is a strong psychological component to MCS symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Application of the new MMPI-2 Malingered Depression scale to individuals undergoing neuropsychological evaluation: relative lack of relationship to secondary gain and failure on validity indices.

The Malingered Depression (Md) scale for the MMPI-2 (Steffan, Clopton, & Morgan, 2003) was recently developed to detect attempts at malingering depressive symptomatology. The Steffan et al. cutoffs for the Md scale were derived through comparisons of undergraduate malingering simulators with depressed undergraduates. In order to explore the potential utility for neuropsychological practice, we examined the Md scale among 160 individuals with and without a context of secondary gain referred for neuropsychological evaluation. Md results were compared to other MMPI-2 validity indices and performance on effort testing. While Md was found to correlate highly with other validity indices from the MMPI-2, it was also correlated significantly with measures of depression, both in individuals with and without a secondary gain context. Md scores were not significantly different between secondary gain and no secondary gain groups, whereas FBS and L were significantly different. The effect of passing or failing validity indicators on rates of Md scores exceeding the Steffan et al. cutoffs was limited. Only among the few individuals exceeding a high threshold on the F scale or combinations of F, FBS, and effort indicators was it common to also surpass the Md cutoff. Overall, Md showed relatively little relationship to either secondary gain status or cognitive malingering in our sample. Given that such factors do not necessarily produce high scores on Md, the utility of the scale to clinical neuropsychologists appears low.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The MMPI: regional difference or normal aging?

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is currently undergoing a process of revision and renormalization. Of particular concern is whether or not there is a need to develop separate normative tables for elderly subjects. Colligan, Osborne, Swenson, & Offord (1983) tested a large group of healthy subjects who ranged in age from 18 through 99. Their investigation uncovered numerous significant relationships between test taker age and scores on various scales of the MMPI. The present study looked at the MMPI profiles of 214 healthy men and women between the ages of 39 and 89. The results gleaned from this investigation do not reflect the same intensity of age-related changes that are reported by Colligan et al. (1983) and other similar studies. More specifically, we were unable to detect the age-related elevations in the "neurotic triad" (Hs, D, Hy scales) that have often been cited by other researchers. Additionally, we were not able to support the typically reported aging effects in scales Mf, Pa, Pt, and Si. We suggest that these and other similar differences may be attributed to geographic, societal, and population factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

MMPI scale 3 as a predictor of back injury report: what does it tell us?

Items and selected subscales of Scale 3 (Hysteria) of the MMPI were examined to pinpoint personality or emotional factors predictive of back injury reports in an industrial setting. Data were derived from a previous prospective-design study of back pain in volunteer hourly wage employees of an aircraft manufacturing company. After physical examination and completion of questionnaires pertaining to demographic, psychosocial (including the MMPI), and workplace factors, workers were followed for an average of 3 years. Those who subsequently reported back injury were compared with those who did not. In that study three variables predicted report of back injury, one of which was Scale 3 of the MMPI. Individual items, Ornduff et al. subscales of Psychological Denial and Body Concern, and the five Harris-Lingoes (1955) subscales of Scale 3 were analyzed. Three Harris-Lingoes subscales showed significant relationships to the criterion. Hy-3: Lassitude/Malaise; Hy-1: Denial of Social Anxiety; and, marginally, Hy-2: Need for Affection, significantly contributed to prediction effectiveness. Results and implications for the understanding of factors predicting back injury reports and for the medical evaluation of pain and the concept of pain are discussed.

Back Injuries↗
PubMed1984

MMPI characteristics of borderline personality inpatients.

MMPI (Form R) profiles of psychiatric inpatients (N = 45) meeting DSM-III criteria for borderline personality disorder were compared with chronic schizophrenic inpatients (N = 48) and with inpatients with acute psychotic illness (N = 20). Profile shape was similar among the three groups, although the borderline sample showed significantly higher elevations on four of the 10 clinical scales--Depression, Hysteria, Psychopathic Deviate, and Psychasthenia--when compared to the chronic schizophrenic cohorts. The borderline sample showed only one significant deviation on the clinical scales when compared to the acute psychotic sample as evidenced by a higher elevation on the Psychopathic Deviate scale. Clinically, the borderline MMPI responses suggest features of irritability, hostility, and resentfulness. On the validity scales, the borderline sample showed a significantly lower score on the L scale when compared to both comparison groups, although all of the groups' L scale scores were within conventional limits. While significant differences between groups did not emerge on the F scale, the borderline sample attained a clinically elevated score suggestive of weakened ego defenses and unconventional thinking. Analysis was also performed of a composite measure of psychoticism probability (the Goldberg Index) between groups. While the borderline and acute psychotic samples showed Goldberg indices suggestive of increasing likelihood for psychotic illness, the chronic schizophrenic group yielded a Goldberg Index significantly greater than both of the other groups, thus confirming the validity of the hypothesis. Finally, the MMPI borderline profiles were also compared to previously published norms of borderline outpatients and veteran borderline inpatients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1986

MMPI subgroups and affective disorder in chronic pain patients.

Patients with chronic pain syndromes are commonly depressed. Chronic pain populations also contain distinct subgroups of personality profiles as defined by the MMPI. To assess the relevance of personality subtype to affective disorder we determined the relationship of psychiatric diagnoses defined by Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) to MMPI subgroups in a sample of hospitalized patients with predominantly chronic low back pain. RDC psychiatric diagnoses for the sample were major depression (44.2%), minor depression (19.2%), other psychiatric disorder (13.5%), and no mental disorder (21.6%). Patients satisfying RDC criteria for major depression were significantly associated with discrete MMPI personality subtypes. No other psychiatric diagnoses were significantly associated with distinct personality subgroups. No relationship was observed between personality profile and presence of demonstrable organic etiology for pain. These findings indicate that behavioral and pharmacological interventions directed at depression as well as pain are important in the treatment of chronic pain populations, especially in selected subgroups.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Short-form MMPI findings in patients with predominantly lateralized cerebral dysfunction. Neuropsychological and computerized axial tomography-derived parameters.

Short-form MMPI profiles of cerebrovascular accident and head injury patients with evidence of predominantly lateralized (N = 94) or diffuse (N = 59) cerebral damage were examined in conjunction with quantified computed axial tomographic and neuropsychological data. Results indicated that all groups tended to produce similar overall MMPI profiles, with primary elevations on Scales 8 (Sc) and 2 (D). Across the sample as a whole, patients with left hemisphere damage displayed somewhat more frequent Scale 2 elevations, although this finding was influenced by etiology effects. Left frontal lesion size among patients with left hemisphere damage was negatively associated with Scale 2 scores, and right posterior lesion size was positively associated with Scale 2 scores among patients with right hemisphere damage. Longer lesion durations generally were associated with increased MMPI scores. Results underscore the complex and multidimensional nature of the interrelationships between affective processes and localized cerebral damage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Clinical presentations of posttraumatic stress disorder across trauma populations: a comparison of MMPI-2 profiles of combat veterans and adult survivors of child sexual abuse.

This investigation examined differences in symptom patterns of two different trauma samples using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2). MMPI-2s of 122 male combat veterans seeking outpatient treatment for combat-related PTSD were compared with those of 64 PTSD-diagnosed adults seeking outpatient treatment for the effects of child sexual abuse (CSA). We examined variables related to degree of health concerns, depression, somatization, anger and hostility, masculine-feminine traits, paranoid ideation, anxiety, difficulties thinking and concentrating, elevated mood, and social introversion, as well as test-taking attitude. MANOVAs revealed between-group differences on several variables. However, when analyses controlled for the effect of age, nearly all differences disappeared; the only remaining difference was in a scale measuring anger. Thus, it appears CSA survivors and combat veterans are much more similar than different in their clinical presentation on the MMPI-2. Conceptual issues in the assessment of PTSD are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cluster analysis of insomniacs' MMPI profiles: relation of subtypes to sleep history and treatment outcome.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles of 100 insomniacs who presented for treatment at a university medical center were analyzed by a hierarchical clustering procedure. This analysis revealed two major personality types that accounted for 88% of the sample. The two types referred to as "Type 1" and "Type 2" insomniacs differed significantly in regard to sleep history questionnaire responses and responsivity to treatment. MMPI scales and sleep history questionnaire items suggested that Type 1 insomniacs were less defended, more aroused/activated, and had sleep histories characterized by more childhood sleep problems and greater difficulties with sleep-disruptive cognitions than did Type 2 patients. Further, Type 1 patients had a poorer response to behavioral treatment as measured by change in sleep-onset latency than did Type 2 patients. These results suggest that the MMPI may be useful in identifying distinctive personality subgroups among insomniacs. Treatment implications are discussed, and mechanisms underlying the group differences are considered.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed2003

MMPI-2 based subgroups of veterans with combat-related PTSD: differential patterns of symptom change after treatment.

Considerable research has focused on the use of the MMPI to assess posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) through identification of mean profile configurations and the development of PTSD subscales. Little work, however, has addressed the heterogeneity of profiles evident in PTSD populations. This study investigated the MMPI-2 profiles of 158 Australian treatment-seeking Vietnam veterans with combat-related PTSD to identify distinct subgroups. Three robust subgroups were identified on the basis of their MMPI-2 profile and compared on PTSD and associated symptomatology. These subgroups consisted of a mild PTSD group with subclinical personality pathology, and two severe PTSD groups that differed in levels of personality disturbance and general psychopathology. Most notably, differences between these latter two groups occurred in the areas of externalization, alienation, and propensity for acting out. These groups were labeled as subclinical, trauma profile, and global. The groups demonstrated significant differences in the patterns of recovery after treatment. The subclinical group demonstrated little change after treatment. In contrast, the trauma profile and global groups both improved, although the trauma profile group demonstrated greater PTSD symptom reduction than the global group.

Australia↗
PubMed1992

Minor stressful life events (daily hassles) in chronic primary headache: relationship with MMPI personality patterns.

This study investigated the relationship between minor life events (i.e. daily hassles) and personality patterns from selected scales of MMPI in the persistence of primary headache in 83 patients. Comparisons between headache subgroups indicated that tension-type headache patients are much more likely than those with migraine to have experienced high level of microstress (hassles density), with mixed headache in between. Tension-type headache patients reported higher MMPI scores on scales 1, Hypochondriasis (somatic concern), scale 3, Hysteria (denial) and scale 7, Psychasthenia (anxiety), but not on scale 2 (Depression), than migrainous patients. In addition, individuals with high level of microstress appeared to be more depressed and anxious than low-stress headache patients, scoring significantly higher on MMPI scales 2 (Depression) and 7 (Psychasthenia). As no significant differences due to sex, age, headache history and status, except for the headache density (i.e. severity x frequency) appeared, it is likely that high-stress levels are due, at least in part, to greater density of pain, rather than to discrete headache syndromes. Our findings support the notion that depressed mood and anxiety may account for a third intervening variable in the relationship between chronic headache and life stress.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

An MMPI control study: Chinese migraineurs during frequent headache attack intervals.

The investigation of personality traits of migraineurs with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is an important line of research, but so far has led to diverse conclusions. In this study, the MMPI (Chinese edition) responses of 50 Chinese subjects (10 men, 40 women) with migraine (4 migraine with aura, 46 without aura), during frequent headache attacks were compared with 30 nonheadache healthy control subjects (6 men, 24 women). Statistical analysis was made between the two groups. The results revealed that subjects in the migraine group had significantly higher scores on subtests of neurotic, (hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, and psychasthenia), schizophrenia, and social introversion (P < 0.05 to 0.001). Utilizing the American T-score, we found the migraine group's MMPI profile was a typical 1.2.3.7 model. These results suggest migraineurs with frequent headache attacks have multiphasic personality abnormalities and partial cerebral function disturbances.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

MMPI variables predictive of schizophrenia in the Copenhagen High-Risk Project: a 25-year follow-up.

Moldin et al. (1) have identified a cluster of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) scales that discriminate adolescents at risk for schizophrenia from those not at risk. The present study examines how well Moldin's scales predict schizophrenic decompensation in a sample of 207 Danish adolescents at high genetic risk for schizophrenia. Subjects were assessed using a modified, 304-item MMPI in 1962 (mean age= 15.1 years) and diagnosed in 10-year and 25-year follow-ups. Premorbidly, schizophrenic subjects (n=31) scored higher than subjects with no mental illness on the frequency (F) and psychoticism (PSY) scales. When paranoid and non-paranoid preschizophrenics were separated, three scales (F, Pz (paranoid schizophrenia) and PSY) significantly discriminated paranoid preschizophrenics. Discriminant function analyses confirmed these results. It is concluded that the MMPI may be useful for identifying schizophrenia premorbidly.

Adolescent↗