SEARCH · Search PubMed
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
This is the first of two extracts from Why Mothers Die 2000-2002, issued on 12 November 2004 by the Confidential enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH), reproduced with permission. The full report can be accessed via their web site: http://www.cemach.org.uk/
This is the second of two extracts from Why Mothers Die 2000-2002, issued on 12 November 2004 by the Confidential enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH), reproduced with permission. The full report can be accessed via their web site: http://www.cemach.org.uk/
BACKGROUND: Stature is an important determinant of several reproductive and non-reproductive health problems. Documentation of secular trends in stature has been based primarily on cross-sectional studies of special populations, primarily of men. The objective of this study is to determine how growth and socio-economic status (SES) factors relate to stature changes among lineal female relatives, maternal grandmothers to mothers. METHODS: The study base was derived from a population-based intergenerational cohort which linked several statewide databases to data from the mothers' own birth certificates: the Washington State Intergenerational Cohort. Mothers in these ethnic groups were separately studied: non-Hispanic Whites, African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanics. We generated simple, partial, and multiple correlation coefficients to investigate the association between stature and other growth and SES factors. RESULTS: A mother's stature is determined partly by her own mother's stature and partly by her birthweight. These two measures are individually stronger predictors of stature than are several available SES factors considered in combination-grandmother's age, parity, marital status, and mother's age. The maximal multiple correlation models yielded R2 values from 18% to 28%. CONCLUSIONS: Growth measures are stronger predictors of intergenerational changes in stature than are the several available socio-economic factors. However, socio-economic factors are partly responsible for the level of achieved prenatal and postnatal growth. Since grandmother's stature is a determinant of mother's birthweight, which in turn is a determinant of infant birthweight, some environmentally influenced determinants of some birth outcomes are already established before a prospective mother is conceived or born.
4 382 new mothers were examined retrospectively with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for IgG activity to cytomegalovirus (CMV) during pregnancy. Some of them were also studied with the indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) test for CMV-IgM antibodies. All the infants had been studied for CMV excretion within the first week of life. Nineteen of them had been shown to be congenitally infected with CMV. 1 218 (28%) women lacked CMV-IgG activity at their first antenatal visit (usually in months III-IV). Fourteen of them seroconverted before parturition (primary infection). Thirteen of the seroconverters were shown to develop CMV-IgM activity. In 6 (43%) cases the primary infection was transmitted to the offspring. The remaining 13 congenitally infected infants were born to mothers with a positive IgM-test at their first antenatal control. Only one of these mothers had a clearly positive IgM-test. She was shown to lack CMV-antibodies before conception (primary infection during the first trimester). Preconceptional sera were obtained from further 4 of the 13 seropositive mothers of congenitally infected infants; all 4 had CMV antibodies before pregnancy (secondary infection during pregnancy). The combined studies of the mothers and infants revealed that 21-63% of the congenital infections could have been caused by secondary maternal infections. Prospectively performed, the study would only have disclosed one of the three fetal CMV infections that resulted in neurological sequelae.
OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to provide population-based estimates of the prevalence of depressive symptoms among primiparous US adolescent mothers. METHODS: Data from the live-birth component of the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey were analyzed. RESULTS: The prevalence of depressive symptoms varied by age and race, from 14% among White adult mothers to 48% among Black mothers 15 to 17 years old. After control for income and marital status, the increased prevalence of depressive symptoms associated with adolescent motherhood was greatly diminished (for 15- to 17-year-old Black women and 18- to 19-year-old White women) or eliminated (for 18- to 19-year-old Black women and 15- to 17-year-old White women). CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent mothers experience high rates of depressive symptoms relative to adult mothers, and mental health and other interventions that alleviate the exacerbating influence of poverty and unmarried status are warranted.
The performance of a sample of 112 refresher trained Maternal and Child Health Workers (MCHW) was assessed over a nine-month period, using a self-reporting questionnaire. The findings show that the MCHWs are providing obstetric services, including antenatal care, birth attendance and postnatal and newborn care, at community level and identifying complications for referral, but their productivity levels are very low, particularly in the remote hill areas, where they are most needed. In order to increase their effectiveness, greater emphasis needs to be placed on the creation of an enabling environment, both in terms of professional support and recognition at community level. This requires more technical and logistical backup and the promotion of greater awareness amongst women and their families about the importance of midwifery care and skilled birth attendance.
Impaired microcirculation with evolving sludge phenomenon and thrombosis underlie placental changes in maternal thyroid disease. Capillary blood circulatory defect is largely due to villous immaturity. Placental tissue ischemia gives rise to fibrinoid, sclerosis, and alternative processes. Dysadaptive changes are mostly observed in thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism. Adaptive processes evolving at the ultrastructural level are best pronounced in euthyroid goiter.
For diagnosis of ascending intra-uterine infections, regular controls of the serum CRP levels were carried out in 129 patients with premature rupture of membranes and impending premature labour. The height of the maternal CRP level and the simultaneously determined leucocyte counts and band counts were compared with the peripartal fever morbidity (intrapartal fever, puerperal fever). It was established that patients who had a prepartal CRP level of 10 mg/l or more suffered febrile complications more frequently (fever morbidity 18.2%) than females in whom such high CRP values did not occur (fever morbidity 3.4%). Similar correlations existed between the other parameters tested and the fever morbidity, and subclinical intrauterine infections were recognized with higher reliability if CRP, leucocyte count and band count had been determined in combination.
From January 1973 to December 1975, 26 018 women were delivered at Edendale Hospital. During the same period, 4 478 patients aborted there. Maternal deaths during this period numbered 118, a mortality of 4,5/1 000 total births. Avoidable factors influencing the mortality may have been present in 28 (2387%).
Weaning of human children is a complex process involving the introduction of non-breast-milk foods, reduction in suckling activity, and eventual termination of breast feeding. Because the choice of strategies for each component of the weaning process depends on the operating environmental constraints, reproductive demands on women, and prevailing levels of infant and weanling mortality, it is appropriate to examine weaning practices as human adaptive strategies. Here, I examine the structure of weaning and maternal attitudes toward weaning among nomadic Turkana pastoralists from the perspective of human adaptation. Using retrospective and prospective data on breast feeding, the use of non-breast-milk foods, and the cessation of breast feeding. I identify ideal strategies as those defined by Turkana women. Real behavior in relation to weaning, however, deviates considerably from the ideal, and this deviation reflects adaptive responses to nutritional and disease risks to infants. Particular attention is given to problematic aspects of weaning practices in Turkana, such as premature introduction of non-breast-milk foods and abrupt termination of breast feeding, which have been shown to contribute to high infant and weanling mortality in populations in developing countries. These practices have evolved from the dual caretaking and childbearing role of women and the necessity of reconciling the needs of the breast-feeding child with the demands of the next pregnancy. As such, they represent rational strategies for enhancing reproductive success in this and other similarly stressful environments.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.