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At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Arterial and ductus venosus Doppler in fetuses with absent or reverse end-diastolic flow in the umbilical artery: longitudinal analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate alterations of arterial and ductus venosus blood flow velocities during deterioration and their interdependence. METHODS: 37 high-risk pregnancies complicated by umbilical absent or reverse end-diastolic flow velocities (AREDV) were monitored by measurement of the pulsatility index of the umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery and ductus venosus waveforms. RESULTS: The mean observation period was 16.5 days. There was a significant change in the pulsatility of waveforms in all vessels over the observation period. Compared with the ductus venosus, pulsatility of waveforms in the middle cerebral artery diverged from the normal range 2.2 weeks earlier. Increase in pulsatility in the umbilical artery was concomitant with venous but not with cerebral flow alterations. In addition, there was a correlation between the increase of venous but not arterial pulsatility and perinatal acidemia. Variability of pulsatility index values of the umbilical artery and the ductus venosus but not of the middle cerebral artery increased towards delivery. CONCLUSIONS: Ductus venosus Doppler allows detection of further deterioration in centralized fetuses with umbilical AREDV. However, striking short-term variability has to be taken into account when considering this parameter.

Blood Flow Velocity↗
PubMed1996

Longitudinal analysis of human salivary immunoglobulins, nonimmune antimicrobial agents, and microflora after tonsillectomy.

In order to study the role of tonsils in the host defense in the oral region one pre- and two postoperative (1 and 6 months) whole saliva samples were collected from 25 young adults referred for tonsillectomy. Saliva samples were analyzed for selected host defense factors, representing both immune (total IgA, IgG, IgM, anti-Streptococcus mutans, anti-EBV, anti-CMV, and anti-adenovirus IgA and IgG) and nonimmunoglobulin (lysozyme, lactoferrin, salivary peroxidases, thiocyanate, hypothiocyanite, and agglutinins) mediators. Following tonsillectomy, a significant (P < 0.04) reduction was observed in specific IgG antibodies, suggesting that tonsils participate in local IgG response to oral antigens. Total IgM levels also decreased (P< 0.006), which may to some extent reflect reduced antigenic stimuli compared to preoperative status with frequent tonsillitis. Saliva-derived nonimmunoglobulin host defense factors, except lactoferrin, which declined significantly, remained normal throughout the study period. Our study indicates that tonsils play a role in local oral IgG-mediated immune response but tonsillectomy does not seem to lead to any significant long-term impairment of salivary defense capacity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Longitudinal analysis of hepatitis C virus replication and liver fibrosis progression in renal transplant recipients.

The pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection was investigated by analysis of changes in viral and histologic parameters in 36 renal transplant recipients who were infected with HCV before transplantation. Each patient was classified according to development of liver fibrosis as assessed by 2 liver biopsies done 45 and 81 months after transplantation: 13 had progressing liver fibrosis (fibrosers) and 23 did not (nonfibrosers). All developed high-titer posttransplant viremia with a significant increase of 1.2 log RNA copies/mL. There were no significant differences in the increases in serum HCV RNA or genotype distributions in fibrosers and nonfibrosers. The hypervariable region (HVR)-1 of the HCV genome was analyzed by cloning and sequencing 20 clones per sample from 5 fibrosers and 5 nonfibrosers. Comparison of samples revealed that liver fibrosis progression was significantly associated with slower HVR-1 quasispecies diversification, suggesting the selection of more aggressive variants in fibrosers.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

A longitudinal analysis of hospitalization and emergency department use among human immunodeficiency virus-infected women reporting protease inhibitor use.

The impact of protease inhibitors (PIs) on emergency department (i.e., emergency room [ER]) visits and hospitalizations was examined among a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and high-risk women followed-up in the HIV Epidemiology Research Study (HERS) from 1993 through 1999. The rates of hospitalization and ER visits were measured as a function of recent or current PI use, age, race, transmission risk category, HERS site, baseline CD4 cell count, and baseline virus load; the PI effect was estimated separately by baseline CD4 cell count. In the HERS, PI use was strongly associated with lower rates of ER visits and hospitalizations for patients with baseline CD4 cell counts of <200 cells/mL (for hospitalizations: rate ratio [RR], 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.33-0.89; for ER visits: RR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.24-0.61). Other factors associated with increased hospitalization and ER use included history of injection drug use, low CD4 cell counts, and high virus loads.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Longitudinal analysis of responses to oral didanosine therapy following zidovudine therapy in advanced infection with human immunodeficiency virus.

The effect on immunologic and virological parameters of up to 24 weeks of therapy with didanosine at daily oral doses of < or = 12.5 mg/(kg.d) was studied retrospectively in 69 patients with advanced disease due to human immunodeficiency virus--i.e., AIDS or advanced AIDS-related complex--who had previously been treated with zidovudine. Patients entered the study with a low CD4 cell count (median, 39/microL) and with evidence of an ongoing depression of bone marrow function. Didanosine therapy was associated with a significant increase in CD4 counts and a prolonged decrease in serum levels of p24 antigen relative to baseline. These changes were more pronounced in the population with baseline CD4 counts of > or = 100/microL. A beneficial effect of didanosine therapy on hematologic parameters was observed in these patients, with increases during therapy of hemoglobin levels as well as white blood cell, granulocyte, and platelet counts. These responses were maximal at weeks 16-20. Further investigations are needed to establish the clinical correlates of these observations.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

Investigation of the susceptibility trends in Japan to fluoroquinolones and other antimicrobial agents in a nationwide collection of clinical isolates: a longitudinal analysis from 1994 to 2002.

The susceptibilities of clinical isolates to fluoroquinolones (FQs) and other antimicrobial agents were surveyed to obtain an accurate understanding of the trends in incidence and antimicrobial resistance. The samples were collected from across Japan, biennially, between 1994 and 2002 and a defined level of resistance to FQ determined. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae exhibited stable and high rates of susceptibility to FQ over the period examined. For methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus the rate of resistance to FQ was 80%-90%, markedly higher than that of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus. The rate of FQ-resistant Escherichia coli increased rapidly to approximately 10% for samples after 2000. Of 696 E. coli isolates collected in 2002, 13 produced an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), with 6 of 13 ESBL-producing isolates being FQ-resistant. No FQ resistance in clinical isolates of Salmonella spp. was detected in any of the surveys. The rate of FQ resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from urinary tract and respiratory tract infections was 40%-60% and 15%-25%, respectively.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2000

Marital quality and psychological adjustment to widowhood among older adults: a longitudinal analysis.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined whether psychological adjustment to widowhood is affected by three aspects of marital quality--warmth, conflict, and instrumental dependence-assessed prior to the loss. METHODS: The Changing Lives of Older Couples (CLOC) is a prospective study of a two-stage area probability sample of 1,532 married individuals aged 65 and older. The CLOC includes baseline data on marital quality and mental health and data on grief, anxiety, and depression collected 6, 18, and 48 months after spousal loss. RESULTS: Widowhood was associated with elevated anxiety among those who were highly dependent on their spouses and lower levels of anxiety among those who were not dependent on their spouses. Levels of yearning were lower for widowed persons whose relationships were conflicted at baseline and higher for those reporting high levels of marital closeness and dependence on their spouses. Women who relied on their husbands for instrumental support had significantly higher levels of yearning than men who depended on their wives. DISCUSSION: The findings contradict the widespread belief that grief is more severe if the marriage was conflicted and suggest a more complex relationship between bereavement and characteristics of the marriage.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parents' health, health care utilization, and health behaviors following the violent deaths of their 12- to 28-year-old children: a prospective longitudinal analysis.

Health status, health care utilization, and health behaviors of parents bereaved by the violent deaths of their adolescent and young adult children were examined 4, 12, and 24 months later. Participants were 261 bereaved parents (171 mothers, 90 fathers). About 20% of the parents reported "poor" physical health during the early bereavement period compared with 16% of Americans the same age. Over time, mothers' health improved whereas fathers' health deteriorated. Fathers in poor health compared with fathers in good health are 15 times more likely to report emotional distress and 4.6 times more likely to report trauma symptoms. Mothers in poor health compared with mothers in good health are 11 times more likely to report emotional distress and 3 times more likely to report trauma symptoms. Mothers' reports of physician visits and medication use were higher than fathers', however, mothers' rates for both decreased significantly over time whereas fathers' rates remained constant. Over 70% of the mothers and nearly 60% of the fathers practiced 2 or more health protective behaviors over time--a finding significantly associated with fewer stress-related illnesses, days absent from work, and non-productivity at work. Implications for the findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Longitudinal analysis of the effect of prenatal nicotine exposure on subsequent smoking behavior of offspring.

We explored the influence of maternal smoking during pregnancy on the likelihood of smoking among offspring in adolescence and adulthood using data from two similar British birth cohort surveys, the 1958 National Child Development Study and the 1970 British Birth Survey. Similar information was available in each cohort on maternal age at delivery, offspring sex, maternal smoking during pregnancy, parental and offspring socioeconomic status, and parental smoking at the time offspring smoking was assessed at age 16 years. Offspring smoking at 16 years and at 30/33 years were the primary outcomes of interest. Our data support an association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and an increased risk of offspring smoking later in life among female offspring but not among male offspring. Female offspring of mothers who smoked during pregnancy were more likely to smoke at 16 years than were their male counterparts. Moreover, in this same subgroup, female offspring smoking at 16 years was associated with an increased likelihood of smoking at 30/33 years. Further investigation in larger studies with greater detail of factors shaping smoking in childhood and adulthood and biochemically verified outcome measures would be desirable to clarify the relationship.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Work patterns of male and female pharmacists. A longitudinal analysis 1959-1989.

A demand for better data about pharmacists as working health professionals led the authors to study the work patterns of 1,146 pharmacists over a 30-year period from 1959 to 1989. Work history data were used to determine gender-specific participation rates as a function of age, years in the work force, and date. Percent full-time (as opposed to part-time) work as a gender-specific function of age was also determined. Participation rates for males and females, widely disparate in the 1960s, have converged and are not significantly different. Graduates of the 1980s, both male and female, are remaining with pharmacy as an occupation at a significantly higher rate than earlier graduates. Percent full-time rates for women pharmacists are significantly lower than those for male pharmacists, although women have registered significant increases in percent full-time work in each decade from the 1960s to the 1980s. An unexpected finding was the overall reduced participation by graduates of the years 1970 to 1979. The findings of the study are helpful in explaining recent controversies about the adequacy of the supply of pharmacists. The form of the data bases constructed for this study could be used as a model for the study of other health professionals.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Birth weight, puberty, and systolic blood pressure in children and adolescents: a longitudinal analysis.

We examined the association between birth weight and systolic blood pressure (SBP) from pre-puberty to late puberty in a cohort of American children. Ninety-eight children aged 4-12 years at baseline were followed annually for 2-6 years with at least two Tanner stages. Annual measures included SBP, age, gender, race, birth weight, Tanner stage, and body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography. Birth weight was inversely correlated with SBP in pre-pubertal children (r=-0.23, P<0.05), especially in white children. SBP persisted at a higher level from pre-puberty through late puberty among children with low birth weight (<2500 g). However, SBP significantly increased from pre-puberty to early or late puberty among children with high birth weight (>or=4000 g). After adjusting for visceral fat, one unit change of birth weight category was associated with a 2.6 mm Hg reduction in SBP (P<0.05), but this association was attenuated as puberty progressed. The changes in SBP across puberty followed different trajectories in children with low vs high birth weight. Attenuation in the association between birth weight and SBP from pre-puberty to late puberty may be influenced by sexual maturation.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Imported strongyloidosis: a longitudinal analysis of 31 cases.

BACKGROUND: Attention regarding imported tropical diseases is typically focused on malaria, although other parasitic diseases such as strongyloidosis may also cause serious health problems. The importance of assessing clinical features and of proper diagnosis and treatment is presented on the basis of 31 patients with imported strongyloidosis. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed regarding patients treated for strongyloidosis in two referral centers in Switzerland from 1998 to 2002. RESULTS: Imported strongyloidosis was investigated in 12 travelers and 19 immigrants. The reasons for diagnostic work-up were clinical symptoms in 84% and eosinophilia and screening in each of 22.5%. All patients had a history of travel or residence in endemic areas. Initial therapy was effective in 20 patients, and there was a tendency for a better response to ivermectin compared with the response to other drugs. A significant reduction in blood eosinophil count and serologic antibody titer was observed in patients responding to therapy after an average of 96 and 270 days, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Strongyloidosis must be suspected in travelers and immigrants with skin or abdominal symptoms from regions where Strongyloides stercoralis is highly endemic. The results of this case series confirm that ivermectin is the drug of choice in treating imported strongyloidosis. Response to therapy can be assessed by serology and differential white blood count performed over 6 months after therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

A longitudinal analysis of reproductive skew in male rhesus macaques.

One of the basic tenets of sexual selection is that male reproductive success should be large in polygynous species. Here, we analysed 6 years of molecular genetic data from a semi-free-ranging population of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), using Nonac's B index, to assess the level of male reproductive skew in the study troop. On average, the top sire in each year produced 24% of the infants, while 71% of troop males sired no offspring at all. Consequently, 74% of infants had at least one paternal half-sibling in their own birth cohort. Reproductive success was greatest for high-ranking males, males who spent the whole mating season in the troop and males of 9-11 years of age. Heterozygosity for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II gene DQB1 was the strongest single predictor of male reproductive success. A negative relationship suggestive of female mate choice was noted between the B index and the proportion of extragroup paternities. Reproductive skew was not associated with relatedness among potential sires or with female cycle synchrony. We conclude that reproductive skew in male rhesus macaques is best accounted for by the 'limited-control' model, with multiple factors interacting to regulate individual reproductive output.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Longitudinal analysis of motor activity and coordination, anxiety, and spatial learning in mice with altered blood pressure.

Mice with either high or low blood pressure (BP) were compared to normotensive controls at 2 and 12 months of age for motor activity, equilibrium, anxiety, and spatial learning. Irrespective of age, high BP mice were more active in an open field than normotensive controls, whereas low BP mice were hypoactive at 2 months of age. High BP mice had a higher number of entries and a longer duration of visits in the open arms, a higher open arm/total arm ratio, a longer duration for the first visit into an open arm, and lower latencies before entering the first open arm than controls in the elevated +-maze, indicative of reduced anxiety. Reduced levels of anxiety were also displayed by low BP mice for the duration of the first open arm visit (both age groups) and for the time spent in the open arms (older group). In the motor coordination test (coat-hanger), high BP mice had higher two-paw movement time and reached the top of the apparatus on fewer occasions than controls. Both groups with abnormal BP values were deficient during visuomotor guidance in the water maze. These results indicate strain-, age-, and test-specific abnormalities in mice with uncontrolled hypertension or hypotension.

Aging↗
PubMed1998

Longitudinal analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses: a predominant gag-specific response is associated with nonprogressive infection.

To establish correlates of protective immunity during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, the frequencies of circulating cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) precursors (p) directed against 4 HIV-1 gene products (reverse transcriptase, gag, nef, and env) were evaluated in HIV-1-infected homosexual men who progressed to AIDS and in long-term survivors over time. For both groups, HIV-1-specific CTL responses had similar kinetics and magnitude. At maximum expansion, HIV-1-specific CTLp had a median frequency of 0.2% mononuclear cells in both progressors and long-term survivors, with peaks of 0.5% and 2%, respectively. Long-term survivors maintained the established CTLp pool and presented a persistently predominant gag-specific response. The fraction and, to a lesser extent, the frequency of gag-specific CTLp were inversely correlated with virus load. In progressors, general T cell function and measurable HIV-1-specific CTLp frequencies dropped simultaneously, suggesting a further loss of virus control due to the ensuing immunodeficiency.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

Longitudinal analysis of monocyte/macrophage infection in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected, CD8+ T-cell-depleted macaques that develop lentiviral encephalitis.

The histopathological hallmark of lentiviral-associated encephalitis is an abundance of infected and activated macrophages. Why a subset of infected hosts develops lentiviral encephalitis and others do not is unknown. Using a CD8(+) T-cell depletion model of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques, we examined the relationship between peripheral SIV infection of monocytes/macrophages and the development of encephalitis. At the same time that cerebral spinal fluid viral load increased in macaques that developed encephalitis, we observed that monocyte-derived macrophages from these macaques produced more virus than those from macaques that did not develop encephalitis. However, during the course of infection, the number of blood monocyte-associated SIV DNA copies did not distinguish macaques that developed simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis from macaques that did not develop encephalitis. Paradoxically, in this model, macaques that developed encephalitis had fewer SIV-infected macrophages in lungs and thymus at postmortem than macaques that did not develop encephalitis. These findings suggest that inherent differences in host monocyte viral production are related to development of encephalitis.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Longitudinal analysis of chronic allograft nephropathy: clinicopathologic correlations.

BACKGROUND: Loss of the allograft from chronic allograft nephropathy and death of the patient from vascular, malignant, or infective disease are the major problems in renal transplantation today. Protocol biopsy of the long-term kidney has provided new data with which to develop strategies for prevention and treatment of chronic allograft nephropathy. METHODS: Two series of long-term protocol biopsies are reviewed. In the first, renal biopsies were obtained at time 0, and at 3 months and 12 months, and the recipients of the renal allografts were followed up for up to 15 years. In the second, the kidneys of recipients of simultaneous pancreas kidney transplants were biopsied annually for 10 years, and the results correlated with clinical events. RESULTS: Chronic allograft nephropathy is caused by acute and chronic immune-mediated damage, as well as by chronic calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity. Both immune and nonimmune mechanisms exacerbate pre-existing donor disease and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Established interstitial fibrosis and arteriolar hyalinosis lead to progressive glomerular sclerosis and eventual loss of the graft. CONCLUSION: Protocol biopsies have shown that clinical parameters of renal function underestimate the severity of chronic graft damage. Strategies for preventing or treating chronic renal allograft dysfunction and subsequent graft loss must better control rejection and simultaneously avoid nephrotoxicity.

Biopsy↗
PubMed2004

Conjunctival colonization of infants hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit: a longitudinal analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of conjunctival colonization, identify the colonizing flora, and correlate culture results with physical findings in infants in a NICU. DESIGN: Surveillance study. SETTING: Level III NICU of a large university teaching hospital. PATIENTS: All infants admitted for longer than 24 hours during a 26-week period. METHODS: Weekly bacterial conjunctival cultures were performed for all infants. The conjunctival appearance at the time of culture was recorded. The frequency, identity, and correlation of culture results with physical findings were determined. RESULTS: One thousand ninety-one cultures were performed for 319 infants: 133 (42%) had no positive cultures and 186 (58%) had at least one positive culture. Culture analysis revealed that 411 (38%) were positive and yielded 494 isolates comprising more than 18 bacterial species. Bacteria most commonly isolated included coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) (75%), viridans group streptococci (8.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (3.8%), Enterococcus species (2.6%), and Serratia marcescens (2.4%). The frequency of non-CoNS isolates increased significantly during the first 6 weeks of patient hospital stay (6% [1 to 3 weeks] to 12% [4 to 6 weeks]; P = .01), with an increasing trend to 15 weeks (18%). Correlation of bacteriologic results with physical findings demonstrated that infants with non-CoNS isolates exhibited conjunctival edema, erythema, or exudates more frequently than did infants with CoNS alone (30% vs 13%; P = .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Conjunctival colonization was common among infants in a NICU. Prolonged hospitalization predisposes to colonization with potentially pathogenic organisms. Physical findings were more likely in patients with non-CoNS conjunctival isolates.

Conjunctival Diseases↗