[Relations between motorism and verbo-sensomotorism at the pre-school level. Remarks on early recognition and support of "high risk" children (author's transl)].
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Child, Preschool↗
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[Application of the multiple vocabulary test to determining premorbid intelligence levels].
The authors present three basic approaches to solving the problem of determining the premorbid level of intelligence for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. The indirect way of measuring the premorbid level of intelligence was chosen because of the empirical nature of this approach and the possibility of establishing a firm basis for this. Using a number of samples, it has been possible to show that the multiple vocabulary test satisfies all requirements that must be made of a method of measuring the premorbid level of intelligence. They are above all independence of aging and disease processes as well as a high level of internal validity. Results to date indicate that the multiple vocabulary test is a useful method of rapidly and reliably determining the general level of intelligence. Its special importance lies in the fact that it allows the premorbid level of intelligence to be ascertained, thus contributing to an empirical elucidation of problems associated with decreases in proficiency and general mental deterioration due to organic or psychological factors.
Adolescent↗
[Application of the multiple vocabulary test to assessing mental disorders].
The multiple vocabulary test has been used to investigate approaches to objectifying general mental deterioration. Compared to methods used to determine the actual level of intelligence, the premorbid levels of intelligence which were determined with the use of the multiple vocabulary test were roughly the same for patients with brain injuries that cannot be detected by means of specialized instruments. In the case of patients where brain injuries were detectable through the use of instruments, the premorbid level of intelligence was significantly higher than the actual intelligence level. Patients with general mental deterioration showed highly significant differences between premorbid and actual levels of intelligence. The results obtained indicate that the multiple vocabulary test is a useful means of diagnosing general mental deterioration due to organic or psychological factors. Also discussed by the authors in their present paper are hitherto unsolved problems that stand in the way of an objective diagnosis of dementia and loss of intelligence.
Humans↗
[Crossed aphasia in a dextral patient--a case of sensory aphasia due to a right hemispheric lesion].
An extremely rare case of sensory aphasia due to a right hemispheric lesion in a 61-year-old, right-handed male is reported. He manifested jargon aphasia, constructional apraxia and ideational apraxia after an operation for right temporo-parietal cerebral hemorrhage. Standard language test of aphasia (SLTA) administered 6 months after the onset revealed disturbance of verbal comprehension and repetition, fluent jargon with many paraphasias and paragraphias. The brain CT, MRI and IMP-SPECT disclosed right temporo-parietal and angular lesions. There are two other reported cases of right posterior lesion (Puels et al. 1982, Habibs et al. 1983) accompanied by symptoms similar to those in this case, e.g., jargon aphasia, paragraphia and apraxia, and in these cases as well the right deep hemispheric lesion encompassed Wernicke's area. It is suggested that the right and left brain functions are reversed in this patient, because the symptoms of the dominant hemisphere such as sensory aphasia, constructional apraxia, and ideational apraxia were associated with the lesion of the right hemisphere.
Aphasia↗
Psychologic tests: a guide for pediatricians.
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Bender-Gestalt Test↗
Expressive language delay in a toddler.
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Diagnosis, Differential↗
Early intervention in a case of jargon aphasia: efficacy of language comprehension therapy.
A client with dysphasia was treated during the first six months following onset. A cognitive neuropsychological model of language processing was used to establish the levels of impairment in auditory comprehension. Three separate phases of therapy were administered: a semantic therapy; a period of therapy where both semantics and auditory processing were treated; and therapy designed to enhance the processing of words in a sentence. Four assessments were used to measure changes between each therapy phase and the results demonstrate that improvement occurred in a pattern which suggests specific effects of treatment.
Aphasia↗
Issues in development of the test battery for Australian sign language morphology and syntax.
In this article, we outline the initial stages in development of an assessment instrument for Australian Sign Language and explore issues involved in the development of such a test. We first briefly describe the instruments currently available for assessing grammatical skills in Australian Sign Language and discuss the need for a more objective measure. We then describe our adaptation of an existing American Sign Language test, the Test Battery for American Sign Language Morphology and Syntax. Finally, this article presents some of the data collected from a group of deaf native signers. These data are used to demonstrate the range of variability in key grammatical features of Australian Sign Language and to raise methodological issues associated with signed language test design.
Journal Article↗
Development and standardization of single and double dichotic digit tests in the Malay language.
Single and double dichotic digit tests in Malay language were developed and standardized as an initial attempt to incorporate tests of auditory processing within the scope of audiology practice in Malaysia. Normative data under free recall, directed right-ear first, and directed left-ear first listening conditions were determined using 120 Malay children between the ages of 6 and 11 years old with normal hearing and normal academic performance. Test-retest reliability was assessed in 15 of the study subjects. In general, the double dichotic digit test produced greater differences in scores between age groups, and a greater right-ear advantage than the single dichotic digit test. In addition, the double dichotic digit test also had higher test-retest reliability. These findings suggest the double dichotic digit test is more clinically applicable.
Acoustic Stimulation↗
Psychological testing of sign language interpreters.
Twenty-eight sign language interpreters participated in a battery of tests to determine if a profile of cognitive, motor, attention, and personality attributes might distinguish them as a group and at different credential levels. Eight interpreters held Level II and nine held Level III Virginia Quality Assurance Screenings (VQAS); the other 11 held Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) certification. Six formal tests, the Quick Neurological Screening Test-II, the Wonderlic Personnel Test, the Test of Visual-Motor Skills (TVMS), the d2 Test of Attention, the Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test, and the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF), were administered to the interpreters. Average scores were high on most of the tests; differences across the three groups were not statistically significant. Results from only one test, the d2 Test of Attention, were significantly correlated with interpreter level. Comparisons between educational and community interpreters also revealed no differences. Personality traits were widely distributed, but one trait, abstract reasoning, tested extremely high in 18 interpreters. Discussion of the potential implications of these results, particularly for educational interpreters, is offered.
Adult↗
Perinatal risk factors and first-year vocalizations: influence on preschool language and motor performance.
Spontaneous vocalizations of nine children with neonatal risk factors were systematically tape-recorded during the first year of life, as were those of 20 randomly chosen children without such risk factors. All the children were also given a battery of tests measuring language, speech, intelligence and motor function at six years. Cumulated tape-recordings for the periods six to 11 months and six to 14 months showed the infants with risk factors to have a significant reduction in various reduplicated syllables and consonants during the first year compared to those without risk factors. At six years, six of the nine at-risk children had an abnormal language test, as did two of the 20 without neonatal risk factors. Children with abnormal language tests performed significantly more poorly on various motor tasks; they also had had significantly fewer reduplications and consonants during infant vocalizations than the children with normal language tests. Perinatal risk factors may delay the production of prelinguistic sounds, and analysis of vocalizations might help to identify children who are at risk for later language disorders.
Apgar Score↗
Linguistic processing and performance in articulation-disordered subgroups of language-impaired children.
The linguistic and dichotic listening performances of three groups of nine children were studied. The groups were divided as follows: (1) Language-disordered children whose articulatory errors were primarily omissions; (2) language-disordered children whose articulatory errors were primarily substitutions; (3) communicatively normal children. All subjects participated in articulation testing, imitative language tests, analysis of a spontaneous language sample, and a dichotic word task. The articulatory omission group differed significantly from the substitution group on the imitative language test but not on the developmental sentence analysis. All groups demonstrated a right ear advantage, suggesting left hemispheric processing of the dichotic stimuli. The results of the present study and prior research are discussed in terms of possible sources of variability.
Child↗
Response of severely and profoundly hearing-impaired children on a semantic language task (token test).
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Child↗
Elicited imitation and the Oral Language Sentence Imitation Screening Test (OLSIST): content or context?
Ten language-normal children, aged 2:1-3:3 (yrs:mos), and eight language-impaired children, 3:7-4:1, in Brown's (1973) Stages II or III received two subtests of the Oral Language Sentence Imitation Screening Test (OLSIST: Zachman, Huisingh, Jorgenson, & Barrett, 1978) in a contextually supported condition and in a standardized test condition. Also, children's generation of eight grammatical morphemes in a spontaneous language sample condition was compared to their imitative control of the same structures on the OLSIST. Results indicated significantly enhanced imitative performance for the language-impaired children but not for the language-normal children in the contextually cued condition. Stage III language-normal children earned significantly better imitative scores than language-impaired subjects and Stage II language-normal children, regardless of test condition, although OLSIST subtests did not differentiate performance of any group. With only one exception, morpheme difficulty orders on the OLSIST did not predict morpheme orders in spontaneous language samples. Presence of cues, moreover, did not significantly increase the OLSIST's predictive ability. With the exception of Stage III language-normal subjects, all children displayed greater productive control of most morphemes in their spontaneous speech. Conclusions were drawn relative to the clinical significance of contextual reliance as well as alternatives to imitation testing for estimating the grammatical skills of the language-impaired child.
Child Language↗
[Vocal acoumetric test for the Italian language].
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Hearing Tests↗
Testing theories of language processing: an empirical investigation of the on-line lexical decision task.
On-line lexical decision has been used to test major theoretical hypotheses about language comprehension. Contrary to several current models, A. Sharkey and N. Sharkey (1992) found that a word in a sentence did not give facilitation to an immediately following, highly associated test item. In this article it is shown that such facilitation can be obtained. Other theories have proposed that syntactic processes supply antecedents for implicit anaphors. In using a test item that was an associate of the antecedent of the anaphor, the authors were unable to replicate previous findings of facilitation at but not before the site of the anaphor. Across 9 experiments, obtaining facilitation depended on the choice of control condition. This dependency raises questions about previous on-line lexical decision results that have been used to support the immediacy of syntactic processing.
Cognition↗
Neuropsychological changes in a prospectively followed cohort of homosexual and bisexual men with and without HIV infection.
We evaluated neuropsychological test performance of 168 homosexual and bisexual men with and without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (113 HIV+ subjects and 55 HIV- controls) over 4.5 years of semiannual follow-up. Analyses of the longitudinal data were performed by applying generalized estimating equations (GEEs) to regression analyses with repeated measures. Compared with the HIV- men, the HIV+ subjects performed more poorly on memory testing. Performance on all tests tended to improve over time, but this improvement was attenuated or eliminated in the HIV+ group for tests of language and attention. Within the HIV+ subjects, improvement over time in tests of memory, executive function, language, and attention was attenuated or eliminated in patients with lower CD4 levels; more advanced HIV disease was associated with poorer memory and executive function and with attenuated or reduced learning effects for memory, motor speed, and language tests. Clinically significant neurologic findings were associated with worse memory and orientation and with attenuated or reversed learning effects for memory, language, and attention tests. There were 33 deaths in the HIV+ group. In the men who died, there was more rapid decline in executive, language, and attentional test performance. These observations remained significant after controlling for HIV disease severity. We conclude that HIV infecting the CNS results in progressive cognitive change that is closely associated with neurologic findings. In addition, our findings suggest a relation between more rapid cognitive progression and death.
Adult↗
Analog validation of German-language symptom validity tests and the influence of coaching.
Although symptom validity testing is an integral part of the repertory of neuropsychologists in a number of countries, this is not yet true for Germany. The German adaptations of two effort tests, the Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT) by Green and the Amsterdam Short-Term Memory Test (ASTM) by Schmand et al., were investigated with a German-language sample. An analog study was performed with 18 healthy experimental malingerers and 18 controls with a mean age of 25.4 years. The scenario contained detailed information about mild post-traumatic cognitive impairment, as well as an explicit warning against symptom exaggeration. In addition to MSVT and ASTM, the Trail Making Test (TMT), the Complex Figure Test (CFT), and Digit Span were performed. Half of the sample were also given Rey's 15-Item-Test (FIT). Both groups were significantly different in all effort and performance measures, with the exception of the ratio TMT-B:TMT-A. With MSVT and ASTM, correct classification of group membership was between 97 and 100%. For the ratio TMT-B:TMT-A, there was a considerable overlap in the test scores for the two groups and the sensitivity of the FIT was too low. Although the ASTM and the MSVT were identified by a number of subjects as possible effort measures, both tests obtained very good results within this analog design.
Adult↗