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PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of chronic ethanol consumption on gestation and lactation in rats.

Chronic consumption of ethanol during pregnancy and lactation may lead to abnormalities in the fetus or infant. A group of female Wistar rats was submitted to ethanol treatment over a period of a month. A pair-fed control group received sucrose solution isocaloric to ethanol and the control group received water "ad libitum." Afterward, the females were mated with males over a period of 20 days. At birth, each litter was maximized to eight pups and the remaining ones were decapitated to remove the fetal blood and brains. No significant difference was observed in fetal body and brain weight at birth. During lactation the ethanol and pair-fed groups gained less weight than the control group. After weaning, their weight became similar. Fetal blood glucose levels were decreased in the ethanol-treated group. One hundred percent of the pair-fed and control females delivered live fetuses at term and all survived; only 40% of the females in the ethanol group delivered, and one pup did not survive. Chronic ethanol treatment pointed to a possible reduction in the fertility. It seems likely that the change in body weight of ethanol-fed dams was caused by undernutrition.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2000

Chronic alcohol exposure and lactation: extended observations.

Previous results from our laboratory have indicated that chronic (8 days) alcohol administration inhibits suckling-induced prolactin (PRL) release in response to 30 min of suckling. In addition, chronic alcohol administration to dams resulted in growth retardation of their litters. The present study was done to examine how an extended period of suckling (120 min) affected suckling-induced PRL release after chronic alcohol exposure. In addition, it was also examined whether the growth retardation observed during alcohol exposure persisted after alcohol infusions were discontinued. Dams were implanted with an atrial catheter on day 3 of lactation and saline or alcohol (1.0- or 2.0-g/kg BW) was administered daily for 8 days (lactation days 5 through 12). Following administration of the initial alcohol dose, the infusion was continued at rates required to maintain blood alcohol levels (BALs) for 4 h each day. Testing took place on day 12. As previously reported, suckling-induced PRL release was inhibited in dams receiving 2.0-g/kg alcohol after 30 min of suckling. However, after 120 min of suckling, PRL release in these dams was much higher than in either control or 1.0-g/kg alcohol dams. In addition, while the body weights of litters of dams administered 2.0-g/kg alcohol were reduced compared to litters of dams in the other two groups on days 8-16, their body weights rebounded and were not different from the other litters on days 18 or 20.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Hypothalamic pituitary disorders expressed by galactorrhea. A dynamic evaluation.

Physiologic and pathologic production of milk involves complex relations between the mammary glands, hormones, and the central nervous system. In all the galactorrhea syndromes there is a functional or mechanical problem at the pituitary level, with abnormal secretion or reserve of prolactin secretion. Stimulatory agents of prolactin, like thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), chlorpromazine, amnio acids, and insulin, can be helpful in the study of the hypothalamic pituitary functional reserve, while the osmotic tests seem to provide a clear distinction between functional and tumoral causes. The inhibitory agents of prolactin secretion, L-dopa and CB 154, permit the study of the negative control of the hormone. In addition, CB 154 appears to be an effective treatment for functional galactorrhea. Hyperprolactinemia appears to exert an inhibitory influence on gonadotropins. Clomiphene, acting on the hypothalamus, and LHRH, acting on the gonadotropes, permit the assessment of the gonadotropic hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1988

Reversal of neurochemical aberrations after tumor resection in rats.

Assessment of biochemical parameters in methylcholanthrene sarcoma-bearing rats 2 days after the onset of anorexia revealed several biochemical aberrations in blood and brain. Plasma levels of glucose were decreased and lactate concentrations were increased. The plasma and brain amino acid profiles were also greatly altered in these rats, characterized by increased brain concentrations of glutamine and large neutral amino acids. Analysis of regional neurotransmitter and metabolite levels by high-performance liquid chromatography suggested increases in the neuronal activity of dopamine and serotonin in each brain region examined. Surgical removal of the tumors in another group of anorectic tumor-bearing rats was followed by the return of normal feeding within 6 days. Associated with the normalization of food intake was the reversal of these biochemical aberrations in blood and brain. It is hypothesized that the utilization of glutamine and excretion of ammonia by tumor tissue is the precursor of these alterations in brain amino acids and neurotransmitters, which may be causing anorexia.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1985

Prolactin secretion and biological activity in females with galactorrhoea and normal circulating prolactin concentrations at rest.

Prolactin secretion and biological activity have been investigated in 20 females with persistent idiopathic galactorrhoea who had normal resting serum prolactin levels at presentation. Results were compared with those in 34 normal controls. Hyperprolactinaemia, which was persistent in one and intermittent in the other, developed in two patients over an observation period of 1.5 to 8.5 years. Resting prolactin levels stayed normal in the remaining eighteen who were further investigated. Menstruation was disordered in only six of the 18, while ovulation occurred (serum progesterone greater than 20 nmol/l) in all seven patients who were studied over a 5 week period. Serum prolactin concentrations over 24 h were similar in patients and controls (24 h mean +/- SEM prolactin, 288 +/- 36 mU/l, patients, n = 7; 291 +/- 21 mU/l, controls, n = 9) as were prolactin levels estimated twice weekly for 5 weeks. Prolactin responses to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone, 200 micrograms (at 20 min, 2417 +/- 658 mU/l, patients, n = 7; 2113 +/- 424 mU/l, controls, n = 8), the dopamine antagonist, domperidone, 10 mg (at 30 min, 5949 +/- 536 mU/l, patients, n = 7; 5858 +/- 460 mU/l, controls, n = 8) and insulin-induced hypoglycaemia (at 60 min, 1441 +/- 551 mU/l, patients, n = 7; 1298 +/- 183 mU/l, controls, n = 7) were similar in patients and controls. Two different radioimmunoassays using two different antisera gave similar estimates of serum prolactin levels and prolactin bioactivity in serum was normal in an in-vitro bioassay based on the ability of prolactin to stimulate proliferation of Nb2 node rat lymphoma cells (basal bioassayable prolactin, patients 355 +/- 43 mU/l, n = 10; controls 348 +/- 64 mU/l, n = 7). Metabolic abnormalities similar to those previously noted in hyperprolactinaemia were observed in the patients' 24 h profiles. These included mild hyperglycaemia (24 h mean +/- SEM glucose, 5.47 +/- 0.08 mmol/l, patients; 5.05 +/- 0.14 mmol/l, controls; P less than 0.05) and elevations in circulating lactate, pyruvate and alanine. Blood glycerol was decreased (24 h mean +/- SEM, 0.044 +/- 0.004 versus 0.058 +/- 0.004 mmol/l, P less than 0.05). In the majority of patients with idiopathic galactorrhoea, prolactin concentrations, regulation of secretion and bioactivity in vitro are normal. The galactorrhoea and metabolic abnormalities suggest increased tissue sensitivity to the lactogenic and metabolic actions of prolactin, while ovarian cyclical function is relatively spared.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Modeling brain compartmental lactate response to metabolic challenge: a feasibility study.

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to characterize abnormal brain lactate response in panic disorder (PD) subjects following lactate infusion. The present study integrated water quantification and tissue segmentation to evaluate compartmental lactate response within brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). As there is evidence of brain parenchymal pH changes during lactate infusion, water scans were collected at baseline and post-infusion to address brain water stability. Water levels remained essentially stable across the protocol suggesting internal water provides an improved reference signal for measuring dynamic changes in response to metabolic challenge paradigms such as lactate infusion. To model brain lactate changes by compartments, we took the null hypothesis that lactate rises occur only in tissue. The approach referenced lactate amplitude (potentially from both compartments) to 'voxel' water (water scan corrected for differential T(2) between CSF brain at long-echo times - synonymous to a short-echo water scan). If the magnitude of lactate rise in CSF was equal to or greater than brain, voxels with substantial CSF fractions should demonstrate an equivalent or elevated response to voxels comprised only of tissue. The magnitude of lactate increases paralleled voxel tissue fraction suggesting the abnormal lactate rise observed in PD is tissue-based. The feasibility of lactate quantification and compartmental modeling are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Early weaning to reduce tissue mobilization in lactating sows and milk supplementation to enhance pig weaning weight during extreme heat stress.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of reduced lactation length and supplemental milk replacer (MR) during high ambient temperatures. Thirty nine primiparous and 100 multiparous sows (PIC, Franklin, KY, C-22) were used in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatments consisted of two lactation room temperatures (21 degrees C [TN] and 32 degrees C [HOT]), two lactation lengths (14 or 19 d), and two parity groups (primiparous, multiparous). Pigs were either: 1) sow-reared to 19 d or 2) sow-reared to 14 d, and then reared to 19 d with MR after sow removal. All sows were fed the same diet (1.07% lysine, 3,366 kcal of ME/kg). Sows were weighed and ultrasound for backfat thickness (BF) and longissimus muscle area (LMA) within 6 h after farrowing and at the time of sow removal (d 14 or 19). Pigs were individually weighed at weaning (d 19) and after a 47-d nursery period (d 66). Heat stress increased sow weight loss (-13.35 kg, P < 0.01) and decreased sow feed intake (4.63 kg/d, P < 0.01) during lactation compared with sows in TN (+4.5 kg and 7.5 kg/d, respectively). Early weaning (d 14) during heat stress decreased maternal weight loss (-10.1 vs. -16.6 kg, P < 0.01). Primiparous sows lost more BF in both environments (-2.60 vs. -1.56 mm, P < 0.05), and both parity groups lost more BF (-3.35 vs. -2.3 mm, P < 0.10) and LMA (-1.82 vs. -0.77 cm2, P < 0.05) when lactating for 19 d in the HOT environment than those lactating for 14 d. Pigs nursing primiparous and multiparous sows in the HOT environment and provided MR had heavier individual 19-d weights (7.37 and 8.12 kg/ pig, respectively) than those nursing to 19 d (5.57 and 6.04 kg/pig, P < 0.01). Milk replacer decreased the difference normally observed in 19-d weights between primiparous and multiparous sow-reared pigs in TN. Pigs fed MR in both environments and nursing multiparous sows had improved weight gains in the nursery compared with pigs nursing sows to 19 d (428 vs. 406 g/d, respectively; P < 0.01), or reared by primiparous sows (444 vs. 390 g/d , respectively; P < 0.01). Sow weaning on d 14 in the HOT environment decreased the wean-to-estrus interval in primiparous sows (22.8 vs. 9.2 d, P < 0.10). This study shows the benefit of early weaning in combination with milk replacer to preserve the sow and to restore pig weaning weights and nursery end weights under heat stress.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2002

Comparative evaluation of SIMPL silicone implants and NIT natural teat inserts to keep the teat canal patent after surgery.

The objective of this study was the comparative evaluation of SIMPL silicone implants and NIT natural teat inserts to keep the teat canal patent after teat surgery. The study was performed on 100 teats of 97 cows treated surgically for milk flow disorders. After surgery, 53 teats were administered with SIMPL and 47 with NIT, and rested for several days. Before treatment and 1 and 6 mo later quarter milk flow and milk yield were measured with Lactocorders; quarter milk was examined for somatic cell count (SCC), pathogens, and signs of mastitis (SCC > 100,000 and pathogens detected). Half a year after surgery milk flow, milk yield and SCC were equal from teats that had been inserted with SIMPL or NIT. The odds of detecting pathogens or signs of mastitis in the milk was lower in SIMPL than in NIT teats at this point in time. SIMPL teats stayed in the herd as long as NIT teats. Based on the results, it may be expected that teats inserted with a SIMPL or NIT do not differ long term in regards to milk flow, milk yield, SCC, and risk of removal from the herd. After the use of SIMPL, fewer pathogens may be detected in the milk long term than after the use of NIT.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Effects of exposure to high ambient temperature and dietary protein level on sow milk production and performance of piglets.

The effects of high ambient temperature and level of dietary heat increment on sow milk production and piglet performance over a 28-d lactation were determined in 59 multiparous crossbred Large White x Landrace pigs kept at a thermoneutral (20 degrees C) or in a hot (29 degrees C) constant ambient temperature. Experimental diets fed during lactation were a control diet (NP; 17.6% CP) and two low-protein diets obtained by reduction of CP level (LP; 14.2% CP) or both reduction of CP and addition of fat (LPF; 15.2% CP); the NE:ME ratio was 74.3, 75.6, and 75.8% for NP, LP, and LPF diets, respectively. All diets provided 0.82 g of digestible lysine/MJ of NE, and ratios between essential AA and lysine were above recommendations. Creep feed was provided after d 21 of lactation. Reduction of CP level did not influence (P > 0.10) milk production, milk composition, or piglet performance. Despite higher nursing frequency (39 vs 34 sucklings per day), milk production decreased (P < 0.01) from 10.43 to 7.35 kg/d when temperature increased from 20 to 29 degrees C. At d 14, DM (18.6 vs 18.1%) and energy (4.96 vs 4.75 MJ/kg) contents in milk tended (P = 0.09) to be higher in sows kept at 29 degrees C. Over the 28-d lactation, piglet BW gain and BW at weaning decreased (P < 0.01) from 272 to 203 g/d and 9.51 to 7.52 kg, respectively, when temperature increased from 20 to 29 degrees C. Daily creep feed intake over the 4th wk of lactation was higher (P < 0.01) at 29 degrees C than at 20 degrees C (388 vs 232 g/litter, respectively), which was reflected in a greater increase in BW gain between wk 1 to 3 and wk 4 at the higher temperature (147 vs 130%); BW gain between weaning and d 14 postweaning was higher (P < 0.05) for piglets originating from sows kept at 29 degrees C (280 vs 218 g/d). In connection with their lower growth rate, DM (31.2 vs 33.0%), protein (15.5 vs 16.0%), lipid (12.3 vs 13.9%), and energy (8.39 vs 9.09 kJ/g) contents in weaned, slaughtered piglets were lower (P < 0.01) at 29 than at 20 degrees C. In conclusion, modification in the CP:NE ratio in order to decrease dietary heat increment did not affect milk production and piglet performance in thermoneutral or hot climatic conditions. Our results confirm the negative effect of high ambient temperatures on milk yield and emphasize the importance of creep feed supply to improve pre- and postweaning growth of piglets in these conditions, especially when weaning occurs after 3 wk of age.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Effect of room temperature and dietary amino acid concentration on performance of lactating sows. NCR-89 Committee on Swine Management.

Mixed-parity sows (n = 267) from five research stations were used to investigate whether a reduction of excess dietary amino acids would improve feed intake and performance of lactating sows experiencing heat stress. Experimental treatments included effects of room temperature (warm or hot) and diet (adequate protein [AP] or low protein [LP]). The corn-soybean meal AP diet was formulated to contain 16.5% CP, .8% lysine, and .67% digestible lysine. The LP diet was formulated to contain 13.7% CP, .76% lysine, and .66% digestible lysine using corn, soybean meal, and synthetic lysine. Feed intake during gestation was standardized at 1.8 kg x sow(-1) x d(-1). At parturition, litter size was adjusted to no fewer than nine pigs. Mean high temperature in the warm and hot rooms was 20.4 and 29.2 degrees C and mean low temperature was 17.7 and 27.1 degrees C, respectively. The hot environment reduced (P < .01) feed intake of sows (4.19 vs 6.38 kg/d) during lactation, weaning weight of sows (176.2 vs 193.6 kg), percentage of sows displaying estrus (79.2 vs 93.4%) by d 15 postweaning, and litter growth rate (1.74 vs 2.11 kg/d) and increased (P < .01) respiration rate of sows on d 10 postpartum (71.9 vs 36.5 breaths/min) compared with the warm environment. Litter size and backfat loss of sows were not affected by treatments. No significant diet x room temperature interactions were observed for voluntary feed intake, body weight loss, backfat loss, or respiration rate of sows. Litter growth rate was depressed by feeding the LP diet in the warm room but was improved by feeding the LP diet in the hot room (warm-AP, 2.17; warm-LP, 2.05; hot-AP, 1.71; hot-LP, 1.77 kg/d; P < .05). Reduction of dietary crude protein combined with supplementation of crystalline lysine to reduce concentrations of excess dietary amino acids did not significantly reduce heat stress of sows, but it did support slight improvements in weight gain of litters nursing heat-stressed sows.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1983

Hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea in Hong Kong.

In a retrospective study of 595 patients attending the Menstrual Disorder Clinic from January, 1978 to December, 1981, 92 patients (15.5%) had raised serum prolactin (PRL) levels (greater than 25 ng/ml) on 2 or more separate occasions with a mean (+/- S.E.M.) value of 67.1 +/- 2.5 ng/ml. Galactorrhoea was found in 27.2% of the hyperprolactinaemic patients. Primary amenorrhoea was observed in 1 patient (1.1%) with serum PRL level of 68 ng/ml. Secondary amenorrhoea of longer than 6 months' duration occurred in 61 patients (66.3%) with mean PRL level 84.2 +/- 3.3 ng/ml. The 30 patients (32.6%) with irregular menstruation had a mean PRL level of 47.2 +/- 3.3 ng/ml. Investigations revealed that 43 patients (46.7%) had idiopathic hyperprolactinaemia, 14 patients (15.4%) had drug induced hyperprolactinaemia and 1 patient (1.1%) had hypothyroidism; 18 patients (19.5%) had suspected pituitary microadenoma and 16 patients (17.2%) had abnormal radiographic findings. Bromocriptine treatment was given to 38 patients, 13 with abnormal tomographic findings (mean serum PRL greater than 100ng/ml); 18 with suspected pituitary microadenoma (mean serum PRL 94 +/- 2.7 ng/ml) and 7 with idiopathic hyperprolactinaemia (mean serum PRL 65 +/- 4.7 ng/ml). All patients (38/38) responded to treatment with restoration of menstruation and cessation of galactorrhoea within 1 to 3 months. Mean PRL level was 21.6 +/- 5.2 ng/ml at the time of response. Thirteen patients subsequently became pregnant and all delivered healthy babies.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1978

Clinical and endocrinological analyses of patients with galactorrhea and menstrual disorders due to sulpiride or metoclopramide.

The clinical courses of galactorrhea and menstrual disorders were studied in 18 women with galactorrhea induced by sulpiride (SLP) or metoclopramide (MCP) given for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. The response of PRL and TSH to 500 micrograms iv TRH and the response of LH and FSH to 100 micrograms LRH were assessed by retrospective analysis during treatment in nine patients (six, SLP; three, MCP) and shortly after the end of treatment in nine patients (seven, SLP; two, MCP). The average time from the initiation of treatment to the onset of galactorrhea was 27.2 +/- 4.7 (mean +/- SE) days in the 13 SLP-treated patients and 23.2 +/- 5.8 days in the 5 MCP-treated patients. Five of the SLP-treated patients experienced amenorrhea, four had oligomenorrhea, and one had dysfunctional bleeding. In the MCP-treated patients, oligomenorrhea and dysfunctional bleeding occurred in one each. The average length of time from the end of treatment to disappearance of galactorrhea was 50.0 +/- 7.3 days in the SLP-treated patients and 56.6 +/- 12.1 days in the MCP-treated patients. Cyclic uterine bleeding returned within 2 months after treatment was stopped. Elevated PRL levels with good response to TRH were observed in four of six patients during SLP treatment, and in two of three patients during MCP treatment. Basal PRL levels and response to TRH were normal in almost all patients after the drugs were withdrawn. Normal HL and FSH levels with exaggerated responses of LH to LRH were observed in most patients during treatment, whereas the response of LH to LRH was normal in about half of the patients after treatment. Our findings suggest that hyperprolactinemia in patients treated with SLP or MCP may be in part the cause of both galactorrhea and menstrual abnormalities, and that these symptoms can be reversed by stopping treatment, provided the patients have not taken the drugs for longer than a year.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

'Witch's milk'. Galactorrhea in the newborn.

For a five month period, infants examined on admission and discharge from the newborn nursery and at two-week and two-month well-baby visits were examined for breast nodule size and the presence of galactorrhea. Nine hundred eighty-four examinations were performed on 640 children. Forty-five examinations (4.6%) on 38 infants revealed galactorrhea. "Witch's milk" was noted at all ages studied, including 1.8% of examinations at 2 months of age. All the infants with galactorrhea were born at term, with neither sex predominating. Children with galactorrhea had breast nodules significantly larger than those of children without galactorrhea. None of these infants was hypothyroid. This study concludes that witch's milk is a common occurrence, associated with larger than average breast nodules, and may persist until 2 months of age in normal newborns.

Female↗