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PubMed1985

Trigeminal mesencephalic neurons innervating functionally identified muscle spindles and involved in the monosynaptic stretch reflex of the lateral pterygoid muscle of the guinea pig.

Location of the neurons in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus innervating stretch receptors of the lateral pterygoid muscle and the mode of their synaptic connection on the lateral pterygoid motoneurons of the guinea pig were studied physiologically as well as morphologically, in comparison with the trigeminal mesencephalic neurons innervating muscle spindles in the superficial masseter muscle, with the following results: stimulation of the caudal half of the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus evoked monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the ipsilateral lateral pterygoid motoneurons. Stimulation of the lateral pterygoid nerve directly evoked spike potentials in the neurons located in the caudal half of the ipsilateral trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus, which responded with increased firing to stretch, and with silent period to twitch, of the ipsilateral lateral pterygoid muscle. Averaging of intracellular potentials of the lateral pterygoid motoneurons with extracellular spike potentials of these trigeminal mesencephalic neurons revealed excitatory postsynaptic potentials after a monosynaptic latency, but no inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. Injection of horseradish peroxidase into the lateral pterygoid muscle labeled 15-20 cells in the caudal half of the ipsilateral trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus, while 174-228 cells retrogradely labeled by horseradish peroxidase were found throughout the whole rostrocaudal extent of the ipsilateral trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus following injection of horseradish peroxidase into the masseter muscle. It was concluded that neurons in the caudal half of the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus send their peripheral processes to stretch receptors, presumably muscle spindles, in the ipsilateral lateral pterygoid muscle and that their central processes have excitatory synapses on ipsilateral lateral pterygoid motoneurons, thus comprising the afferent limb of a monosynaptic stretch reflex arc of the lateral pterygoid muscle of the guinea pig.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

The sites of origin of dopaminergic afferent fibers to the lateral habenular nucleus in the rat.

The lateral habenular nucleus of the rat contains a dense plexus of dopaminergic fibers, which are more marked in the medial part of the lateral habenular nucleus than in its lateral counterpart. Employing a combination of fluorescent retrograde axonal tracing with fluorogold and tyrosine hydroxylase immunofluorescence histochemistry, we investigated the distribution of cells of origin of the dopaminergic afferent fibers to the lateral habenular nucleus in the rat. The cells double-labeled with both fluorogold injected into the lateral habenular nucleus and tyrosine hydroxylase antisera were seen in a variety of fore- and midbrain regions, including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial preoptic area, periventricular, ventromedial, and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei, ventral tegmental area, interfascicular nucleus, substantia nigra pars compacta, ventrolateral division of the midbrain periaqueductal gray, and dorsal raphe nucleus. The double-labeled cells were located bilaterally with an ipsilateral predominance, and constituted approximately 10% of the total fluorogold-positive cell population. We have further observed by anterograde axonal tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin that projection fibers arising from the sites of origin of the dopaminergic afferent fibers to the lateral habenular nucleus terminate mainly in the medial part of the lateral habenular nucleus, and to a lesser extent in its lateral counterpart. Thus, we have found in the present study that the dopaminergic neurons sending their axons to the lateral habenular nucleus are widely distributed in the A9, A10, A14, and A15 dopaminergic cell groups. Such dopaminergic neurons may exert regulatory influences upon many limbic-associated brain regions via the lateral habenular nucleus.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed1994

Intra-amygdaloid projections of the lateral nucleus in the cat: PHA-L anterograde labeling combined with postembedding GABA and glutamate immunocytochemistry.

Research on the implication of the amygdala in classical fear conditioning suggests that the central amygdaloid nucleus is the output station of the amygdala for conditioned fear responses, while the lateral nucleus acts as the input nucleus, at least for auditory conditioned stimuli. However, the nature and locus of the plastic changes taking place between these two nuclei are unknown partly because the neurotransmitter(s) used by intra-amygdaloid projections of the lateral nucleus has not been identified. To address this issue in cats, anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) was combined with postembedding immunocytochemistry for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate. Two sectors can be recognized in the lateral nucleus of the cat: a shell located laterally along the external capsule, and a core. Iontophoretic injections of PHA-L in these two sectors revealed that they have nonoverlapping intra-amygdaloid targets with the exception of a common projection to the central lateral nucleus. The core projects mainly to itself and to the basomedial nucleus, whereas the shell contributes a massive projection to the basolateral nucleus. No projection of the lateral nucleus to the central medial nucleus was found. Electron microscopically, PHA-L-labeled axon terminals in the lateral, basomedial, basolateral, and central lateral nuclei as well as in the perirhinal and insular cortices formed asymmetric synapses (100%; n = 289) with dendritic spines (77-100%). Moreover, postembedding immunocytochemistry revealed that PHA-L-labeled axon terminals are immunoreactive for glutamate but not GABA. Since most amygdaloid projections to the brainstem originate in the central medial nucleus, these results suggest that intra-amygdaloid targets of the lateral nucleus are involved in the transmission of auditory conditioned stimuli to the central medial nucleus. Moreover, these findings imply that intra-amygdaloid projections of the lateral nucleus use glutamate but not GABA as a neurotransmitter.

Amygdala↗

PubMed1995

Intrinsic connections of the rat amygdaloid complex: projections originating in the lateral nucleus.

The amygdaloid complex receives sensory information from a variety of sources. A widely held view is that the amygdaloid complex utilizes this information to orchestrate appropriate species-specific behaviors to ongoing experiences. Relatively little is known, however, about the circuitry through which information is processed within the amygdaloid complex. The lateral nucleus is the major recipient of extrinsic sensory information and is the origin of many intra-amygdaloid projections. In this study, we reinvestigated the organization of intra-amygdaloid projections originating from the lateral nucleus using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). The lateral nucleus has highly organized intranuclear connections. Dense projections interconnect rostral and caudal levels of the lateral and the medial divisions of the nucleus, and the lateral and medial divisions of the lateral nucleus are also interconnected. The major extranuclear projections of the lateral nucleus are (in descending order of magnitude) to the accessory basal nucleus, the basal nucleus, the periamygdaloid cortex, the dorsal portion of the central division of the medial nucleus, the posterior cortical nucleus, the capsular division of the central nucleus, and the lateral division of the amygdalohippocampal area. The pattern of extranuclear projections varied depending on the rostrocaudal or mediolateral location of the injection site within the lateral nucleus. These findings indicate that intra-amygdaloid projections originating in the lateral nucleus are both more widespread and more topographically organized than was previously appreciated.

Amygdala↗

PubMed2002

Projections from the lateral, basal, and accessory basal nuclei of the amygdala to the entorhinal cortex in the macaque monkey.

We used the anterograde tracers Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) and biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) to examine the projections from the lateral, basal, and accessory basal nuclei of the amygdaloid complex to the entorhinal cortex in Macaca fascicularis monkeys. The heaviest amygdaloid projections originate in the lateral nucleus, which innervates the rostrally situated entorhinal fields but does not project to the caudal entorhinal cortex. The most extensive projections originate in the ventral division of the lateral nucleus. Injections in this subdivision lead to moderate to heavy fiber and terminal labeling in the entorhinal cortex, rostral levels of the rostral intermediate El (ER) and lateral fields, (ELr), and light labeling in the olfactory field EO. The projections from all portions of the lateral nucleus terminate most heavily in layer III. Layer II of EO and ER also receives a substantial input from the ventral division of the lateral nucleus. Layer II of ELr receives light innervation from all portions of the lateral nucleus that project to layer III. Projections from the basal nucleus arise mainly from the parvicellular division and are light to moderate in density. Fibers terminate predominantly in ELr, ER, EO, and the caudal portion of the lateral field (Elc); only the most rostral portion of El receives projections. While fibers from the basal nucleus innervate the same layers as the projections from the lateral nucleus, they tend to have a more vertical or radial orientation within the entorhinal cortex. Electron microscopic analysis of these fibers and terminals indicates that they overwhelmingly form asymmetrical synapses onto dendrites and dendritic spines. The accessory basal nucleus provides a light projection to the same regions of the entorhinal cortex innervated by the lateral and basal nuclei.

Amygdala↗

PubMed1992

A local direct effect of pituitary graft on growth of the lateral prostate in rats.

Prolactin and testosterone are synergistic in stimulating growth of the rat prostate. The lateral lobe is more sensitive to this synergism than the ventral and dorsal lobes. To investigate whether prolactin acts directly in the rat prostate or indirectly through another systemic mediator, anterior pituitary grafts (1 mm3) were implanted in the lateral prostate of castrated Sprague-Dawley rats in whom a 0.5 cm or 1.0 cm testosterone-filled silastic tubing was implanted subcutaneously at the same time. Rats were randomly assigned to receive either the pituitary or a muscle chip of similar size grafted beneath the fascia lateral to the lateral prostate. Twenty-one days later, serum prolactin levels were not elevated in pituitary-grafted animals and were not significantly different from those in muscle-grafted rats. The mean lateral prostate weight on the grafted side in pituitary-implanted rats with 1.0 cm testosterone tubing was 43% heavier than either that of the contralateral side or the corresponding weights in muscle-implanted rats. In pituitary-implanted rats with 0.5 cm testosterone tubing, the mean lateral prostate weight on the grafted side was 60% heavier than either that of the contralateral side or that of the corresponding weights in muscle-implanted rats. The weight of the ventral and dorsal lobes of the prostate was not significantly affected by the presence of pituitary grafts in one of the lateral lobes. The local effect of prolactin on the lateral prostate was further demonstrated by an overall decline in tissue concentrations of dihydrotestosterone in the grafted side. These results provided evidence to indicate that there was a direct effect of prolactin on growth of the lateral prostate in rats.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Cell-layer interactions influence the number and position of lateral shoot meristems in Nicotiana.

In higher plants the formation of lateral shoot meristems (i.e., axillary meristems) in the axils of leaves establishes potential growth centers along the principal axis of the stem. The position and number of lateral buds in Nicotiana glauca, two genotypes of Nicotiana tabacum, and a series of interspecific periclinal chimeras composed of these species was studied to establish the role of position (location of the node along the main axis), flowering, and cell-layer interactions on the pattern of lateral meristem initiation. In N. glauca, both the number of nodes generated and the transition to flowering influenced the number and position of lateral meristems. A short-day mutant of N. tabacum grown under long days remained vegetative and never produced multiple lateral buds per node, indicating that attaining a certain node number was not sufficient to cause the formation of multiple buds. Yet, flowering plants of both short-day and day-neutral N. tabacum possessed multiple buds in their upper nodes. An analysis of the number of buds per node and bud position along the main axis in periclinal chimeras indicated that the genotype of the third apical layer (LIII) of the meristem had the greatest influence on the pattern of lateral shoot meristems in both vegetative and flowering plants. The lineage of the three apical layers (LI, LII, and LIII) of the terminal shoot meristem was preserved in primary (1 degree) lateral meristems but minor deviations in lineage were observed in secondary (2 degrees) buds (i.e., those formed later but in the same node as the 1 degree bud). An analysis of the phenotype of 2 degrees shoots that displayed deviations from expected lineage indicated that in most cases the periclinal cell divisions that destabilized the lineage occurred at the flanks of the meristem and began before the most basal node, indicating that periclinal cell divisions most likely occurred prior to the inception of the 2 degrees lateral meristem. Based on our studies, we conclude that both 1 degree and 2 degrees lateral meristems in Nicotiana ultimately descend from derivatives of all three apical layers of the terminal shoot meristem.

Plant Cells↗

PubMed1981

The pattern of lateral-line afferents in urodeles. A horseradish-peroxidase study.

The organization of posterior and anterior afferents of the lateral-line system was studied in several species of urodeles by means of transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase. The afferents of each lateral-line nerve form distinct fascicles in the medullary alar plate. Each of the two branches of the anterior lateral-line nerve is organized in two long and one short fascicles. The posterior lateral-line afferents form only two long fascicles. Each ordinary neuromast is supplied by only two afferents, which run in the two ventral medullary fiber bundles. It is suggested that afferents to hair cells displaying one type of polarity form together one bundle, but those contacting hair cells polarized in the opposite way form the second ventral bundle of one lateral-line branch. Thus, the lateral-line afferents may be organized in a directotopic fashion. The short dorsal fascicle formed only by the anterior lateral-line afferents receives fibers exclusively from small pit organs. Each pit organ is supplied by only one afferent. Anatomically, these pit organs resemble in many respects the electroreceptive ampullary organs of certain fish. Neurons labeled retrogradely via the anterior lateral-line nerve afferents have been attributed to the nervus trigeminus or facialis. In addition to the posterior lateral-line afferents, only few centrifugally projecting neurons were labeled. These neurons are discussed as efferents to the posterior lateral-line neuromasts.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed1999

Functional anatomy of the lateral collateral ligament complex of the elbow.

Postero-lateral instability of the elbow joint is a rare clinical condition, commonly related to a disruption of the lateral collateral ligament complex of the elbow. Twenty elbow joint specimens were studied in order to describe the morphologic characteristics of this complex, and to determine the role of its different components in the stability of the elbow. After a morphologic and morphometric investigation, serial divisions of the medial bundle of the lateral collateral ligament were performed, with or without section of the annular ligament and the anterior bundle of the lateral collateral ligament. The anterior and medial bundles of the lateral collateral ligament had close relationships with the annular ligament and a common proximal course. Isolated section of the medial bundle of the lateral collateral ligament induced only minor laxity of the elbow joint. Combined divisions of the medial and the anterior bundles at their humeral insertion, or the medial bundle and the annular ligament at their ulnar insertion resulted in a reproducible subluxation of the ulno-humeral joint. Thus, postero-lateral rotatory stability of the elbow joint is largely maintained by the lateral collateral ligament complex, composed of three elements: the anterior and medial bundles of the lateral collateral ligament, and the annular ligament. In clinical practice, chronic postero-lateral instability is best treated by a ligamentous reconstruction, that must take into account all these anatomic considerations. We report here a new technique of ligamentoplasty using the fascia of the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle.

Aged↗

PubMed2002

Arthroscopic mediopatellar plicaectomy and lateral retinacular release in mechanical patellofemoral disorders.

Arthroscopy was performed on 168 knees of 164 patients with anterior knee pain by a single arthroscopic surgeon between April 1993 and March 2000, with a mean follow-up of29 months. There were 168 mediopatellar plicae, 16 infrapatellar plicae, 8 suprapatellar plicae, and 30 lateral plicae, and all plicae were excised. Lateral retinacular release was performed in 74 patients with patellar lateral compression syndrome, patellar lateralization, and patellar lateral subluxation through anterolateral portal without using a third portal with the help of a hook knife. Débridement and drilling were performed in type 3 and 4 chondropathies (Outerbridge classification), and cartilage débridement was performed in type 2 chondropathies. We examined the effect on morbidity and prognosis of the arthroscopic lateral retinacular release through the standard anterolateral portal; the results of condylar chondropathies and débridement and drilling applied to the chondropathies were also evaluated. Mediopatellar plica was seen to play a mechanical role in the development of medial femoral chondropathy, which confirms that excision of plica is a prophylactic procedure. A further successful method is lateral retinacular release applied through the standard anterolateral portal with conventional methods without using a third portal at the cases with patellar lateral compression syndrome, patellar lateralization, and patellar lateral subluxation. Classical débridement and drilling methods are cheap and easy for the treatment of chondropathy. We consider these methods still to be useful methods of treatment.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Full arthroscopic lateral retinacular release with hook knife and quadriceps pressure-pull test: long-term follow-up.

The most important causes of anterior knee pain include patellofemoral malalignment which causes patella-condyle contact anomalies at the patellofemoral joint, excessive patellar lateral pressure increase, trauma and overuse. In this article, besides presentation of late clinical results of 169 lateral retinacular release cases which were surgically treated between January 1995 and December 2002 with the help of a hook knife from the anterolateral portal due to lateral compression syndrome and patellar maltracking, we also described quadriceps tendon pressure-pull test which strongly indicates patellofemoral pain during physical examination of a patient with anterior knee pain. In addition to radiological patellofemoral imaging methods, we describe dynamic arthroscopic patellofemoral joint examination which is applied perarthroscopically to all of our surgically treated patients. We divided the patients into two groups: group 1 was the younger group with age 16-40 years; group 2 was the older group with age >41 years. Preoperative mean Lysholm scores for group I was 67.6 and 98.6, postoperatively, whereas it was 62.3 preoperatively and 91.4 postoperatively in group 2. This improvement of Lysholm scores postoperatively was statistically significant for each of the two groups (p=0.001). For group 1 preoperative IKDC scores were A in 8 patients, B in 61 patients and C in 11 patients, whereas it was A in 78 patients and B in 2 patients postoperatively. For group 2 preoperative IKDC scores were A in 2 patients, B in 43 patients, C in 36 patients and D in 8 patients, whereas it was A in 78 patients and B in 11 patients. This improvement of IKDC scores postoperatively was also statistically significant for each of the two groups (p=0.001). Preoperative and postoperative congruent angles of all patients were also measured. Preoperative mean congruent angle was +16.4 in group 1 while mean congruent angle was -7.1 postoperatively. For group 2 preoperative mean congruent angle was +18.7 preoperatively and -6.9 postoperatively. This improvement was statistically significant for each of the two groups (p=0.001). The overall number of patellar lateral compression syndrome cases were 51 (24 in group 1, 27 in group 2), patellar lateralization cases were 64 (28 in group 1, 36 in group 2) and patellar subluxation cases were 54 (28 in group 1, 26 in group 2). At the evaluation of arthroscopic lateral patellar facet and lateral femoral condylar chondral pathologies, we statistically showed that patellar chondral pathologies were more severe than the femoral chondral pathologies (p=0.001). In our opinion, the severity of patellar lateral facet chondral lesions, although it has a thicker layer of cartilage, is due to distribution of load to a larger contact area of lateral femoral condyle. Statistically increasing severity of femoral (Kendall's tau-b: 0.248, p=0.001) and patellar chondral lesions (Kendall's tau-b: 0.444, p=0.0001) with age is compatible with our arthroscopic and clinical observations. The most important complication seen in our cases was fibrosis at the site of lateral release, seen in three patients. They were healed without any sequela with local corticosteroid injection into the fibrosis tissue. We did not see any hemarthrosis or haematoma as a complication.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Identification of the anterior and posterior portions of the lateral pedicle cortex by roentgenograms in pedicle screw fixation.

Forty lumbar pedicles and pedicle screws in four cadavers were used to identify the anterior and posterior portions of the lumbar pedicle cortex by roentgenograms in order to evaluate the penetration of the pedicle cortex by pedicle screws intraoperatively. Firstly, the transverse pedicle angles were measured on roentgenograms. Three roentgenograms were taken on each pedicle in three different directions: (1). medial to the pedicle axis; (2). pedicle axis; (3). lateral to the pedicle axis. They revealed that the anterior portion of the lateral pedicle cortex was demonstrated by the pedicle lateral outline on the roentgenogram medial to the pedicle axis, and the posterior portion by the pedicle lateral outline on the roentgenogram lateral to the pedicle axis. Wire markers were used to confirm these data. Finally, anterior and/or posterior penetrations on the lateral pedicle cortex in pedicle screw fixation were studied by roentgenograms in these cadavers and showed that anterior penetration of lateral cortex was demonstrated by the view medial to the pedicle axis, and posterior penetration by the view lateral to the pedicle axis. It is concluded that projections medical and lateral to the pedicle axis are necessary to identify lateral screw penetration intraoperatively when X-ray checking is used.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

Embryology of the walls of the lateral sellar compartment: apropos of a continuous series of 39 embryos and fetuses representing the first six months of intra-uterine life.

The aim of this study was a continuous and rather exhaustive description of the embryological development of the lateral sellar compartment. The histological sections of 39 embryos and fetuses were studied, and represent the first six months of intra-uterine life. The embryological period showed the organization of the content of the compartment. The medial and lateral walls appeared during the 15th week of amenorrhoea, and did not modify later. The medial wall was constituted in its rostral part by the hypophyseal lodge and in its caudal part by the periosteum of the sphenoid bone. Two layers formed the lateral wall: the superficial layer was an expansion of the dura mater that surrounded the oculomotor nerves along their course to the superior orbital fissure; the deep layer was weaker, and surrounded and joined the nerves together. The results of this study advocate the evolution of the nomenclature of this region, as the term "inter-periosto-dural space" would better reflect the real pattern of the lateral sellar compartment. Furthermore, the presence of a communication between the two lateral sellar compartments has led to a discussion of the previous hypothesis about the development of the lateral sellar compartment. The venous network was located on both the medial and lateral sides of the internal carotid artery, but expanded in the lateral wall of the lateral sellar compartment. That is of interest to surgeons and radiologists because it could explain some hemorrhagic complications.

Carotid Artery, Internal↗

PubMed2002

The genetic control of arista lateral morphogenesis in Drosophila.

The sensory bristles and epidermal hairs of Drosophila have proven to be valuable model cell types for studying the role of the cytoskeleton in cellular morphogenesis. We have recently begun to use the arista laterals as a third model cell type. The laterals display a combination of bristle and hair characteristics and provide a system where we can compare the relative importance of specific genes and subcellular structures for the morphogenesis of different polarized cellular extensions. We have characterized the lateral phenotype of a collection of mutations selected because of their phenotypes in hairs and bristles. In many but not all ways the lateral phenotypes are similar to the hair and bristle phenotypes. We provide compelling genetic evidence for the importance of the actin cytoskeleton in lateral elongation, shaping and integrity. Our observations provide evidence that defects in actin bundling can destabilize laterals so that they split during growth. Temperature shift experiments suggest that a defect in lateral initiation can lead to subsequent splitting. These observations provide a link between multiple hair and lateral cells forming by both multiple initiation events and by the splitting of individual cellular extensions. We also found that mutations that lead to lateral splitting typically alter the stereotypic arrangement of actin filament bundles and microtubules in laterals.

Actins↗

PubMed2001

Lumbar lateral interbody cage with plate augmentation: in vitro biomechanical analysis.

Many studies have concluded that stand alone cages provide limited stabilization to the spine, and this primary stabilization decreases postoperatively due to various factors. A supplemental fixation may, therefore, be needed to improve the stability. Extensive biomechanical analysis was performed in the present study to further evaluate the stabilization achieved by a laterally inserted cage and the role of an anterior lateral supplemental fixation. Eight human cadaver functional spinal units were subjected sequentially to four different test conditions: (1) intact, (2) instrumented laterally with a long cylindrical threaded cage, (3) the same cage supplemented with a lateral fixation plate, the plate being firmly connected to the cage, and (4) removal of the connection between the plate and the cage. Pure moments were applied to each specimen in a quasi static manner, ranging from -7 Nm to 7 Nm in flexion/extension, lateral bending and axial rotation. Three-dimensional segmental motions were simultaneously recorded under each loading condition. Statistical analysis was carried out on the motion parameters, including the range of motion (ROM) and the neutral zone (NZ). Inter-group comparisons were made using the Friedman test and the Wilcoxon test. The results showed that the stand alone lateral cage provided stabilization by increasing segmental stiffness above that of the intact spine. The stiffness increase ratios were: 1.6 in flexion/extension ( P=0.07), 1.3 in lateral bending ( P=0.4) and 1.0 in axial rotation ( P=0.67). A supplemental plate provided significant reinforcement of the stabilization. The stiffness increase ratios relative to the intact spine were: 3.1 in flexion/extension ( P=0.012), 5.0 in lateral bending ( P=0.012) and 2.3 in axial rotation ( P=0.012). After removal of the connection between the cage and the plate, the stiffness ratios were: 2.7 in flexion/extension ( P=0.027), 4.6 in lateral bending ( P=0.027) and 2.1 in axial rotation ( P=0.027). Globally, the cage alone increased the segmental stiffness above that of the intact spine by a factor of 1.1 ( P=0.39), with the supplemental plate, segmental stiffness increased by a factor of 3.1 ( P<0.01), and the unconnected cage/plate increased stiffness by a factor of 3.0 ( P=0.02). Supplementation of the lateral cage with an anterolateral plate was thus shown to provide significant additional stabilization in all directions, which may potentially compensate for the postoperative decrease in segmental stability.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Discoid lateral menisci in Japanese cadaver knees.

We undertook a descriptive, observational study to determine the prevalence of the discoid lateral menisci. The relation between the lateral meniscal shapes and the incidence of meniscal tears were studied, and the gender differences in discoid lateral menisci and the similarities of the lateral meniscal shapes in bilateral knees were examined. A total of 602 knees from 306 cadavers were macroscopically analyzed. Altogether, 577 lateral menisci were classified into the following three types: normal type (NM); incomplete discoid type (ICDM); and complete discoid type (CDM). Each lateral meniscus was examined for meniscal tears. The prevalence of a discoid lateral meniscus and gender differences in its prevalence were examined, as were the presence of a meniscal tear for the three types of lateral meniscus. In all, there were 21 (3. 6%) CDM cases and 171 ICDM cases (29.6%). The prevalence of discoid lateral meniscus, including ICDM and CDM, in the female cadavers was significantly higher than that in the male cadavers, but there was no significant gender difference in the prevalence of CDM. It was found that the shape of the lateral meniscus was similar bilaterally. The incidence of meniscal tears for ICDM was significantly higher than that for NM.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Who can get the beneficial effect from lateral lymph node dissection for Dukes C rectal carcinoma below the peritoneal reflection?

PURPOSE: This study was designed to identify those patients with Dukes C rectal carcinoma below the peritoneal reflection who might benefit from lateral lymph node dissection. METHODS: The study involved 104 consecutive Dukes C patients who received total mesorectal excision with lateral lymph node dissection for rectal carcinoma below the peritoneal reflection between 1990 and 2002. The patients were retrospectively divided into three groups: patients without lateral spread (Group I: n = 52), patients with nodal involvement between the inferior hypogastric nerve and the internal iliac artery (Group II: n = 16), and patients with nodal involvement in the obturator space (Group III: n = 36). The patients also were divided into two groups according to the number of lateral nodes involved: less than four (n = 42) and at least four (lateral nodes involved: n = 10). Nodal involvement was determined histologically. RESULTS: The local recurrence and overall five-year survival rates were 5.8 and 66.9 percent in Group I, 18.8 and 59.8 percent in Group II, and 33.3 and 23.6 percent in Group III, respectively. These outcomes did not differ significantly between Groups I and II, but they were significantly worse in Group III than in Groups I and II, with the survival being significantly better in the patients with less than four histologically positive lateral nodes involved (43.2 percent) than in those with at least four positive lateral nodes involved (0 percent). CONCLUSIONS: Lateral lymph node dissection was effective for Dukes C rectal carcinoma below the peritoneal reflection with positive lateral nodes involved in the space between the autonomic nerve and the internal iliac artery and in patients with less than four positive lateral nodes.

Female↗

PubMed1985

The effect of nonideal lateral mixing on the transmembrane lipid asymmetry.

It is shown that the equilibrium transmembrane lipid asymmetry strongly depends on the degree of nonideality in the lateral mixing of the lipid components. In two-component bilayers the effect of nonideal lateral mixing is maximal for a given component at mole fractions of this component between 0.35 and 0.4. For asymmetry creating factors about 3 kT correcting for lateral nonidealities typical for lipids can increase as much as three times the transmembrane asymmetry. The relationship between lateral nonideality and transbilayer asymmetry is analysed in detail in the case of electrostatically induced asymmetry by using the Gouy-Chapman theory of electric double layers and the Bragg-Williams (regular solutions) approximation of nonideal lateral mixing. Two representative models are studied: (a) a single flat bilayer with a transmembrane electric potential difference applied on it; (b) two parallel membranes at short separation. In case (a), for transmembrane potentials of about 50-100 mV the introduction of nonideality corrections increases up to 40% the transmembrane asymmetry. In case (b), at physiological electrolyte concentrations the lipid asymmetry and, consequently, the effect of lateral nonideality become significant only at unrealistically small separations between the membranes. The surprisingly great influence of the lateral nonideality on the equilibrium transmembrane asymmetry suggests a significant role for this effect in determining the membrane molecular organization. A restricted lateral lipid miscibility might serve as a peculiar, but rather strong 'amplifier' of the transmembrane asymmetry. The qualitatively different asymmetries found in small unilamellar phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidylethanolamine vesicles of different fatty acid composition (Lentz, B.R. and Litman, B.J. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 5537-5543) can be reasonably well explained as an effect of the lateral nonideality. A hypothesis considering the transmembrane distributions of the major phospholipid species in erythrocytes as evolving from their lateral miscibilities is proposed.

Chemical Phenomena↗