Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Job Description”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Pediatric advocacy.

Advocacy is part of the job description of a pediatrician. There is a long history of pediatrician involvement in civil society. Like other skills in pediatrics, the skills required for advocacy activities are learnable. Anyone who can learn the Krebs cycle can learn how to be a child advocate. Being a child advocate is not always easy, but it is rewarding. The 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Rowland et al for their work in the description of the destruction of stratospheric ozone by chlorofluorocarbons. Having done the groundbreaking research, Rowland and Molina spent much time working to ban chlorofluorocarbons. When asked why they, as bench scientists, ventured out of the laboratory as advocates, Rowland stated, "If not me, who? If not now, when?" (personal communication, December 7, 2000).

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The role of lymphokines in neoplastic disease.

In this brief review, we have focused on studies demonstrating the existence of low-molecular-weight lymphokines that modify a number of tumor cell functions. We have found that lymphokine preparations of human or murine origin contain a protein, TMIF, that can reversibly inhibit the migration of a variety of tumor cells. Both serially passaged animal tumors and spontaneous human neoplasms respond to TMIF. Determination of physicochemical characteristics, including molecular weight, enzyme inactivation, monosaccharide inhibition profile, and noncoordinate production by hybridomas, has led to the conclusion that TMIF is distinct from the lymphokines that inhibit the migration of nonneoplastic cells. TMIF can be detected in vivo and can modify the behavior of tumor cells in vivo. In addition, TMIF-containing preparations can inhibit the binding of tumor cells to endothelial monolayers. Although migration inhibition by TMIF is not associated with cytotoxicity, partially purified TMIF preparations are cytostatic for tumor cells. Cytostasis is not the cause of the observed results in the migration assay, and these properties are therefore functionally distinct. These three activities, appearing within a narrow range of molecular weights, different from those of other known lymphokines, suggest the existence of a distinct class of lymphokine mediators with the common function of influencing functional properties of tumor cells. We propose that these mediators be tentatively defined as neomodulins. Further characterization of this set of lymphocyte-derived effector macromolecules will require thorough exploration of their effects on the various functions listed as tumor cell "job descriptions," demonstration of their in vivo efficacy, and purification of the various factors to homogeneity. The neomodulins are likely to have therapeutic potential, since the tumor cell functions that they regulate are those involved in the expression of malignant potential. In addition, studies are under way to determine whether the in vitro responsiveness of tumor cells to these factors might correlate with their in vivo biologic behavior. Finally, detection of TMIF or related lymphokines in serum or urine from patients with neoplasms could be useful in the detection of cancer and/or monitoring of occult tumor metastases and tumor recurrence.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Clinical and immunologic evaluation of trimellitic anhydride-and phthalic anhydride-exposed workers using a questionnaire with comparative analysis of enzyme-linked immunosorbent and radioimmunoassay studies.

Twenty workers exposed to trimellitic anhydride (TMA) powder an phthalic anhydride (PA) fumes concurrently were evaluated by questionnaire and serum antibody studies. The study group was divided into high-an low-exposure groups on the basis of job descriptions and intensity of daily exposure. The questionnaire, which was designed to identify symptoms compatible with TMA-associated rhinitis, asthma, late respiratory systemic syndrome, and irritant responses, was administered to 18 of 20 workers. Total antibody binding was determined by the ammonium sulfate assay, and specific IgG and IgE binding was measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to both PA-human serum albumin (PA-HSA) and TMA-human serum albumin (TM-HSA) conjugates. Specific IgE to TM-HSA was measured with the polystyrene-tube radioimmunoassay (PTRIA). The questionnaire identified nonirritant, immunologic symptoms caused by TMA primarily in the high-exposure group. Specific IgG, IgE, and total antibody binding to TM-HSA and PA-HSA were found exclusively in the high-exposure workers. One worker was identified with PA-associated rhinitis, high total antibody binding, and specific IgG and IgE to PA-HSA by means of the ELISA. The ELISA was as sensitive as the PTRIA in detecting the presence of specific IgE to TM-HSA. The present study demonstrates that an itemized questionnaire, combined with ELISA IgG and IgE determinations, may be a sensitive method for identifying workers who have or are at risk for developing TMA-induced respiratory symptoms.

Asthma↗
PubMed1998

Laboratory animal allergy.

Approximately one third of laboratory animal workers have occupational allergy to animal danders, and a third of these have symptomatic asthma. Sensitization generally occurs with the first 3 years of employment, and risk factors include atopic background, as well as job description as it relates to the intensity of exposure. A symptomatic worker can reduce allergen exposure with personal protective devices. A laboratory can further reduce exposure with generally available equipment, such as laminar flow caging, and procedures, such as frequent wet washing of vivaria and careful maintenance of ventilation systems. It is advisable to institute periodic medical screening of all laboratory animal workers with questionnaires and allergy skin testing in addition to providing them with training programs to reduce personal exposure.

Allergens↗
PubMed2001

Eliciting GPs' preferences for pecuniary and non-pecuniary job characteristics.

This study examines General Practitioners' preferences for pecuniary and non-pecuniary job characteristics in the context of choosing a general practice in which to work. A discrete choice experiment is used to test hypotheses about the nature of the utility function. Marginal rates of substitution between income and non-pecuniary characteristics are calculated. The results suggest that policies aimed at influencing General Practitioners' location choices should take account of both non-pecuniary and pecuniary factors, particularly out of hours work commitments.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Viral hepatitis risk in urban emergency medical services personnel.

Houston has large groups of people known to be at high risk for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Emergency medical services (EMS) personnel are continuously exposed to blood from these high-risk individuals. We sought to determine the prevalence of HBV infection in the city's EMS personnel. Of the 350 Houston firefighters assigned to EMS, 344 were surveyed by questionnaire and a blood specimen was obtained. Each sample was assayed by radio-immunoassay or enzyme-linked immunoassay for hepatitis A antibody (anti-HAV), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and antibodies to HBsAg (anti-HBs) and hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). A history of hepatitis was reported by 19 persons, 17 of whom had serologic evidence of infection with HAV (56%), HBV (26%), or both diseases (11%). The anti-HAV prevalence was 16% (12% in whites and 35% in nonwhites; P less than .001). No correlation was observed with years of occupational exposure. Of the 338 personnel evaluated for HBV seromarkers (six HBsAg-vaccinated subjects were excluded), 13% were positive; 0.6% had an active infection as determined by the presence of both HBsAg and anti-HBc; 6.8% were both anti-HBs and anti-HBc positive; 0.9% were positive for anti-HBc alone; and 4.7% of the sera contained only anti-HBs (all with geometric mean antibody levels of less than or equal to 13 mlU/mL). The 28 individuals (8.3%) whose sera contained anti-HBc were classified as cases of previous or concurrent HBV infection. A strong correlation (P less than .004) was observed between HBV infection and years of work exposure in EMS regardless of job description (paramedic versus emergency medical technician).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1992

A survey of hospital infection control policies and employee measles cases during Los Angeles County's measles epidemic, 1987 to 1989.

BACKGROUND: Between December 1987 and December 1989, 74 adults employed in Los Angeles County acute care hospitals were found to have measles. To investigate measles infection control policies in Los Angeles County and to gain information on employee measles cases, two surveys were performed. METHODS: A survey of all infection control practitioners (N = 102) of acute care hospitals was conducted in July 1989. Reported employee measles cases were surveyed after initial case reports were reviewed. RESULTS: The survey of acute care hospitals revealed that only 17% had mandatory measles infection control policies requiring written proof of past measles vaccination, disease, or seropositivity. Only 4% of hospitals had policies affecting students or volunteers. A second survey of hospital employees with confirmed measles revealed that 46% (34/74) were working in hospitals without measles infection control policies, 43% (32/74) were born before 1957, and 31% (21/67) were working in jobs not traditionally considered to provide a high risk of measles exposure. One third of the sick employees were hospitalized. The standard of either birth date before 1957 or oral history of measles illness or vaccination would have classified 93% (39/42) of the employees with measles as immune. CONCLUSIONS: Effective infection control policies against measles and rubella should be adopted and enforced. Those policies should only allow written documentation as proof of measles immunity and should address all employees, regardless of age or job description.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nursing's finest.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Geriatric Nursing↗
PubMed1999

Midwives' lived experiences of being supportive to prospective mothers/parents during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate midwives' narrated experiences of being supportive to prospective mothers or parents during pregnancy. DESIGN: Phenomenological hermeneutic analysis of transcribed text from seven tape-recorded interviews. SETTING: Midwifery clinics in five health centres in the context of Swedish primary health care. PARTICIPANTS: Seven midwives working in antenatal care. FINDINGS: The interpretation of the text showed that through perception and intuition the midwives seemed to become aware that some women needed increased support. The situations of these prospective mothers were often characterised by difficult social problems or fears. The prospective fathers were mostly absent in the narratives. The midwives acted on both a personal and a professional level with ethical perspectives in mind, when they were advocating their clients' rights to receive proper care. The comprehensive understanding of the interpretation revealed that the midwife sometimes perceived herself as being metaphorically 'The Good Mother'. KEY CONCLUSIONS: Having the role of 'The Good Mother' could be understood as a way for the midwife to establish a fruitful relationship with prospective mothers/parents. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The findings provide a basis for reflection on the mothering and supportive function of midwives when providing antenatal care.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Role of physician assistants in dialysis units and nephrology.

We surveyed physician assistants who work in nephrology to report their experience level, primary employer, salary, job responsibilities, and job satisfaction. Additional data were obtained from the Nephrology Manpower Study. The 67 responding physician assistants of 97 surveyed have 10.8 +/- 6.5 years (mean +/- standard deviation) total experience (6.2 +/- 5.0 years in nephrology). Typically, nephrologists (56.1%) or hospitals (30.3%) employ them. The majority (74%) earn $49,999 to $75,000; 79.1% work in outpatient units, 52.4% in inpatient units, 52.4% in hospitals, 43.3% in outpatient offices, and 23.9% in transplant units. In outpatient units, they manage 111 +/- 111 patients, mostly in free-standing (71.1%), for-profit (69.7%), corporately owned (87.3%) units in urban (80%) or suburban (18%) areas. Most (>85%) manage all dialysis- and nondialysis-related problems, including health maintenance; 84.3% are contacted first by staff, and 78% see patients more often than physicians. Of nephrologists who responded to the Manpower Study, 8.9% work with physician assistants and 20.7% work with nurse practitioners. Nephrologists in academic practice or private nephrology groups are more likely to use physician assistants (P < 0.05) and nurse practitioners (P < 0.005) than those in solo practice or multispecialty groups. Nephrologists with physician assistants (33.8 +/- 19.5 v 41.7 +/- 16.8 h/wk) or nurse practitioners (35.8 +/- 18.1 v 42.7 +/- 16.9 h/wk) tended to spend less time in direct patient care than those without physician extenders (P < 0.001). Nephrologists with renal fellows, however, spent the least time of all in direct patient care (30.0 +/- 15.9 v 47.3 +/- 14.9 h/wk; P < 0.001). Physician assistants can perform nearly all the medical tasks in dialysis units. They may offer one approach to providing effective and complete care for patients if nephrology manpower becomes limited.

Hemodialysis Units, Hospital↗
PubMed2003

The new subjective medicine: taking the patient's point of view on health care and health.

Calls to respect patient autonomy and produce patient-centered outcomes have recently brought the patient's point of view back into the center of clinical medicine. Bioethics has argued that patient values must be respected in health care decisions. But it has generally not questioned medicine's goals, including its definition of health. For bioethics, health has remained an objective biological fact. However, pressures to improve the cost-effectiveness of medical care have increased interest in the subjective health and quality of life of patients. Perceived health, health-related quality of life, and health-state utilities bring health assessment progressively closer to the patient's perspective. Now even death's harm to patients is qualified by the value patients place on their health state. Medicine's epidemiological transition from acute to chronic disease is thus prompting an epistemological transition from primarily objective to primarily subjective evidence of health and health care effectiveness. Now some of the most important patient outcomes, like patient choices before them, are valid because they are subjective. Pathophysiology is appropriately becoming a means to produce health as it is defined from the patient's point of view. The physicians' job description will be changed to focus on patients' lives rather than patients' bodies. Definitive evaluations of medical effectiveness will occur within patients' lives rather than within doctors' hospitals. This further incorporation of patient subjectivity should carry us well beyond informed consent and the other protections for patient autonomy bequeathed to us by bioethics.

Bioethics↗
PubMed2003

The Public Access Defibrillation (PAD) trial: study design and rationale.

The PAD Trial is a prospective, multicenter, randomized clinical study testing whether volunteer, non-medical responders can improve survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OOH-CA) by using automated external defibrillators (AEDs). These lay volunteers, who have no traditional responsibility to respond to a medical emergency as part of their primary job description, will form part of a comprehensive, integrated community approach to the treatment of OOH-CA. The study is being conducted at 24 field centers in the United States and Canada. Approximately 1000 community units (e.g. apartment or office buildings, gated communities, sports facilities, senior centers, shopping malls, etc.) were randomized to treatment by trained laypersons who will provide either cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) alone or CPR plus use of an AED, while awaiting arrival of the community's emergency medical services responders. The primary endpoint is the number of OOH-CA victims who survive to hospital discharge. Secondary endpoints include neurological status, health-related quality of life (HRQL), cost, and cost-effectiveness. Data collection will last approximately 15 months and is expected to be completed in September 2003.

Canada↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Emergency department triage: a program assessment using the tools of continuous quality improvement.

An assessment was undertaken in the emergency department of a busy tertiary care center to illustrate the role of continuous quality improvement in the evaluation of an emergency triage program that utilizes the emergency medical attendant to provide triage. An evaluation team interviewed triage staff, charge nurses, internal customers, risk management, and the patient representative. A detailed review of staff job descriptions, organization charts, orientation manual, and physical facilities was conducted. A chart audit was completed on 100 triage notes. Direct observation was undertaken on nine occasions. An evaluation of the data gathered was performed using the tools of continuous quality improvement, and resulted in specific recommendations being made to improve the process of care. It was concluded that emergency medical attendants function very well in an emergency medicine triage system and the tools of continuous quality improvement can be applied to a clinical service to improve the quality of care.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1996

First-line managers: scope of responsibility in a time of fiscal restraint.

Fiscal restraint and government cost control have contributed to the downsizing and restructuring of Canadian health care organizations. As key players in the hospital sector, the role and responsibilities of first-line nurse managers have been significantly affected by these changes. This paper presents data from a survey of 200 first-line nurse managers in British Columbia which investigated the current scope of the first-line manager's role, the number of hierarchical levels within nursing departments, and views on managerial union membership.

British Columbia↗
PubMed1996

Skill mix literature review.

Administrators are currently being challenged to maintain high quality patient care in the face of shrinking health care resources. The introduction of different skill mix ratios has been suggested as one way to help manage health care costs. This paper briefly reviews the literature and research data on skill mix, discussing the relevant issues and identifying the positive and negative implications of this approach. It concludes with suggestions for further research.

Canada↗