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PubMed2004

Relation of attachment style to family history of alcoholism and alcohol use disorders in early adulthood.

The present study examined the association between paternal alcoholism and attachment style in early adulthood and sought to determine whether attachment style might, at least partially, mediate intergenerational risk for alcoholism. The current report focuses on the cross-sectional relation between family history (FH) of alcoholism, attachment styles, and alcohol use disorders (AUD) when cohort members were, on average, 29 years old (N = 369; 46% male; 51% FH+). Results indicated that FH+ participants were more likely to have insecure attachment, characterized by fearful-avoidant and dismissed-avoidant styles. Additionally, fearful-avoidant and dismissed-avoidant attachment styles were related to the presence of an AUD even after controlling for sex and FH (P < 0.05). There was little evidence, however, that attachment style mediated the relation between paternal alcoholism and AUD in offspring; the FH-AUD association was only negligibly reduced when the effect of attachment style was controlled. Our findings suggest that insecure attachment style is a risk factor for AUD, independent of familial risk for alcoholism.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Nuclear and cytoplasmic genome analysis of somatic hybrid of Triticum aestivum L. and Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel].

Intergeneric somatic hybrids were obtained by fusion between protoplasts of Triticum aestivum L. cv. Jinan 177 and Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel. Protoplasts of L. chinensis were exposed to UV (300 microW/cm(2)) for 30 s, 45 s and 1 min before fusion. The results of morphological and chromosomal observation, isozyme pattern as well as RAPD analysis and the 5S rDNA space sequence analysis showed the hybrid nature of the regenerated colonies of fusion combination T (+) L (UV 30 s). Restriction Fragment Length Po1ymorphism (RFLP) analysis using mitochondrion-specific atp6 and chloroplast-specific rbcL probes showed that most of the organelle genomes of the hybrids originated from L. chinensis and some recombination happened between wheat and L. chinensis. The effects of elimination of the nuclear genome of receptor protoplast on hybrid regeneration and receptor organelle genome elimination are discussed.

Cell Nucleus↗
PubMed1993

The old-age security hypothesis revisited.

"Children's altruism toward parents is allowed in a two-overlapping-generations model with endogenous fertility. Parents raise children because, when retired, they expect gifts from their children who are essentially a capital good. Individuals' behavior between generations is examined by analyzing a Nash equilibrium, which is then compared with a social planner's optimal allocation. The pay-as-you-go public pension program is viewed as the optimal gifts from the optimal allocation when the latter is implemented. The effect on fertility of the introduction of a capital market is also analyzed. The validity of the old-age security hypothesis is shown to depend on the parameters of utility and cost functions."

Behavior↗
PubMed1999

The impact of dependent-care responsibility and gender on work attitudes.

On the basis of a survey of 18,120 federal employees in dual-income households, six 5-stage hierarchical multiple regression analyses, controlling for 10 demographic variables, assessed the impact of child care, elder care, and gender on work-family balance and various facets of job satisfaction. Elder-care responsibility was associated with lower levels of satisfaction with perceived organizational support, pay, leave benefits, and work-family balance, whereas the negative main effects of child care were limited to leave benefits and work-family balance. However, child-care responsibility also interacted with gender: Its negative influence was greater on women's work-family balance and leave satisfaction. Decrements in satisfaction associated with dependent care on the "sandwich generation" were additive, not interactive.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Raising grandchildren from crack-cocaine households: effects on family and friendship ties of African-American women.

Changes in family and friendship networks of 71 African-American grandmothers raising grandchildren as a consequence of the crack-cocaine epidemic are examined. Despite continued strong social ties, many of the women reported decreased contact with family and friends other than confidantes and a decline in marital satisfaction. Implications of the findings for research, policy, and practice are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Ontogenetic expression of larval and adult hemoglobin phenotypes in the intergeneric salmonid hybrids.

Ontogeny of the hemoglobins of Honmasu (Oncorhynchus rhodurus, HXH),brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis, BXB) and their reciprocal hybrids (HXB and BXH) was examined electrophoretically as well as spectrophotometrically. All of these fish have electrophoretically distinct larval and adult type hemoglobins and the transition from one type to the other occurred early during post-hatching development. In the case of larval hemoglobins, the electrophoretic pattern of a hybrid, BXH, resembled that of the maternal parent, brook trout (BXB), while the hemoglobin of the reciprocal hybrid, HXB, differed markedly from that of the maternal parent, Honmasu (HXH), in that it possesses a diffuse pattern. Spectrophotometric examinations indicated that this was mostly methemoglobin. Adult type hemoglobins at more advanced stages of both hybrids were electrophoretically resolved into the parental hemoglobins. However, no "hybrid" hemoglobins were detected. Because there was abnormal hemoglobin formation in the larval erythrocytes (erythrocytes L) of the HXB hybrid, and then normal hemoglobin synthesis in the adult erythrocytes (erythrocytes A) of the same fish at later developmental stages, it appears that the paternal effects upon the hemoglobin differed in these two erythroid cell lines of the developing trout.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Msh3 is a limiting factor in the formation of intergenerational CTG expansions in DM1 transgenic mice.

The CTG repeat involved in myotonic dystrophy is one of the most unstable trinucleotide repeats. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this particular form of genetic instability-biased towards expansions-have not yet been completely elucidated. We previously showed, with highly unstable CTG repeat arrays in DM1 transgenic mice, that Msh2 is required for the formation of intergenerational and somatic expansions. To identify the partners of Msh2 in the formation of intergenerational CTG repeat expansions, we investigated the involvement of Msh3 and Msh6, partners of Msh2 in mismatch repair. Transgenic mice with CTG expansions were crossed with Msh3- or Msh6-deficient mice and CTG repeats were analysed after maternal and paternal transmissions. We demonstrated that Msh3 but not Msh6 plays also a key role in the formation of expansions over successive generation. Furthermore, the absence of one Msh3 allele was sufficient to decrease the formation of expansions, indicating that Msh3 is rate-limiting in this process. In the absence of Msh6, the frequency of expansions decreased only in maternal transmissions. However, the significantly lower levels of Msh2 and Msh3 proteins in Msh6 -/- ovaries suggest that the absence of Msh6 may have an indirect effect.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Testing a new model of mentoring.

Mentoring programs are effective only when mentors become significant adults in the lives of youth. Mentors who achieve this status provide support that helps youth develop important psychological and behavioral assets, such as self-esteem and the ability to cope, thus promoting healthy adjustment. These processes are evident in findings of an evaluation of outcomes in a Big Brothers Big Sisters of America program.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Grandparenthood and multigenerational families: are they a social reality or a demographic myth?].

During the last 20 years, there has been growing literature on the consequences of population aging. Longer life expectancies mean that current cohorts can expect to spend more years as members of a family than was the case 200 years ago. The focus of this paper is on how three lineage generations are affected by the increase of the life expectancy, especially the increase in a multi-generational family and the common life time of the family members. Using event history analysis and the data of the German Socio-economic panel, it is shown, on the basis of different birth cohorts, that both Word Wars and the period after World War II have had profound negative effects on the common life time of grandfathers and their grandchildren. But there has been only a limited influence on the life courses of grandmothers and their grandchildren. One surprising result is that grandparenthood in Germany has developed into a broader phenomenon of the 20th century -- one that arose especially for children born after World War II.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Grandfathers' and grandmothers' satisfaction with the grandparenting role: seeking new answers to old questions.

A total of 146 Australian grandparents rated their level of satisfaction with grandparenthood as an overall experience and ranked the satisfaction they gained from this role relative to other significant roles in adult life including parenthood, marriage and career. In contrast to the results of a seminal study conducted in the United States three decades ago (Neugarten & Weinstein, 1964), only a small minority (8%) were more dissatisfied than satisfied with the grandparenting role. On the other hand, in line with Neugarten and Weinstein's results, but in contrast to the results of two intervening studies of North American grandparents (Thomas 1986, 1989), there were no significant differences between grandfathers' and grandmothers' levels of satisfaction with grandparenting. Frequent contact with grandchildren predicted high levels of satisfaction in grandparents of both genders, whereas there were no effects of the grandparent's own age or marital status, or of the grandchildren's gender, age or number. In addition to the two main gratifications of biological renewal and emotional fulfillment reported by Neugarten and Weinstein, these older Australians frequently reported the opportunities to observe their grandchildren's development and share in their activities as the best features of grandparenthood, while lack of frequent enough contact was the worst feature.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Older parents' expectations of moving closer to their children.

Research shows that older parents engage in return migration in older to live closer to children from whom they receive care. However, less is known about how characteristics of adult children influence this process. Data for this analysis are from 5,382 older parents participating in the 1993/4 AHEAD national survey of adults aged 70 years old and older. Findings demonstrate that elderly parents who expect to move closer to adult children tend to be older, female, and have at least one child who is better-off financially than they are. Living alone magnifies the effect of poor self-rated health on expecting to move closer to a child. Random effects modeling of children's characteristics reveals that parents are more likely to expect to move closer to a daughter than to a son. Greater parental functional impairment was found to further depress the selection of sons. Overall, the findings suggest that older parents expect to move closer to adult children out of need and tend to select a target child with greater potential to provide support.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The impact of new demands for assistance on caregiver depression: tests using an inception cohort.

Family caregivers of patients facing high numbers of new demands for assistance following hospital discharge were more likely to experience increased levels of depression in the following six months compared with caregivers facing similar overall demands but few new demands for assistance following hospital discharge. New demands for assistance had a significant independent effect upon the levels of depression and were independent of family relationship (spouse vs nonspouse) and caregiver gender. These findings provide insight into theories of caregiver stress, begin to specify the interaction of time following the onset of a stressful event and caregivers' subsequent reactions, and suggest which caregivers may require some assistance following discharge of their patients.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

Allelic expression in intergeneric fox hybrids (Alopex lagopus x Vulpes vulpes). II. Erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Artic and silver foxes: purification and properties.

The functional properties of purified glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) from the erythrocytes of Artic foxes (Alopex lagopus) and silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were investigated. It was found that pH optima for G6P D range from 8.15 to 8.25 in Arctic foxes and from 10.2 to 10.4 in silver foxes. For G6P, the estimated Km values were 74 X 10(-6) M (at pH 8.2) and 166 X 10(-6) M (at pH 10.2) in Artic foxes and 58 X 10(-6) M (at pH 10.2) and 40 X 10(-6) M (at pH 8.2) in silver foxes. The Km values for NADP were estimated as 62 X 10(-6) M (at pH 8.2) and 86 X 10(-6) M (at pH 10.2) in the Artic foxes and 15 X 10(-6) M (at pH 10.2) and 12 X 10(-6) M (at pH 8.2) in the silver foxes. It was found that Mg2+ ions exert a significant activating effect on G6P D in the Arctic fox and do not affect appreciably its activity in the silver fox. The experimental data indicate that slight differences in the electrophoretic mobility of G6P D are associated with considerable functional differences in this enzyme between the two fox species.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Time? Money? Both? The allocation of resources to older parents.

We provide estimates of a reduced-form model of the allocation of household time and money resources. We consider four demands for these resources: time spent working, time spent providing care for noncoresident elderly parents, time spent performing housework, and monetary transfers to noncoresident elderly parents. We focus on the effects of wage rates and parental characteristics on the allocation decisions of adult children and their households concerning these four demands. We find that households with individuals earning high wages rely relatively more on cash transfers and relatively less on time transfers than do lower-wage households. We also find evidence consistent with an unmeasured tendency of some families to provide multiple sources of support.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Parkin mutation dosage and the phenomenon of anticipation: a molecular genetic study of familial parkinsonism.

BACKGROUND: parkin mutations are a common cause of parkinsonism. Possessing two parkin mutations leads to early-onset parkinsonism, while having one mutation may predispose to late-onset disease. This dosage pattern suggests that some parkin families should exhibit intergenerational variation in age at onset resembling anticipation. A subset of familial PD exhibits anticipation, the cause of which is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine if anticipation was due to parkin mutation dosage. METHODS: We studied 19 kindreds that had early-onset parkinsonism in the offspring generation, late-onset parkinsonism in the parent generation, and > or = 20 years of anticipation. We also studied 28 early-onset parkinsonism cases without anticipation. Patients were diagnosed by neurologists at a movement disorder clinic. parkin analysis included sequencing and dosage analysis of all 12 exons. RESULTS: Only one of 19 cases had compound parkin mutations, but contrary to our postulate, the affected relative with late-onset parkinsonism did not have a parkin mutation. In effect, none of the anticipation cases could be attributed to parkin. In contrast, 21% of early-onset parkinsonism patients without anticipation had parkin mutations. CONCLUSION: Anticipation is not linked to parkin, and may signify a distinct disease entity.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Obligations to stepparents acquired in later life: relationship quality and acuity of needs.

OBJECTIVE: . The purpose of this study was to examine beliefs about responsibilities of an adult child to an older stepparent or parent who has remarried later in life. We also investigated the effects of relationship quality and acuity of needs on perceived responsibilities to parents and stepparents. METHODS: We obtained a sample of 487 men and 571 women from across the United States by using a multistage probability sampling design that used random-digit dialing of telephone numbers. We presented respondents with a multiple-segment vignette in which the type of relationship between the adults (i.e., parent-child or stepparent-stepchild), the relationship quality, and the acuity of the older person's need were randomly varied. Respondents indicated how much help the younger adult should give the older person and how obligated the younger adult was to help the older person. In addition, we asked respondents open-ended questions about the rationale for their judgments about intergenerational helping. RESULTS: Perceived responsibilities to parents were greater than responsibilities to stepparents. Relationship quality and acuity of need were also related to obligation beliefs. DISCUSSION: Stepparents acquired later in life generally are not seen as family members, and thus norms of family obligations do not apply to them.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

America's elderly.

The older population in the US has grown twice as fast as the rest of the population in the last 20 years. This growth is expected to accelerate early in the next century as the large baby boom cohorts move through middle age and become elderly. Today, about 1 in 8 Americans is 65 years of age or older. By 2030, 1 out of every 4 persons will be in older person. Substantial improvements in life expectancy at all ages, particularly at extreme old age, mean that not only will there be a greater proportion of elderly in the population, but the more will be the "oldest-old," over 85. By 2050, they will be more than 1/4 of the population. As people live longer, many are active and healthy well past retirement. However, many individuals living into their 80s have to cope with chronic disabilities affecting their capacity to perform day-to-day activities. Modern medicine has made great inroads against mortality from such illnesses as heart disease and stroke, but has not eliminated all the effects of these diseases. As the population ages, the issues of health care funding and availability, particularly long-term care, increase in importance. Contrary to widespread belief, the elderly are not abandoned by their families to nursing home care. The vast majority--95%--live in the community. Those needing assistance generally receive help from family and friends. This has created a tremendous demand for federal subsidies to support community-based long-term care services. 1/4 of the federal budget is now spent on the elderly--$270 billion in 1986. Medicaid and Medicare are among the government's success stories, but these programs are threatened by their very success. Economists estimate that government expenditures are 3 times greater for the elderly than for children, raising the issue of "intergenerational equity"--how to balance the amount of care society provides to those who have already contributed with what is provided to those who will contribute in the future. The view that the young and old simply compete for fixed resources is misleading. It ignores the interdependence among generations, and the burdens and benefits of intergenerational transfers at all stages of the life course.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A young surgeon's perspective.

The environment of health care delivery is responding to a variety of external forces that are changing the practice of surgery. Only when we look back at this period can any assessments be made to determine whether the changes were beneficial or detrimental. The observation that surgeons are retiring at an earlier age may be a reflection of the negative effect of the changing culture of surgery on career satisfaction. As a young surgeon who anticipates an additional 20+ years of a surgical career, these changes are important to me and will clearly affect my practice as well as my satisfaction. This special article provides my personal perspective on some of the current and anticipated changes in surgery that are a manifestation of cultural changes in health care delivery.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗