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PubMed2003

Food security issues--a potential comprehensive plan.

The need for a comprehensive plan to protect the food production system has emerged as a critical issue over the last several years. To address this need, a comprehensive food security plan has been developed at Auburn University. The proposed program, entitled the Consolidated American Network for Agriculture Resource Intelligence (CANARI) system is one of several systems being proposed to deal with potential agricultural bioterrorism or agroterrorism events. Unlike other systems, which hastily emerged in many agencies after the tragedy of September 11, 2001, the system has been planned over the last 5 yr with the input of the agricultural industries, is comprehensive in its conception, and is designed to coordinate all components (existing and planned) necessary to prevent, detect, and respond to potential agroterrorism events. The plan uses the principle that the first line of defense must be within the states and agricultural companies for the detection of agroterrorism incidents to be rapid and the response effective, organized, and timely. CANARI is designed to integrate the previously disparate elements by fostering a cooperative network of local, state, and federal agencies as well as commodity entities and interested non-governmental organizations. Using a market-driven approach, the system encourages commodity membership and cooperation through positive incentives rather than regulatory duress. A centralized command structure is envisioned, which would be provided through the creation of a National Agroterrorism Defense Center. The responsibility of this Center would be to coordinate all of the activities presently available in components at the local, state, and federal levels and develop and manage new and emerging activities provided by the stakeholders. CANARI offers a new paradigm by which all of its constituent members act collectively and cooperatively to lessen the risk of an attack and better ensure the continued availability of a safe, abundant, and economical food supply.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2003

[Progress in the study on synergetic control principle of human upper extremity and related issues].

Human upper extremity is the most complex and flexible executor during the human movement, coordination analysis of the synergetic control principle of human upper extremity is of great significance in trajectory planning and real-time control of anthropopathy robots and intelligent prosthesis system. Most studies have only been performed within the last 10 years. This paper surveys the research in the structure characteristic and redundancy coordination principle of human upper extremity, and the developments of various prospects of anthropopathy robots, intelligent prosthesis, gymnastic science and rehabilitation evaluation are discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

The socio-organizational age of artificial intelligence in medicine.

The increasing pressure on Health Care Organizations (HCOs) to ensure efficiency and cost-effectiveness, balancing quality of care and cost containment, will drive them towards a more effective management of medical knowledge derived from research findings. The relation between science and health services has until recently been too casual. The primary job of medical research has been to understand the mechanisms of disease and produce new treatments, not to worry about the effectiveness of the new treatments or their implementation. As a result many new treatments have taken years to become part of routine practice, ineffective treatments have been widely used, and medicine has been opinion rather than evidence based. This results in suboptimal care for patients. Knowledge management technology may provide effective approaches in speeding up the diffusion of innovative medical procedures whose clinical effectiveness have been proved: the most interesting one is represented by computer-based utilization of evidence-based clinical guidelines. As researchers in Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (AIM), we are committed to foster the strategic transition from opinion to evidence-based decision making. Reviews of the effectiveness of various methods of guideline dissemination show that the most predictable impact is achieved when the guideline is made accessible through computer-based and patient specific reminders that are integrated into the clinician's workflow. However, the traditional single doctor-patient relationship is being replaced by one in which the patient is managed by a team of health care professionals, each specializing in one aspect of care. Such shared care depends critically on the ability to share patient-specific information and medical knowledge easily among them. Strategically there is a need to take a more clinical process view of health care delivery and to identify the appropriate organizational and information infrastructures to support this process. Thus, the great challenge for AIM researchers is to exploit the astonishing capabilities of new technologies to disseminate their tools to benefit HCOs by assuring the conditions of knowledge management and organizational learning at the fullest extent possible. To achieve such a strategic goal, a guideline can be viewed as a model of the care process. It must be combined with an organization model of the specific HCO to build patient careflow management systems. Artificial intelligence can be extensively used to design innovative tools to support all the development stages of those systems. However, exploiting the knowledge represented in a guideline to build them requires to extend today's workflow technology by solving some challenging problems.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2006

High-level virtual reality simulator for endourologic procedures of lower urinary tract.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the limitations of existing simulators for urologic techniques, and then test and evaluate a novel virtual reality (VR) simulator for endourologic procedures of the lower urinary tract. Surgical simulation using VR has the potential to have a tremendous impact on surgical training, testing, and certification. Endourologic procedures seem to be an ideal target for VR systems. METHODS: The URO-Trainer features genuine VR, obtained from digital video footage of more than 400 endourologic diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, as well as data from cross-sectional imaging. The software offers infinite random variations of the anatomy and pathologic features for diagnosis and surgical intervention. An advanced haptic force feedback is incorporated. Virtual cystoscopy and resection of bladder tumors were evaluated by 24 medical students and 12 residents at our department. RESULTS: The system was assessed by more than 150 international urologists with varying experience at different conventions and workshops from March 2003 to September 2004. Because of these evaluations and constant evolutions, the final version provides a genuine representation of endourologic procedures. Objective data are generated by a tutoring system that has documented evident teaching benefits for medical students and residents in cystoscopy and treatment of bladder tumors. CONCLUSIONS: The URO-Trainer represents the latest generation of endoscopy simulators. Authentic visual and haptic sensations, unlimited virtual cases, and an intelligent tutoring system make this modular system an important improvement in computer-based training and quality control in urology.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2002

The URO Mentor: development and evaluation of a new computer-based interactive training system for virtual life-like simulation of diagnostic and therapeutic endourological procedures.

OBJECTIVE: To overcome the current disadvantages of traditional training methods for ureterorenoscopy and percutaneous nephrolitholapaxy, using the URO Mentor (Simbionix, Tel Aviv, Israel) computer-assisted simulator. METHODS: The URO Mentor device for training and quality control in ureterorenoscopy was developed using virtual reality, multimedia technology and intelligent tutoring systems. The central software system features a proprietary visualization engine (the SVE) which allows real-time simulation by offering a high-level object-orientated application program interface (written in C++) available for use with either Microsoft, DirectX 7 or OpenGL as platforms. The SVE includes general procedures to allow two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) rendering, collision detection, collision correction, 3D morphing, 2D image manipulation, texture mapping, 'bump' mapping, video texture, X-ray rendering, special effects (blood, smoke, stone fragments and more) and reflections. RESULTS: The system allows a complete training session on a wide range of procedures by offering different types of cases and virtual patients, and features a full representation of the endourological procedures under direct vision and by using interactive fluoroscopy with a contrast agent. The supported tools include: baskets, graspers, intracorporal lithotripters, guidewires, catheters, stents, biopsy and dilatation devices. The endourological procedures that can be performed are lithotripsy, tumour resection, treatment of strictures and obstructions, stent placement and biopsies. CONCLUSION: The URO Mentor introduces a new generation of mannequin equipped with a special haptic device, providing trainees with an unparalleled life-like sensation while training for diagnostic and therapeutic endourological procedures. By bringing key advances into urological simulation (e.g. with the real-time X-ray renderer) and by integrating in a single system both high-quality simulation and learning tools, the URO Mentor provides new perspectives for computer-based urological training systems and methods.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1987

Visual memory and motor programmes: their use by idiot-savant artists and controls.

Artistically gifted children of normal intelligence and idiot-savant artists as well as two groups of IQ-matched controls were tested for their perception of and recognition memory for shapes. They were also tested for their capacity to graphically reproduce the shapes on sight (copying) or from memory. The material consisted of designs of two levels of complexity and structure. Results showed that while IQ was the determining factor in matching and recognition performance, copying and reproduction ability depended on artistic ability and was independent of level of intelligence. These results are interpreted in terms of access to an intelligence-independent system of graphic representations which can evoke appropriate motor programmes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Agentic AI for Spatial Omics.

This highlight summarises recent advances in agentic artificial intelligence (AI) systems for spatial omics analysis. These systems are compared along two central tensions: autonomy versus accountability, and adaptability versus reproducibility. We argue that progress will depend not on maximising automation, but on defining where autonomy is appropriate.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2006

Interpretation of surface EMGs in children with cerebral palsy: An initial study using a fuzzy expert system.

Surface EMG detected simultaneously at different muscles has become an important tool for analysing the gait of children with cerebral palsy (CP), as it offers essential information about muscular coordination. However, the interpretation of surface EMG is a difficult task that assumes extensive knowledge and experience. As such, this noninvasive procedure is not frequently used in the general clinical routine. An Artificial Intelligence (AI) system for interpreting surface EMG signals and the resulting muscular coordination patterns could overcome these limitations. To support such interpretation, an expert system based on fuzzy inference methodology was developed. The knowledge-base of the system implemented 15 rules, from which the fuzzy inference methodology performs a prediction of the effectiveness of the muscular coordination during gait. Our aim was to assess the feasibility and value of such an expert system in clinical applications. Surface EMG signals were recorded from the tibialis anterior, soleus muscle, and gastrocnemius muscles of children with CP to assess muscular coordination patterns of ankle movement during gait. Nineteen children underwent 114 surface EMG measurements. Simultaneously, the gait cycles of each patient were determined using foot switches and videotapes. From the EMG signals, the effectiveness of the ankle movement was predicted by the expert system, and predictions were classified using a three-point ordinal scale. In 91 cases (80%), the clinical findings matched the predictions of the expert system. In 23 cases (20%) the predictions of the expert system differed from the clinical findings with 12 cases revealing worse and 11 cases revealing better results in comparison to the clinical findings. As this study is a first attempt to verify the feasibility and correctness of this expert system, the results are promising. Further study is required to assess the correlation with the kinematic data and to include the whole leg.

Cerebral Palsy↗
PubMed2004

Intelligent automated control of life support systems using proportional representations.

Effective automatic control of Advanced Life Support Systems (ALSS) is a crucial component of space exploration. An ALSS is a coupled dynamical system which can be extremely sensitive and difficult to predict. As a result, such systems can be difficult to control using deliberative and deterministic methods. We investigate the performance of two machine learning algorithms, a genetic algorithm (GA) and a stochastic hill-climber (SH), on the problem of learning how to control an ALSS, and compare the impact of two different types of problem representations on the performance of both algorithms. We perform experiments on three ALSS optimization problems using five strategies with multiple variations of a proportional representation for a total of 120 experiments. Results indicate that although a proportional representation can effectively boost GA performance, it does not necessarily have the same effect on other algorithms such as SH. Results also support previous conclusions that multivector control strategies are an effective method for control of coupled dynamical systems.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1976

Origins of anthropoid intelligence. III. Role of prefrontal system in delayed-alternation and spatial-reversal learning in a prosimian (Galago senegalensis).

A species of prosimian (bush baby, Galago senegalensis) was tested on delayed-alternation and spatial-reversal learning before and after ablation of prefrontal cortex. The results show that normal performance on the two behavioral tasks depend on different subdivisions of the MD-prefrontal system. Delayed alternation is disrupted by prefrontal lesions which cause degeneration in the lateral division of MD while spatial-reversal learning is disrupted by lesions causing degeneration of the medial division of MD. Therefore, the bush baby prefrontal system can be subdivided either on behavioral or anatomical grounds into at least two chief parts. Because of several similarities in the MD-prefrontal system of bush baby and monkey despite their remote common ancestry, it can be concluded that the differentiation of the MD-prefrontal system into distinct divisions and the involvement of this system in delayed alternation and spatial reversal are features probably as old as the order Primates itself. It can be further concluded that the further evolution of the anthropoid variety of prefrontal system beyond this common primate stage probably depended on selective pressure on abilities other than those measured here.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Automatic generation of spoken dialogue from medical plans and ontologies.

This paper presents some research undertaken as part of the EU-funded HOMEY project, into the application of intelligent dialogue systems to healthcare systems. The work presented here concentrates on the ways in which knowledge of underlying task structure (e.g., a medical guideline) can be combined with ontological knowledge (e.g., medical semantic dictionaries) to provide a basis for the automatic generation of flexible and re-configurable dialogue. This approach is next evaluated via a specific application that provides decision support to general practitioners to help determine whether or not a patient should be referred to a cancer specialist. The competence of the resulting dialogue application, its speech recognition performance, and dialogue performance are all evaluated to determine the applicability of this approach.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2006

Alarms and human behaviour: implications for medical alarms.

Alarms are used in many clinical applications, but they are often less than optimal because the design and implementation of alarms has not always taken the cognitive capacity and processing mechanisms of the user into account. As a result alarms are frequently too loud, irritating, confusing, badly designed, and too numerous, resulting in them often being turned off and hindering, rather than enhancing, task performance. This paper reviews some of the main areas where it is essential to take account of the cognitive system of the user and behavioural processes more generally. Five central areas of concern are discussed: the number of alarms and ways that this might be reduced; false alarm rates and their impact on human responses; the design of alarms and the application of research into auditory cognition on design; intelligent alarm systems; and the proposals for alarm design set out in a recent worldwide medical alarms standard. In each area some background is given and the implications for alarm design and implementation outlined. The conclusion is that there are some indications that alarm design and implementation takes account of relevant research data, but that there is still some way to go before these findings are fully integrated and the situation is improved upon further.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed2005

[Environmental stimuli-sensitive biodegradable drug delivery systems].

Environmental stimuli-sensitive biodegradable drug delivery systems are drawing more and more attentions because of their advantages such as smart properties, high efficiency and easy-to-handle properties. On the basis of a large quantity of references on this topic, a review has been made on the developments of the thermosensitive and pH-sensitive intelligent polymeric systems for drug delivery.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed1987

Multimicrophone adaptive beamforming for interference reduction in hearing aids.

To reduce interference in monaural hearing aids from sound sources that are spatially separated from a target source, we are investigating methods for combining information from multiple microphones. In this paper, we describe an adaptive beamforming method that functions to preserve target signals arriving from straight-ahead of a microphone array while minimizing output power from off-axis interference sources. In a preliminary evaluation of a two-microphone system, sentence intelligibility tests were administered to normal-hearing subjects using processed and unprocessed materials from simulated environments in which the target was on-axis, the interference (speech babble) was 45 degrees off-axis, and the reverberation mimicked that of a living room, a conference room, and anechoic space. Compared to listening through a single microphone, the two-microphone beamformer reduced the target-to-interference ratio required to achieve 50 percent keyword intelligibility by 30, 14, and 0 dB in the anechoic, living-room, and conference-room conditions, respectively. The corresponding improvements over binaural listening (one microphone to each ear) were 24, 9, and 0 dB. Further tests in the living-room environment using the same beam-forming system but with filter impulse responses shortened by a factor of four (which would decrease the adaptation time by a factor of four) decreased the improvement by 5 dB. These results are sufficiently encouraging to warrant further tests involving more realistic reverberant conditions, multiple sources of interference, and time-varying acoustic environments.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1989

Creation of realistic appearing simulated patient cases using the INTERNIST-1/QMR knowledge base and interrelationship properties of manifestations.

The Internist-1/Quick Medical Reference (QMR) knowledge base (KB) describes the clinical manifestations of some 600 diseases in the domain of internal medicine. This KB, while not representing deep causal modelling of disease processes, is nonetheless effective in providing medical diagnostic assistance through the QMR medical decision support system. One potential application of this extensive KB is the generation of simulated patient cases for use in educating health professionals. However, the "flat" KB is not adequate for this because the clinical manifestations used in the disease descriptions are not mutually independent. While it is theoretically possible to construct disease descriptions which embody pathophysiologic mechanisms of disease causality, it is not practical from the standpoint of resource utilization. Short of constructing a causal knowledge base, the authors herein describe the generation of realistic appearing simulated patient case data using existing information in the knowledge base. This existing information in the KB is in the form of properties which represent a shallow form of interrelationships of the manifestations. The authors conclude that this ability to generate simulated cases represents another view in which to look at an extensive knowledge base, as well as having application to constructing intelligent tutoring systems for health professionals in training.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Using fuzzy sets to analyze putative correlates between age, blood type, gender and/or race with bacterial infection.

Previous studies have suggested that the demographic variables of age and blood type may serve as "risk factors" for infection by specific bacterial species. Since both demographic variables and bacterial species are defined using generally accepted parameters, they constitute highly suitable variables for the generation of a fuzzy logic program. A prospective study was therefore undertaken to examine the influence of age, blood type, gender and race on bacterial infection rates using a real database generated from 187 bacteremic patients admitted to Albert Einstein Medical Center. A fuzzy logic program was created using 155 randomly selected patients' data with four input (demographic variables) and four output classes (infections with "staphylococci", "streptococci", "Escherichia coli" or "non-E. coli gram negative rods (non-E.coli GNR)"). To see whether bacterial infection could be predicted based on demographic data alone, the program was tested using the remaining 32 patients' data. The program was able to correctly determine the bacterial output group of 27 of 32 randomly selected patients, giving an overall correlation of 84.38%. This study suggests that the direct correlation of demographic variables with a predisposition to bacterial infection allow the design of an intelligent medical system, which shows great future potential as a powerful diagnostic tool for all physicians.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Computer-aided intelligence: application of an expert system to brachial plexus injuries.

When confronted with a patient with a brachial plexus injury, how often as neurosurgeons do we consult an atlas to confirm the anatomy of the brachial plexus and then attempt to establish the location of the lesion? Similar difficulties are encountered with lumbar and sacral plexus lesions. In a project organized to assist the neurosurgeon in this time-consuming task, a computer program that can rapidly determine the site of a lesion in a brachial, lumbar, or sacral plexus injury was created. Using known anatomical pathways (37 clinically relevant upper and 20 lower extremity muscle innervations), and relying solely upon the neurological motor examination, rapid computer-assisted diagnosis is possible. When more than one final common pathway lesion occurs (for example, multiple root avulsions of the brachial plexus), possible lesion sites can be obtained. An interactive dialogue between the user and the program helps to determine the location of the lesion. The program can be run on any IBM-compatible personal computer and is presented as an instrument that provides assistance in cases of complex peripheral nerve injuries, when expert consultants are unavailable. In addition, it can be used as an aid to learning and as a review of basic neuroanatomy.

Artificial Intelligence↗