SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Information Distribution”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources

PubMed2003

Functional topography of a distributed neural system for spatial and nonspatial information maintenance in working memory.

We investigated the degree to which the distributed and overlapping patterns of activity for working memory (WM) maintenance of objects and spatial locations are functionally dissociable. Previous studies of the neural system responsible for maintenance of different types of information in WM have reported seemingly contradictory results concerning the degree to which spatial and nonspatial information maintenance leads to distinct patterns of activation in prefrontal cortex. These inconsistent results may be partly attributable to the fact that different types of objects were used for the "object WM task" across studies. In the current study, we directly compared the patterns of response during WM tasks for face identity, house identity, and spatial location using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Furthermore, independence of the neural resources available for spatial and object WM was tested behaviorally using a dual-task paradigm. Together, these results suggest that the mechanisms for the maintenance of house identity information are distributed and overlapping with those that maintain spatial location information, while the mechanisms for maintenance of face identity information are relatively more independent. There is, however, a consistent functional topography that results in superior prefrontal cortex producing the greatest response during spatial WM tasks, and middle and inferior prefrontal cortices producing their greatest responses during object WM tasks, independent of the object type. These results argue for a dorsal-ventral functional organization for spatial and nonspatial information. However, objects may contain both spatial and nonspatial information and, thus, have a distributed but not equipotent representation across both dorsal and ventral prefrontal cortex.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Information management through integration of distributed resources.

Duke University Medical Center conducted a strategic planning process focused on information management needs beginning in 1983 and ending in 1985. That effort concluded that the institution was ready to establish an Integrated Academic Information Management System (IAIMS). A model was proposed in which information management was to be achieved through integrated distributed resources. The elements of the IAIMS model are ongoing policy development and planning; communications; an electronic library or resource inventory; coordination of the development or selection of the end-user function; user support; and ongoing evaluation. This model is being tested to determine its effectiveness in meeting the administrative, patient care, research, and educational needs of a basic science department and a clinical science department at Duke University.

Academic Medical Centers↗

PubMed2002

Relating interactions between neurofilaments to the structure of axonal neurofilament distributions through polymer brush models.

Neurofilaments (NFs) have been proposed to interact with one another through mutual steric exclusion of their unstructured C-terminal "sidearm" domains, producing order in axonal NF distributions and conferring mechanical strength to the axon. Here we apply theory developed for polymer brushes to examine the relationship between the brush properties of the sidearms and NF organization in axons. We first measure NF-NF radial distribution functions and occupancy probability distributions for adult mice. Interpreting the probability distributions using information theory, we show that the NF distributions may be represented by a single pair potential of mean force. Then, to explore the relationship between model parameters and NF architecture, we conduct two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations of NF cross-sectional distributions. We impose purely repulsive interaction potentials in which the sidearms are represented as neutral and polyelectrolyte chains. By treating the NFs as telechelic polymer brushes, we also incorporate cross-bridging interactions. Both repulsive potentials are capable of reproducing NF cross-sectional densities and their pair correlations. We find that NF structure is sensitive to changes in brush thickness mediated by chain charge, consistent with the experimental observation that sidearm phosphorylation regulates interfilament spacing. The presence of attractive cross-bridging interactions contributes only modestly to structure for moderate degrees of cross-bridging and leads to NF aggregation for extensive cross-bridging.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1992

Do you computer take this television ...?

Just as computerized information systems are revolutionizing the way hospitals distribute patient information around the healthcare system, interactive video technology now is revolutionizing the way television sets are used in patient rooms. The TV set is becoming a source of hospital and patient information, and helps provide patient education.

Academic Medical Centers↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The end of print: digitization and its consequence--revolutionary changes in scholarly and social communication and in scientific research.

The transformation from print to digital media for scientific communication, driven in part by the growth of the Internet and the tremendous explosion in the amount of information now available to everybody, is creating fundamental changes in institutions such as publishers, libraries, and universities that primarily exist for the creation, management, and distribution of information and knowledge. Scientific, technological, and medical journals are the first publications to be completely transformed from print to digital format but monographs are beginning to appear in digital format as well and soon all communication and publishing of scientific information will be entirely electronic. In fact, this change is affecting all components of the scientific enterprise, from personal correspondence and laboratory methods to peer reviewing and the quality assessment of scientific research. Along with these radical and rapid changes in information presentation and distribution are coincident changes in the expectations of both the public and other scientists, with both groups demanding ever more rapid, open, and global access to scientific information than has been available in the past. The consequence of this revolution in the mechanics of communications technology is threatening the very existence of a number of highly regarded institutions such as intellectual property, commercial publishers, scientific societies, and academic libraries and might soon begin to threaten even the traditional university.

Communication↗

PubMed1990

Distributed processing of sensory information in the leech. II. Identification of interneurons contributing to the local bending reflex.

Isolated midbody ganglia of the leech Hirudo medicinalis were surveyed for interneurons contributing to the dorsal component of the local bending reflex, i.e., to the excitation of dorsal excitatory motor neurons that follows stimulation of dorsal mechanoreceptors responsive to pressure (P cells). Nine types of local bending interneuron could be distinguished on physiological and morphological grounds--8 paired and 1 unpaired cell per ganglion. Synaptic latencies from sensory neurons to interneurons were consistent with a direct or possibly disynaptic pathway. Connections between interneurons appeared to be rare and hyperpolarization of individual interneurons during local bending produced small but reliable decrements in motor neuron response, suggesting that multiple parallel pathways contribute to the behavior. Paradoxically, most interneurons received substantial inputs from ventral as well as dorsal mechanoreceptors, indicating that interneurons that were distinguished by their contribution to dorsal local bending were, in fact, active in ventral and lateral bends as well. The capacity to detect a particular stimulus and produce the appropriate response cannot be localized to particular types of interneuron; rather, it appears to be a distributed property of the entire local bending network.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Quantum games of asymmetric information.

We investigate quantum games in which the information is asymmetrically distributed among the players and find that the possibility of the quantum game outperforming its classical counterpart depends strongly on not only the entanglement but also the informational asymmetry. What is more interesting, when the information distribution is asymmetric, is that the contradictive impact of the quantum entanglement on the profits is observed, which is not reported in quantum games of symmetric information.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1984

A study contrasting different modalities of medication discharge counseling.

The effects of different modalities of medication discharge counseling on patients' medication knowledge were studied. Patients discharged from medical/surgical units in a community hospital were counseled utilizing one of three methods or received no counseling, according to their randomized study group assignment. The three types of discharge counseling studied were: (1) distributing written information and answering all patient questions, (2) verbal counseling performed by a pharmacist, or (3) verbal counseling performed by a pharmacist with distribution of written information. The control group received no counseling or written information. Patient information was collected, and the time and costs of the counseling were recorded. A questionnaire was sent to each patient 1 week after discharge from the hospital to determine a patient's knowledge of his/her medications. The questionnaires were scored by a pharmacist unaware of the type of counseling the patient had received. Upon completion of the scoring, the study data was collated and statistically analyzed. The results showed that medication discharge counseling conducted by a pharmacist does improve a patient's knowledge of his medications and that pharmacist intervention in medication teaching does improve the counseling results. Also, the study demonstrated that verbal counseling in combination with written information increased the patient's awareness of his medications the most, and was a financially feasible method. This study supports the development and continuation of pharmacist-conducted medication discharge counseling in rural community hospitals.

Counseling↗

PubMed1997

Geographic information systems and the distribution of Schistosoma mansoni in the Nile delta.

New computer-based sensor technology and geographic methods have led to emerging interest in use of satellite environmental assessment tools for design of disease control programs, especially for those that are vector borne. The long-range goal of work reported here by John Malone and colleagues on behalf of this Egyptian Ministry of Health-USAID Schistosomiasis Research Project team (Box 1) is to utilize data from sensor systems on board earth-observing satellites to develop more-sensitive disease-prediction and -control models. If successful, methods developed may provide a potentially vital capability for use by disease control program managers, particularly in less-developed countries, where mapping resources are not well advanced. Longer term, broader basic questions on the interaction of environment and disease in anticipation of predicted global climate change may be addressed. These studies focused on the lower Nile river basin of Egypt. The specific objective was to link data on environmental requirements for propagation and transmission of schistosomiasis with parameters measurable from space.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1985

Tryptophan imaging of membrane proteins.

A theoretical analysis of resonance energy transfer between protein tryptophan and the n-(9-anthroyloxy) (AO) fatty acid probes has been carried out to evaluate its potential use in determining the tryptophan distribution in membrane proteins. The Förster theory for two-dimensional energy transfer was formulated to calculate multiple donor (tryptophan) transfer efficiencies to ensembles of AO probes at different depths in the bilayer. The variation of transfer efficiency with AO probe depth is found to be a sensitive function of tryptophan position and the protein radius but not the dipole-dipole orientation factor or the decay heterogeneity of the donor. For single tryptophan-containing proteins the model predicts that the tryptophan position can be determined with a precision of about 2 A. Although for multiple tryptophans there is appreciable deterioration in resolution, it is still possible to determine the essential features of the distribution such as its first two moments. The positions determined by this method are the projections of the tryptophan positions on a plane perpendicular to the membrane surface, since the probes distribute uniformly around the protein. To analyze the data, a Monte Carlo approach has been developed to search for tryptophan distributions compatible with the observed efficiencies and to display the results in terms of a tryptophan density map. It is shown that even for cases in which little is known about the quantum yield distribution, significant information can be determined about the tryptophan spatial distribution.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

ADEPTs: information necessary for subcellular distribution of eukaryotic sorting isozymes resides in domains missing from eubacterial and archaeal counterparts.

Sorting isozymes are encoded by single genes, but the encoded proteins are distributed to multiple subcellular compartments. We surveyed the predicted protein sequences of several nucleic acid interacting sorting isozymes from the eukaryotic taxonomic domain and compared them with their homologs in the archaeal and eubacterial domains. Here, we summarize the data showing that the eukaryotic sorting isozymes often possess sequences not present in the archaeal and eubacterial counterparts and that the additional sequences can act to target the eukaryotic proteins to their appropriate subcellular locations. Therefore, we have named these protein domains ADEPTs (Additional Domains for Eukaryotic Protein Targeting). Identification of additional domains by phylogenetic comparisons should be generally useful for locating candidate sequences important for subcellular distribution of eukaryotic proteins.

Archaea↗

PubMed1999

Discrete approximation of the linear Boolean model of heterogeneous materials.

The Boolean model is a random set process in which random shapes are positioned according to outcomes of a Poisson process. Two- and three-dimensional versions of the model characterize structures of certain heterogeneous materials. Linear transects of the Boolean model produce a one-dimensional Boolean model that summarizes some material properties. Two functions from linear transects, clump-length and lineal path distributions, provide information on material phase connectivity. Computation of these distributions is notoriously difficult. We provide a discrete approximation to the one-dimensional convex-grain Boolean model that yields stable, linear-time, recursive algorithms to approximate these functions. Computer simulations demonstrate accuracy and speed.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Redescription of Lagenophrys cochinensis Santhakumari & Gopalan, 1980 (Ciliophora, Peritrichia, Lagenophryidae), an Ectosymbiont of Marine Isopods, including new information on morphology, geographic distribution, and intraspecific variation.

Lagenophrys cochinensis is a peritrich ciliate originally reported as an ectocommensal of the wood-boring isopods Sphaeroma terebrans, Sphaeroma triste, and Sphaeroma annandalei and the tanaidacean Apseudes chilkensis in estuaries of southern India. In the present study, it was found to occur also on Sphaeroma quoyanum, Sphaeroma walkeri, and Exosphaeroma planulum. New material was used to make permanent preparations, allowing a comprehensive description of the morphology of L. cochinensis for the first time. The macronucleus of L. cochinensis was found to have an elongate shape that spans the width of the cell body, unlike the compact macronucleus originally described. In addition, the loricae of all samples examined were subcircular or shorter than wide, not longer than wide as originally described. Polykinetid 3 of the infundibular infraciliature consisted of three rows of kinetosomes, only the third species of Lagenophrys found to have more than two rows in polykinetid 3 so far. Samples of L. cochinensis on S. quoyanum from New Zealand and California appeared to represent a population distinct from others. The species has a cosmopolitan distribution, probably owing to the ease with which its hosts are transported from one estuary to another in drifting wood or on hulls of ships.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Noninvasive reflection spectra provide quantitative information about the spatial distribution of skin chromophores.

In this work, a new method of analyzing noninvasive reflection spectra is presented. The approach explicitly models the inhomogeneity of chromophore distributions in living tissues and thus extracts not only apparent chromophore concentrations but also relative chromophore distributions in tissues. Furthermore, it works with spectra obtained with short source-detector separations where the diffusion theory of light transport through turbid media is not valid, and formerly presented methods thus fail. The effect of inhomogeneously distributed chromophores in a multicompartment model of tissues on measured reflection spectra is explained and an algorithm to deconvolute tissue spectra based on this model is presented. It is evaluated using simulated spectra and measurements on phantoms, which are made up of partially printed pieces of paper to simulate inhomogeneous dye distributions. Its applicability to real tissue is proven using reflection spectra obtained with 130 microm source-detector separation from a hemoperfusion stop experiment. The proposed model accurately determines apparent chromophore concentrations and corresponding distributions in simulated spectra and phantoms. Regarding real tissue spectra, the results correspond to former publications and the spectral reconstruction yields only minimal residuals, indicating a complete and accurate spectral deconvolution. In conclusion, the presented approach is a suitable extension and amendment to existing models of light transport through inhomogeneous samples.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1996

Implementing a distributed intranet-based information system.

The article discusses Internet and intranet technologies and describes how to install an intranet-based information system using the Merle language facility and other readily available components. Merle is a script language designed to support decentralized medical record information retrieval applications on the World Wide Web. The goal of this work is to provide a script language tool to facilitate construction of efficient, fully functional, multipoint medical record information systems that can be accessed anywhere by low-cost Web browsers to search, retrieve, and analyze patient information. The language allows legacy MUMPS applications to function in a Web environment and to make use of the Web graphical, sound, and video presentation services. It also permits downloading of script applets for execution on client browsers, and it can be used in standalone mode with the Unix, Windows 95, Windows NT, and OS/2 operating systems.

Computer Communication Networks↗

PubMed2001

An experimental health smart home and its distributed internet-based information and communication system: first steps of a research project.

We present a study and whole experimental tele-monitoring and medical tele-surveillance system for maintaining patients at home. The project features networked sensors, in a fully equipped apartment, operated by an advanced information and communication system based on Internet, Java, and object oriented modeling. The sensors are connected, mainly wirelessly, with a in-home software module devoted to signals analysis and detection of critical situation such as falls, sickness, sudden palsy, stroke, hypothermia, etc. This module communicates, either via modem or ethernet network, with a remote medical control station in charge of appropriate response to received information and alarms. The system is designed to be a powerful information and communication tools for medical and social workers. It offers a series of functions such as medical file management, user profiles and rights management, drafting and management of ordinances and visit notes, confidentiality of medical information, and management of scenarios of detectable events. The access to the system is allowed to authorized users only (physicians, emergentists, social workers, etc.), and is available on as much authorized computers as needed, by means of a Java applet invoked from any traditional web browsers.

Computer Communication Networks↗

PubMed2004

Security requirements in EHR systems and archives.

EHR system is a system for recording, retrieving, and manipulating information in electronic health care records. Archive is an organisation that intends to preserve health records for access and use for an identified group of consumers. There exist many combinations of EHR-systems and archives. EHR-system can be a single on-line system with integrated archiving functions or archive and EHR-system are co-operative or federated systems. This paper describes both common security requirements for EHR-systems and archives and security requirement specific for archives. Requirements are derived from ethical and legal principles. From principles a set of security requirements are derived. Safeguards for implementing security are discussed. In practise EHR-system and archive share many security services. This document is proposing that inside a security domain both the archive and EHR-system have a common security policy. In addition to this the archiving organisation needs a documented policy for information preserving and a policy for access and distribution of information between other archives.

Access to Information↗

PubMed1990

Distributed processing of sensory information in the leech. I. Input-output relations of the local bending reflex.

Sensory processing in the local bending reflex of the leech (Hirudo medicinalis) was studied by examining the input-output relations of the reflex. Sensory cells (P cells) were stimulated singly and in pairs and the responses of the longitudinal muscle motor neurons were recorded. Each pattern of single and paired P cell stimulation produced a unique pattern of motor neuron response. In general, motor neuron response patterns were consistent with the behavioral response of the whole animal.

Afferent Pathways↗