SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Incentives”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources

PubMed1997

Are immunizations an incentive for well-child visits?

OBJECTIVE: To assess the beliefs of parents and the visit patterns of their children to determine whether immunizations act as an incentive to use well-child care. DESIGN AND METHODS: Medical record audits provided data on immunizations and well-child visits. Two questions from a parent interview were used to identify 4 groups of parents: (1) motivated and (2) unmotivated to keep a well-child care appointment regardless of whether immunizations are scheduled, (3) vaccine-motivated and (4) checkup-motivated (parents who were influenced negatively by the prospect of receiving vaccinations). The percentage of children with a visit at each age window for well-child visits and the percentage up-to-date for their immunizations at given ages were compared across the 4 groups. The 4 groups were also compared for other parental attitudes about immunizations and well-child visits, and on sociodemographic and access characteristics. RESULTS: Most (73.3%) of the 502 parents surveyed were classified as motivated and 5% as unmotivated to keep a well-child care appointment regardless of whether an immunization was scheduled. Only 18.3% were categorized as vaccine-motivated and 3.4% as checkup-motivated. For all 4 groups, there was no discernible difference in attendance between immunization and nonimmunization visits. Attendance in the windows for well-child visits and percentage of children up-to-date on immunizations declined with increasing age. CONCLUSIONS: In this inner-city population, attendance patterns at visits did not support the incentive hypothesis. This finding should reassure clinicians that providing immunizations outside of regular well-child care visits will not necessarily decrease attendance at visits for well-child care.

Baltimore↗

PubMed1981

Postoperative atelectasis: Intermittent positive pressure breathing, incentive spirometry, and face-mask positive end-expiratory pressure.

Postoperative atelectasis has been treated with inspiratory maneuvers in an attempt to increase functional residual capacity. We compared the effect of intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB), incentive spirometry, and 5-cm H2O positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) applied with a face mask on the transpulmonary pressure (PL) at the end of expiration of eight patients 24 to 34 hours after aortocoronary bypass graft insertion. Intermittent positive pressure breathing and PEEP increased expiratory PL during therapy. After IPPB, expiratory PL fell below control values and then returned toward, but did not reach, control values After PEEP was discontinued, expiratory PL returned to control values within the next 30 minutes. The results suggest that face-mask PEEP will increase functional residual capacity, that incentive spirometry has little or effect, and that IPPB may decrease lung volume after treatment.

Humans↗

PubMed1999

Sexual motivation in the male rat: the role of primary incentives and copulatory experience.

Two experiments explored the motivational impact of primary incentive female cues on the operant behavior of sexually naive and experienced male rats. In the first experiment, a straight-arm runway was used to assess the subjects' motivation to approach a goalbox containing either male or female "targets." Twelve sexually naive Long-Evans males ran for: (1) an empty goalbox; (2) a male conspecific; (3) an ovariectomized (OVX) female; (4) an OVX female given estradiol; (5) or an OVX female treated with estradiol and progesterone. A perforated Plexiglas partition in the goalbox prevented the subject males from physically interacting with the targets, although olfactory, visual, and auditory cues were accessible. We hypothesized that subjects would manifest shorter run times (reflecting greater motivation) when the goalbox contained a receptive/proceptive female as opposed to a nonreceptive female target. Subjects' run times were ordered depending on the nature of the target (from slowest to fastest): empty goalbox, male conspecific, OVX female, OVX + estradiol female, and OVX + estradiol + progesterone female. As predicted, subjects ran significantly faster for a receptive/proceptive female than for a nonreceptive female, indicating that sexually naive males are inherently motivated by female precopulatory cues. In the second experiment, 30 sexually naive male subjects ran for a goalbox containing either a nonestrous (OVX) or an estrous (OVX + estradiol + progesterone) female. Following six trials, 10 males were allowed one intromission with a receptive female, 10 males experienced one ejaculation, and 10 remained sexually naive. Only those males having experienced an ejaculation subsequently decreased their run times for both nonestrous and estrous females, indicating that sexual reinforcement produced by ejaculation, but not intromission, further enhances the motivational impact of female incentive cues.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

An Experimental Investigation of the Incentives to Form Agricultural Marketing Pools.

This paper presents theoretical extensions and laboratory tests of Hoffman and Libecap's (1994) model of individual firms' incentives to form agricultural marketing pools. The key incentives are lower variance in output prices and economies in scale in marketing. This paper extends the model by formulating the pooling problem as a game of incomplete information in which firms have heterogeneous and private risk attitudes. An experiment is conducted to test the theoretical implications of this model. Statistical analysis of the experimental data supports the model predictions of pooling rates, but also reveals that subjects form systematic probability biases and do not behave as strategically as the model suggests. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1998

Financial incentives and primary care provision in Britain: do general practitioners maximise their income?

The system of remunerating general practitioners (GPs) in Britain underwent significant changes in April 1990 with the implementation of a new contract between individual GPs and health authorities. The changes were a precursor to a wide-ranging programme of reforms of the British National Health Service. This paper investigates the relationship between financial incentives and the provision of primary health care services in Britain. A comprehensive anonymized data set was used, comprising information on 208 general practices in Scotland which serve just under one million people. An econometric model was tested to identify the determinants of cross-practice variation in the magnitude of the changes in GPs' remuneration levels between the two contracts. A linear programming model was used to examine the GPs' response to the financial incentives built into the new contract. The results of the econometric model indicated that the main beneficiaries of the 1990 contract were the practices which had expanded over the 1989-92 period, re-structured the GPs' partnership and made use of managerial skills by employing a practice manager; those practices also had larger lists in 1992 and relatively more patients attracting deprivation payments. The linear programming model showed that only a small minority of the practices (4.8%) maximised the remuneration from the new contract. Optimal solutions concerning income maximization strategies identified financial disincentives in the fee structure of the remuneration system associated with the provision of selected services and the care of particular groups of patients. The successful adoption of these strategies would involve cream skimming and selective service provision. However, there is no conclusive evidence of British GPs engaging in such activities.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1983

Feedback and incentive effects on the decrease of interbeat interval.

Johnston and Lethem (1981) have hypothesized that when subjects attempt to decrease their interbeat interval (i.e., increase their heart rate) maximally, then interbeat interval feedback has a purely motivational role, but when they attempt to decrease their interbeat interval by a precise amount, such feedback has a primarily informational role. This was tested by comparing the performance of 16 subjects on both types of task. It was predicted that additional monetary incentives would reduce the difference between feedback and no-feedback conditions when subjects were attempting to reduce interbeat interval maximally but not when attempting to reduce it by a specific amount. This prediction was not supported. Incentive was found to aid performance on the maximal interbeat interval decrease task, but this was independent of the effects of feedback. Only feedback effects were detected on the specific interbeat interval decrease task.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

The role of challenging incentives in feedback-assisted heart rate reduction for coronary-prone adult males.

Three experiments were performed to study the influence of challenging incentives on feedback-assisted heart rate reduction for coronary-prone (Type A) and non-coronary-prone (Type B) males. In the first experiment, when subjects were given a competitive instructional set, Type As were significantly more successful relative to Type Bs in reducing their heart rate; with a noncompetitive set, Type Bs were significantly more successful than were Type As. In the second experiment, when told that heart rate reduction was a scarce ability, Type As reduced heart rate significantly better than did Type Bs; when told that heart rate reduction was a common ability, Type Bs achieved significantly greater heart rate reduction than did Type As. In the third experiment, when heart rate reduction was described as being instrumental to time-urgency (i.e., getting more done in less time), Type As reduced heart rate significantly better than did Type Bs; when heart rate reduction was described as being instrumental to relaxation, Type Bs were significantly better able to reduce heart rate. In all three studies, the incentives had no effect on heart rate when feedback was not provided. The results are discussed as support for the notion that Type A behavioral pattern characteristics can be exploited to reduce Type A symptoms. Implications for how coronary-prone individuals may be challenged to modify symptoms within the clinical setting are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Do adjusted clinical groups eliminate incentives for HMOs to avoid substance abusers? Evidence from the Maryland Medicaid HealthChoice program.

The adequacy of risk adjustment to eliminate incentives for managed care organizations (MCOs) to avoid enrolling costly patients had been questioned. This study explored systematic differences in expenditures between beneficiaries with and without substance disorders assigned to the same capitation rate group under the Maryland Medicaid HealthChoice program. The investigators used fiscal year (FY) 1995 to 1997 Medicaid data to assign beneficiaries to rate cells based on FY 1995 diagnoses and compared the distribution of expenditures for beneficiaries with and without substance disorders, defined using FY 1997 and FY 1995 diagnoses. Results showed that differences in FY 1997 expenditures between beneficiaries with and without FY 1995 substance disorders were negligible. However, MCOs could expect greater average losses and lower average profits on beneficiaries with FY 1997 substance disorders. Thus, the adjusted clinical groups methodology used to adjust capitation payments in the HealthChoice program attenuated, but did not eliminate, financial incentives for MCOs to avoid substance abusers.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Development and utilization of incentive systems for mental health operations: successful and unsuccessful knowledge utilization in California and Los Angeles.

Based on the effort to develop a comprehensive and effective management system for mental health services in Los Angeles, an incentives model is proposed as a general managerial approach for any mental health organization. The successes and failures of strategies to improve a large state (California) and county (Los Angeles) mental health delivery system are reviewed and evaluated. During a six-year period ending in 1984, using an incentives approach, Los Angeles County services to the seriously mentally ill increased, staff morale improved, hospital utilization decreased, residential treatment facilities increased by six times, and high costs per unit of service fell to competitive levels. Care shifted from the hospital to the community, and regional resources were partially redistributed to become more in line with patient needs. However, severe budget cuts consumed operational economies and political resistance hampered efforts to redistribute regional resources. A radical state-level reorganization is proposed to focus responsibility and to avoid county governance.

California↗

PubMed2001

Cues paired with a low dose of alcohol acquire conditioned incentive properties in social drinkers.

RATIONALE: Drug-related cues may acquire incentive properties through classical conditioning. OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated whether arbitrary stimuli paired with a low dose of alcohol would evoke differential skin conductance, salivary, craving and attentional orienting responses compared to arbitrary stimuli paired with vehicle in a sample of social drinkers. METHODS: A discriminative classical conditioning procedure was employed, in which subjects repeatedly consumed two drinks, which differed in terms of the flavour of the drink and the colour of the glass in which it was administered. One of the drinks (CS+) always contained 0.2 g/kg ethanol in flavoured tonic water and the other drink (CS-) always contained flavoured tonic water only. Alcohol craving, amount of salivation, and skin conductance level were measured in response to CS+ and CS- during conditioning training. After conditioning training, the frequency with which subjects directed their attention to CS+ and CS- drinks and their choice of drinks was assessed. RESULTS: Comparable taste intensity ratings were given for alcohol and placebo drinks. Higher ratings of craving in the presence of CS+ and higher feelings of "lightheaded", "relaxed" and "contented" after consumption of the CS+ drink (compared with CS-) were observed over successive conditioning sessions. Skin conductance level was also higher in response to CS+ compared to CS-. After conditioning sessions were completed, subjects shifted their gaze more frequently towards CS+ than CS-, although they did not choose to consume more CS+ than CS- drinks when instructed to choose between them. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that conditioned responses to an arbitrary cue paired with alcohol will develop rapidly and provide further support for incentive salience theories of drug addiction.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Effects of alcohol and performance incentives on immediate working memory.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The Sternberg Memory Scanning task was used to test the hypotheses that immediate working memory (WM) would be impaired during moderate rising blood alcohol concentrations (BACs), and provision of a rewarding incentive for good performance under alcohol would counteract this impairment. METHODS: Two groups (n=18) of social drinkers received either 0.62 g/kg alcohol (A) or a placebo (P). Reward (verbal feedback and money) for good performance was provided to another pair of alcohol and placebo groups (n=18) (AR and PR). All participants completed two tests when BACs in the alcohol groups were rising (68 and 80 mg/100 ml) and two tests during declining BACs (73 and 64 mg/100 ml). RESULTS: Comparisons of A and P groups showed that rising BACs impaired immediate WM [increased errors, slowed rate of mental scanning, slowed reaction time (RT) when a larger number of items had to be held in WM]. Comparisons of AR and PR groups showed that reward for good performance during rising BACs counteracted impairment in scanning rate and RT but did not reduce errors. Tests during declining BACs of 73 mg/100 ml indicated some symptoms of impairment abated before others. When BAC declined to 64 mg/106 ml, the groups no longer differed on any measure of WM. CONCLUSIONS: An acute dose of alcohol can impair aspects of immediate WM performance while BACs are rising, and some of these effects can be reversed when incentives to perform well are provided.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1997

The effects of food deprivation and incentive motivation on blood glucose levels and cognitive function.

The current study investigated the relationships between blood glucose levels, mild food deprivation, sympathetic arousal, and cognitive processing efficiency. Subjects (n = 82) were randomly assigned to four experimental conditions, comprising combined manipulations of food deprivation and incentive motivation. Baseline and mid-session measurements of blood glucose, blood pressure and pulse rate were taken. Subjects completed a number of measures of cognitive processing efficiency and self report measures of affective and somatic state. Although glucose levels were lowered following food deprivation, there was no significant detrimental effect of food deprivation on task performance. However, improved recognition memory processing times were associated with deprivation. Incentive motivation was associated with faster simple reaction times and higher diastolic blood pressure. There were no significant relationships between glucose levels and task performance, further supporting the hypothesis that the brain is relatively invulnerable to short food deprivation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Realigning economic incentives for depression care at UCSF.

Behavioral health carve-out arrangements create financial disincentives for primary care providers (PCPs) to treat depression. A novel collaboration between a primary care practice, a health insurer, and a managed behavioral health organization (MBHO) allows PCPs to receive reimbursement and schedule longer appointments to care for depressed patients. This article describes the details of the arrangement, and early results of this collaboration. Early results find that financial incentives are critical for implementation, but that time incentives do not appear to motivate PCPs. Sustainability of this model will require participation of multiple primary care practices, health insurers, and MBHOs.

California↗

PubMed2006

Reaching Asian Americans: sampling strategies and incentives.

Reaching and recruiting representative samples of minority populations is often challenging. This study examined in Chinese and Korean Americans: 1) whether using two different sampling strategies (random sampling vs. convenience sampling) significantly affected characteristics of recruited participants and 2) whether providing different incentives in the mail survey produced different response rates. We found statistically significant, however mostly not remarkable, differences between random and convenience samples. Offering monetary incentives in the mail survey improved response rates among Chinese Americans, while offering a small gift did not improve response rates among either Chinese or Korean Americans. This information will be useful for researchers and practitioners working with Asian Americans.

Asian↗

PubMed2006

The effects of two different incentives on recruitment rates of families into a prevention program.

This study experimentally manipulated two incentives for participation (monetary: paid participation for sessions and setting: group vs. individual) in a child behavior problem prevention program to analyze their effects on recruitment and retention of families. A population of 690 eligible families from 15 preschools located in socially disadvantaged neighborhoods was invited to participate in a parent training (PT) program. The study recruited parents by using advertisements that had information describing only the indicated condition (i.e., PT in group-unpaid, or PT individual-unpaid, or PT in group-paid, or PT individual-paid). Results demonstrate significant impact of payment on recruitment and initial attendance. Training setting alone (individual or group) did not significantly influence these rates. Editors' Strategic Implications: A compelling case is made for the utility of monetary incentives to increase proportions of low-income families in prevention research and programs. Evaluators and program designers should note the impressive use of the experimental design and hierarchical linear modeling to test the effects on recruitment.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Partner preference behavior of estrous female rats affected by castration of tethered male incentives.

Estrous female rats were allowed to interact with either of two tethered intact male rats or to stay in an empty middle part of a three-compartment observation cage during a 60-min test. Sexual interactions occurred with both males (resulting in one to five ejaculations) but most time was spent in the empty compartment. After castration of one of the males, females spent more time with this male than with the intact male, although sexual interactions continued with both incentive animals. This "preference" for the castrated male persisted through the second hour of observation in a second experiment (total test time 115 min) although sexual interactions had virtually ceased during this period. Females' preference for castrated males seemed largely the consequence of aversion to genital stimulation received during intromissions by intact animals: (a) when intromissions were prevented through vaginal occlusion, intact males became by far the preferred partners for the whole 2-hr period of testing while sexual behavior continued to occur throughout the test; (b) when choice was allowed between a testosterone-treated ovariectomized female and an intact male, sexual interaction occurred with both tethered incentive rats but the female became the preferred animal. The results suggest that two opposite tendencies play a role in sexual motivation of estrous female rats: attraction resulting from the action of ovarian hormones on the central nervous system and rejection resulting from genital sensory stimulation through the male's genitalia.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Using incentives to increase participation in prenatal care.

OBJECTIVE: To test the effectiveness of offering two kinds of incentives to encourage low-income women's participation in prenatal and postpartum care. METHODS: Two hundred five Medicaid-eligible women enrolled in a prenatal clinic were randomly assigned to receive a $5.00 gift certificate (N = 51) or a gift certificate and a chance to win a $100 raffle (N = 53) for each prenatal appointment they kept. Controls (N = 101) and the two experimental groups were interviewed postpartum about their satisfaction with prenatal care. Women in the three groups were compared for the number of prenatal and the postpartum appointments, satisfaction with care, length of gestation, and birth weight. RESULTS: Thirty-nine percent missed one to seven prenatal appointments, and 45% missed the postpartum appointment. There were no significant differences among the three groups in any of the outcome variables. Women missed appointments because of the lack of transportation, poor weather, and illness. CONCLUSION: Providing incentives does not overcome barriers to receiving prenatal care.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Effects of pimozide on positive and negative incentive contrast with rewarding brain stimulation.

Positive and negative contrast effects with brain-stimulation reward were inferred from significant differences in rate/intensity curves obtained by ascending, random and descending orders of current presentation. The neuroleptic drug pimozide caused a dose-related attenuation of both positive and negative contrast. A dose of 0.1 mg/kg blocked positive contrast obtained by comparing ascending and random rate/intensity curves. Negative contrast and threshold current intensities for brain-stimulation reward at sites in the ventral tegmental area were unaffected by the low dose (0.1 mg/kg) of pimozide. Higher doses of pimozide (0.25, 0.4 mg/kg) blocked both positive and negative contrast effects, and caused a significant elevation in threshold current intensities under the random order condition. Two doses (0.25, 0.4 mg/kg) of pimozide were associated with performance deficits as the response rates at the maximum current intensities were attenuated significantly with each order of current presentation. These demonstrations of both positive and negative contrast are consistent with the theoretical position linking brain-stimulation reward to incentive motivation. Furthermore the effects of the dopamine receptor antagonist pimozide are consistent with a role for dopamine in brain-stimulation reward and also raise the possibility of dopaminergic involvement in incentive contrast phenomena.

Analysis of Variance↗