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PubMed1976

Blood group isoantigens in human benign and malignant vascular tumors.

Paraffin material of 31 benign and malignant vascular tumors was investigated with respect to their blood group isoantigen (BG) content by the mixed cell agglutination reaction (MCAR). In capillary hemangioma, BG was found in endothelial cells as well as in solid buds. Benign hemangioendothelioma found in endothelial cells as well as in solid buds. Benign hemangioendothelioma found in children differed from that found in adults in that in juvenile cases only endothelial cells expressed BG whereas in adult cases BG isoantigenity was present in endothelial cells as well as in intercapillary cellular elements. In pericytomas only endothelial cells were BG positive, whereas the tumor cells lacked BG. Similar results were obtained with glomus tumors. All but one hemangiosarcoma were BG negative. In one case, however, which probably resembled a "true" malignant hemangioendothelioma (Stout and Lattes, 1967) the tumor cells contained BG in conspicuous amounts.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Oncogenity of BK virus for immunosuppressed hamsters.

Tumors were induced by BK virus (BKV) inoculated intravenously in 3-week-old Syrian golden hamsters immunosuppressed with anti-lymphocyte serum or methylprednisolone acetate alone or in association with gamma-radiation (60Co). The induced neoplasms were ependymoma, carcinoma of pancreatic islets, lymphoma, osteosarcoma, undifferentiated sarcoma, kidney and renal pelvis carcinoma, pheochromocytoma and hemangiosarcoma. High levels of insulin and glucagon and altered concentrations of glucose were detected in blood of animals with tumors of pancreatic islets. No antibodies to BKV tumor antigen (TAg) and low levels of hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies to BKV viral coat protein Ag were detected in hamster sera. BKV TAg was found in tumors by complement fixation. Blot hybridization analysis of tumor DNA showed the presence of both free and integrated BKV genomes in tumor cells. BKV DNA inoculated intravenously and subcutaneously in immunosuppressed or immunocompetent hamsters was not oncogenic, whereas it was weakly oncogenic when inoculated intracerebrally.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Ultrasonographic diagnosis of hemangiomas of soft tissue.

Presented in this paper are the results of ultrasonic examination in 29 cases of hemangiomas of soft tissue. Out of the 29 cases, 20 lesions were revealed as heterogeneous echoic masses; 6 as anechoic areas and 3 as solid masses. Hyperechoic foci of calcifications or phlebolithes were detected in 16 cases. Intramuscular hemangiomas were sonographically diagnosed in 15 patients; hemangiomas of soft tissue in 8, pseudoaneurysm in 3; deformity of the arteriovenous fistula in 1 and hemangiosarcoma in 2. The diagnosis in 28 patients were surgically and pathologically confirmed and the remaining one was confirmed by aspiration and cytological examination. The diagnostic accuracy of the ultrasound was 100%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Biomonitoring of aromatic amines VI: determination of hemoglobin adducts after feeding aniline hydrochloride in the diet of rats for 4 weeks.

The assessment of the carcinogenic properties of aniline is still controversial. Aniline has, if at all, genotoxic properties but is also acutely toxic and it has been proposed that the hematotoxic effects are responsible for the formation of hemangiosarcomas and fibrosarcomas in the spleen of male rats. As part of a bigger project in which the pathology of male Fischer F344 rats was studied after feeding 10, 30, or 100 mg/kg body weight aniline hydrochloride for 1 and 4 weeks in the diet, the aniline-hemoglobin (Hb) adducts were determined as a biochemical effect marker during those periods. An improved method for the work-up procedure and the adduct analysis was developed for this purpose. The Hb adduct levels increased proportionately with dose after 1 week, which indicates that metabolic activation was not saturated. After 4 weeks of feeding, the adduct levels increased less than proportionately, which suggests that a saturation process is involved. Since it is unlikely that metabolic activation was saturated, the results could be explained by a more rapid clearance of stressed erythrocytes at the carcinogenic dose level. The latter interpretation is supported by other observations which indicate that erythrocytes are damaged dose dependently. A no-observed-effect level (NOEL) has not been reached but could be close to the low dose of 10 mg/kg body weight per day. The Hb adduct formation at the low dose, however, indicates that this should not be considered a no-effect level (NEL). The results support the conclusion that hemolytic anemia is an essential prerequisite for aniline toxicity and tumor development, but they do not fully explain the tissue specificity.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMed1996

Malignant lymphoma involving the patella.

The majority of skeletal lesions affecting the patella are benign and include entities such as chondroblastoma, giant cell tumor, osteomyelitis, and gout. Malignant processes involving the patella are distinctly unusual. Isolated occurrences of plasmacytoma, osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, and metastatic disease have been reported. Malignant lymphoma involving the patella is extremely uncommon, although lymphomatous infiltration of the skeletal system is not a rare event, especially with the histiocytic lymphoma. The most frequent radiologic manifestations of skeletal lymphoma include osteolytic lesions with ill-defined margins involving the metaphysis of the long bones of the lower extremities. Involvement of the short tubular and flat bones, as well as the axial skeleton, occurs less commonly. The prognosis for lymphoma involving the skeleton is poor.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

The micronucleus test and NTP rodent carcinogens: not so many false negatives.

In the study by Shelby et al. (1993) on 49 chemicals, the results of the micronucleus (MN) test in mouse bone marrow were compared with the results of the 2 year rodent carcinogenicity assays. Seven of the 25 rodent carcinogens were considered positive in the MN test, 5 following a protocol in which chemicals were given in three daily doses, and a further 2 when the chemical was administered only once. This low rate of positive results has led to disappointment in the MN test as a screen for carcinogens, but a careful examination of the data and of its analysis by Shelby et al. (1993) shows that many of the negative results are appropriate because: of the 18 carcinogens that were negative in the MN test, 1 has been retested and found to be non-carcinogenic, 9 were non-genotoxic and at least 2 were site-of-contact carcinogens not expected to be detected in the bone marrow. Two others were clearly positive in the MN test in other labs. Thus, the MN test 'missed' not 18 carcinogens, but 4 genotoxic carcinogens. The significance of these 4 needs further assessment, since three were liver specific carcinogens and the fourth was a very weak inducer of hemangiosarcomas in female mice only. Overall, the results of Shelby et al. (1993) do not cast such a shadow on the micronucleus test as many feared, and must be examined in the context of all the information available on each chemical. As Ashby and Tinwell emphasize in the accompanying article and in Tinwell and Ashby (1994), the data show that the MN test is capable of identifying human carcinogens and rodent germ cell mutagens, and remains a useful part of genotoxicity evaluation of chemicals.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Species differences in the disposition of inhaled butadiene.

Recent chronic inhalation carcinogenicity studies of butadiene indicated that B6C3F1 mice are more sensitive to the tumorigenic effects of inhaled butadiene than are Sprague-Dawley rats. Tumors in mice included lymphomas, hemangiosarcomas, alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas and carcinomas, and hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas whereas in rats tumors included mammary tumors, thyroid follicular cell adenomas, uterine tumors, and exocrine pancreatic adenomas. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if there were differences in the uptake and disposition of inhaled butadiene between rats and mice and if these differences were consistent with the differences in the species susceptibility to inhaled butadiene. Male Sprague-Dawley rats and B6C3F1 mice were exposed nose only to concentrations in the range of 0.14 to 13,000 micrograms [14C]butadiene/liter air (0.08 to 7100 ppm; 25 degrees C, 620 torr) for 6 hr. Blood samples were taken during exposure and urine, feces, and expired air were collected for up to 65 hr after exposure. In both rats and mice there was a significant (p less than 0.001) concentration-related decrease in the percentage of butadiene retained at the cessation of a 6-hr exposure with increasing butadiene exposure concentration, suggesting saturable metabolism of this chemical. At all concentrations of butadiene tested, mice retained about 4 to 7 times the amount (mumol/kg body wt) of butadiene and metabolites than did rats. In both species and at all butadiene concentrations tested, urine and exhaled air were the major routes of excretion of 14C, together accounting for 75 to 85% of the total 14C eliminated. In mice, for all concentrations tested, elimination of 14C in urine, feces, and exhaled air increased with increasing butadiene exposure concentration, although the increase was not proportional to exposure concentration. However, exposure of rats to 13,000 micrograms butadiene/liter air resulted in a leveling off in the amount of 14C that was eliminated in urine and a concomitant increase in exhalation of 14CO2. Analysis of blood samples taken during exposure indicated that the blood of mice contained 2 to 5 times the concentration of 1,2-epoxy-3-butene than did the blood of rats. The data from this study indicate that species differences exist in the amount retained and metabolism of inhaled butadiene.

Absorption↗
PubMed1994

Indications for liver transplantation in hepatobiliary malignancy.

Our personal experience with 172 patients, the results from the European Liver Transplant Registry and a review of the recent literature are summarized and discussed to define present indications for liver transplantation in hepatobiliary malignancy. The following conditions should be considered contraindications: advanced primary liver tumors with any extrahepatic spread, cholangiocellular carcinoma, hemangiosarcoma and liver metastases from nonendocrine primary tumor. Currently, "favorable" indications include uncommon tumors such as fibrolamellar carcinoma, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, hepatoblastoma and metastases from endocrine tumors. Further indications may be nonresectable hepatocellular and proximal bile duct carcinoma in tumor stage II. Borderline indications are hepatocellular and proximal bile duct carcinoma in tumor stage III. In advanced tumors confined to the liver, transplantation should be restricted to multimodality treatment protocols. Although there are strong arguments for transplantation in early resectable hepatocellular carcinoma with underlying cirrhosis, it remains an open issue requiring further investigation in a controlled study using the same tumor classification. With regard to limited resources of donor organs, split-liver transplantation permits transplantation in tumor patients without neglecting those with benign diseases.

Bile Duct Neoplasms↗
PubMed1991

Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of two grades of pentachlorophenol in B6C3F1 mice.

Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of pentachlorophenol (penta), a biocide used primarily as a wood preservative, were conducted by feeding diets containing a technical-grade composite or Dowicide EC-7 (a commercial grade with lower levels of contaminants) to groups of B6C3F1 mice. Based primarily on liver lesions (hepatocellular necrosis, degeneration, and cytomegaly) observed in 6-month studies, diets containing 100 or 200 ppm technical-grade pentachlorophenol or 100, 200, or 600 ppm EC-7 were fed to groups of 50 male and 50 female mice for 2 years. Control groups consisted of 35 animals. For the most part, mean body weights of mice exposed to technical-grade penta were comparable to those of controls. During the second year, the 600-ppm EC-7 female mice averaged 85% of the control body weights. Feed consumption by exposed mice was similar to that by controls. The average daily doses of penta were approximately 0, 17-18, 35, or 114-118 (EC-7) mg/kg. Survival of mice did not appear to be significantly affected by exposure to either technical penta or EC-7 at the doses used in these studies; survival of the control male mice (technical-grade) was comparatively low. Compound-related neoplasms were observed in three organs/systems: liver, adrenal gland medulla, and vascular endothelium. Dose-related increases of hepatocellular adenomas and of carcinomas were observed in male and female mice exposed to both technical penta and EC-7, although the increase was less marked in females exposed to technical penta. Pheochromocytomas of the adrenal gland in exposed male mice were significantly greater than those in controls for both technical penta and EC-7. These neoplasms were also increased in female mice exposed to EC-7 but not to technical penta. Hemangiosarcomas in the spleen and/or liver were increased in female mice that received technical penta and EC-7. The results of these studies show that both technical penta and Dowicide EC-7 are carcinogenic for mice, causing neoplasms in multiple organs/systems. In addition, the results suggest that the carcinogenic responses were due almost exclusively to penta itself, with possibly a minimal potentiating influence by the contaminants in the induction of liver neoplasms in male mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Inhalation toxicity and carcinogenicity of isoprene in rats and mice: comparisons with 1,3-butadiene.

As with 1,3-butadiene (BD), inhalation exposure of B6C3F1 mice to isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) caused a macrocytic anemia; induced increases in sister chromatid exchanges in bone marrow cells and in levels of micronucleated erythrocytes in peripheral blood; and produced degeneration of the olfactory epithelium, forestomach epithelial hyperplasia, and testicular atrophy. Most notable was the finding that like BD, isoprene induced neoplasms in the liver, lung, Harderian gland, and forestomach of mice. The carcinogenic effects of isoprene were observed after a 26-week exposure (6 h/day, 5 days/week) of male mice to 700 ppm or higher concentrations of isoprene followed by a 26-week recovery period. Unlike BD, isoprene did not induce lymphomas or hemangiosarcomas of the heart in mice under these conditions nor did it induce chromosomal aberrations in mouse bone marrow cells. No toxicological effects were evident in rats exposed for 13 weeks to either isoprene or BD at concentrations up to 7000 ppm or 8000 ppm, respectively. Interstitial cell hyperplasia of the testis was observed in male F344 rats exposed to 7000 ppm isoprene for 26 weeks, and following a 26-week recovery period, there was a marginal increase in benign testicular interstitial cell tumors.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1996

Chronic inhalation oncogenicity study of isoprene in B6C3F1 mice.

The oncogenic potential of isoprene as affected by concentration, length of daily exposure, and weeks of exposure over the life-span of the animal, as independent variables, was evaluated. Ten groups were exposed for 8 h/day, 5 days/week as follows (ppm-weeks): 0-80, 10-80, 70-40, 70-80, 140-40, 280-20, 280-80, 700-80, 2200-40, 2200-80. Two groups were exposed for 4 h/day: 2200-20, 2200-80. Groups were held until 96 or 105 weeks on study. The concentration x time (duration of exposure) values provided a series of theoretically equivalent exposure hazards. There was an exposure-related increased incidence of liver, lung, Harderian gland and forestomach tumors, and hemangiosarcomas and histiocytic sarcomas. The LOEL appeared to be 70 ppm. These results are similar to the profile of tumors seen in 1,3-butadiene (BD)-exposed mice without the early onset of T-cell lymphoma as seen with BD. Isoprene appears to be about one order of magnitude less potent than BD in mice. Statistical analyses indicated that the product of isoprene concentration, and length/duration of exposure was not a sufficient basis for predicting tumor risk at any site. Extrapolation of tumor probability between the high and low doses based on cumulative exposure was not appropriate and could not be justified by statistical models. A threshold effect level and strong nonlinearities with respect to concentration appeared to exist for tumor development in this study.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1981

Characteristics of proliferative lesions in the nasal cavities of mice following chronic inhalation of 1,2-dibromoethane.

Groups of 50 male and 50 female B6C3F1 mice inhaled 10 or 40 ppm 1,2-dibromoethane 6 h/day, 5 days/week, for 103 (10 ppm) or 90 (40 ppm) weeks. Focal epithelial hyperplasia was found in 1 (low dose group) and 10 (high dose group) males and 3 (low dose group) and 11 (high dose group) females. Squamous papillomas or adenomas were seen in 3 males and 7 females in the high dose groups. Squamous, adeno-, or mixed carcinomas were present in 7 females in the high dose group. One poorly differentiated sarcoma and 2 hemangiosarcomas were observed in females in the low and high dose groups, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Strain comparison of systemic N-nitrosohexamethyleneimine carcinogenesis in BALB/c, SENCAR and CD-1 mice.

SENCAR mice have been selectively bred for hypersusceptibility to 2-stage chemical skin carcinogenesis. In this study the relative susceptibilities of SENCAR, BALB/c and CD-1 mice to systemic carcinogenesis by N-nitrosohexamethyleneimine (NHEX) were examined. NHEX was administered twice weekly (1 mg/mouse) in corn oil by gavage for 30 weeks. NHEX caused primarily liver and lung tumors in all 3 strains of mice. Hemangiosarcomas (but not other liver tumors) were more common in CD-1 mice than BALB/c or SENCAR mice. Lung tumors (adenomas and adenocarcinomas) and forestomach tumors (squamous carcinomas) were more common in SENCAR mice than BALB/c or CD-1 mice. Survival was better in SENCAR mice dosed with NHEX than in the other 2 strains. These results indicate that SENCAR mice are not unusually sensitive to liver carcinogenesis by NHEX, but are relatively sensitive to tumorigenesis in 2 epithelial tissues, lung and forestomach.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The anomalous biological activity of nitroso-2-oxopropyl compounds.

The carcinogenic action of a set of N-nitroso compounds containing the 2-oxopropyl group was considered in relation to their metabolism and their activity as alkylating agents for DNA. In contrast with the great carcinogenic potency of methylnitrosourea and ethylnitrosourea, comparable with the corresponding dialkylnitrosamines, 2-oxopropylnitrosourea is a weak carcinogen with a limited range of target organs in rats and hamsters. 2-Oxopropylnitrosochloroethylurea was somewhat weaker than 2-oxopropylnitrosourea and similarly induced spleen hemangiosarcomas in hamsters, but few tumors of any kind in rats. The relatively much more potent carcinogenicity of nitrosobis-(2-oxopropyl)amine, nitroso-(2-hydroxypropyl) (2-oxopropyl) amine and methylnitroso-2-oxopropylamine suggests that the activity of an oxopropylating agent is not involved in carcinogenesis by nitroso-2-oxopropylamines. The nitrosamines are likely to undergo extensive metabolism to form proximate carcinogenic moieties, probably including the methyldiazonium ion, which are responsible for the induction of a broad range of tumors in rats and hamsters. These include tumors of the liver, pancreas ducts, lung and nasal mucosa in hamsters, and esophagus, liver, lung, thyroid, kidney, trachea, bladder and nasal mucosa in rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Enhancement of tumorigenesis by N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitrosopyrrolidine and N6-(methylnitroso)-adenosine by ethanol.

Inclusion of 10% ethanol with 6.8 ppm N-nitrosodiethylamine in the drinking water of strain A male mice resulted in a 4-fold enhancement of multiplicity of lung tumors and a 16-fold increase in incidence of fore-stomach tumors, compared with carcinogen alone. Given with 40 ppm N-nitrosopyrrolidine, ethanol caused a 5.5-fold increase in lung tumor multiplicity. The inclusion of 15% ethanol with N6-(methylnitroso)adenosine, given orally to Swiss female mice, led to reduced body weights and shortened survival time related to hemangiosarcoma occurrence or increased incidence of thymic lymphoma, depending on dose of carcinogen. The data provide additional support for the proposal that co-administered ethanol increases the tumorigenicity of nitrosamines by blocking hepatic first-pass clearance.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Mouse and rat strain variations in sensitivity to N-nitroso-diethylamine, hereditary transmission of the trait and the effect of 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole on sensitivity.

1. Strain variations among male mice were studied in terms of the number of days of survival with chronic administration of N-nitroso-diethylamine (NDEA). Four inbred strains, two F1 progenies and one F2 progeny were tested. 2. BALB/c mice survived for the longest period, whereas C3H mice survived for the shortest time. Results of examinations of BALB/c-C3H-F1, -F2 and C57BL-CBA-F1 mice revealed that the hereditary trait could be adequately explained by postulating two loci of genes or gene clusters that regulate the sensitivity to NDEA. 3. Simultaneous chronic administration of 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA) could prolong the survival period. 4. Preliminary histopathological examinations of the liver tissues revealed that the lesion at the time of death of the mice varied considerably depending on the strain and the length of survival. Evidence for hereditary transmission of the characteristics of histopathological changes, including development of liver hemangiosarcoma, is presented. 5. The strain variations among male and female rats were also studied in terms of the number of days of survival with chronic administration of NDEA. Five strains and one F1 progeny were tested. 6. From these and previous observations, the possible biochemical factors determining sensitivity to NDEA were discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Differential mutagenicity of riddelliine in liver endothelial and parenchymal cells of transgenic big blue rats.

Riddelliine is a naturally occurring pyrrolizidine alkaloid that induces liver hemangiosarcomas in rats and mice. We previously reported higher levels of DNA adducts in liver endothelial cells than in liver parenchymal cells of riddelliine-treated mice and rats [Cancer Lett. 193 (2003) 119], suggesting that the tumor specificity is due to higher levels of DNA damage in the cells that form hemangosarcomas. In the present study, we evaluated the cell-specificity of riddelliine mutagenicity in rat liver. Female transgenic Big Blue rats were treated by gavage with 0.3 mg riddelliine per kg body weight, 5 days a week for 12 weeks. One day after the last treatment, the rats were sacrificed and liver parenchymal and endothelial cell fractions were isolated and purified. DNA was extracted from the cell fractions and used to assay for mutant frequency (MF) in the cII transgene. While there was no difference in the cII MFs of liver parenchymal cells in control and riddelliine-treated rats, the cII MF of liver endothelial cells from treated rats was significantly greater than the cII MF of endothelial cells from control rats. Molecular analysis of the mutants in liver endothelial cells indicated that G:C-->T:A transversion, a mutation that is characteristically induced by riddelliine, accounted for only 9% of all mutations in control rats, but made up 17% of mutations in treated rats. In contrast, G:C-->A:T transition, the major mutation in control rats where it made up 54% of all mutations, was reduced to 40% of mutations in riddelliine-treated rats. These results suggest that the relatively high mutagenicity of riddelliine in rat liver endothelial cells may be partially responsible for the tumorigenic specificity of this agent.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Spinal osteosarcoma in a hedgehog with pedal self-mutilation.

An African pygmy hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) was diagnosed with osteosarcoma of vertebral origin with compression of the spinal cord and spinal nerves. The only presenting sign was a self-mutilation of rear feet. Additional diagnoses included a well-differentiated splenic hemangiosarcoma, an undifferentiated sarcoma of the ascending colon, and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.

Amputation, Surgical↗