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PubMed1978

Cellular and humoral immune response in pigs given vaccinal and chronic hog cholera viruses.

Humoral immune response (seroneutralization) and cellular immune response (lymphocyte-stimulation test) were analyzed in pigs inoculated with low virulent strains of hog cholera virus or vaccinated with a live-virus vaccine. Vaccinated animals exhibited an intense neutralizing antibody production, but cellular immune response was not detected. Neutralizing antibodies were not found in infected pigs, but a brief cellular immune response (18 days after inoculation) was observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Immunologic abnormalities in pigs with hog cholera virus infection (author's transl)].

The effects of an acute Hog Cholera Virus (HCV) infection upon immune functions of experimentally infected pis were studied. Leukopenia was found to occur in both vaccinated and non-vaccinated infected animals but without any decrease in lymphocyte proportion. Lymphocytes from infected pigs had an altered response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) as judged by an in vitro tritiated thymidine uptake of PHA-stimulated lymphocyte cultures. The beginning of a secondary humoral immune response to lysozyme appeared to be significantly depressed in HCV diseased animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

An assay for serum vitamin-B12 and for intrinsic factor antibody type I by means of hog intrinsic factor.

A method of assay for the circulating intrinsic factor antibody type I (IFA1) and for the serum vitamin-B12 level by the use of hog intrinsic factor has been developed. The results, the sources of error being taken into consideration, are in agreement with the values obtained by the generally accepted methods of ARDEMAN--CHANARIN for IFA1 and of WIDE--KILLANDER for the serum vitamin-B12 level. Parallel with the increase in the frequency of circulating IFA1, the serum vitamin-B12 level was found to decline in normal individuals as well as in patients with atrophic gastritis or pernicious anaemia. The method is suitable for the assessment of vitamin-B12 deficiency and lends itself to screening of patients tending to pernicious anaemia.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The influence of protease inhibitors of the organism, especially bovine aprotinin, on the production of virulent hog cholera virus in tissue cultures.

The influence of biological protease inhibitors, especially aprotinin, on the production of virulent hog cholera virus in cell cultures. Production of number and size of fluorescent plaques after infection PK 15 cells with HC virus depended on properties of fetal calf sera added to the medium. By affinity chromatography on bovine alpha-chymotrypsin bound to CM-cellulose inhibitory proteins against chymotrypsin-like proteases could be eliminated from inhibiting sera. The fraction free from inhibitors did not inhibit plaque formation of HC virus in contrast to the fraction containing the eluted inhibitor(s). The inhibitory properties of fetal calf sera could be measured by a plaque inhibition test. By this test no inhibitory component could be demonstrated in 30 individual serum samples from pigs which on subsequent infection with HC virus exhibited virus growth to high titres. The serum from one pig, however, was found to inhibit HC virus plaque formation in PK 15 cells. When infected, this animal reacted with an unexpected low virus replication and mild disease symptoms. The production of virulent HC virus could likewise be inhibited by addition to the medium of the bovine protease inhibitor aprotinin; the degree of inhibition being dependent on the concentration. Virulent virus was produced again after elimination of this inhibitor from the medium. A weak inhibitory effect on plaque formation was also achieved by addition of the protease inhibitor chymostatin (3 mg/5 mg) and human alpha 1x plasma inhibitor to the medium of infected cells. The inhibitory effect appears to be very specific.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Partial sequencing of hog cholera virus Alfort strain genome and its comparison with other pestivirus strains.

After molecular RNA cloning of the Alfort strain (Alfort/LCRV) of hog cholera virus (HCV), the nucleotide sequence of about 70% of the total genome was determined. This sequence was compared with homologous parts of previously published pestivirus genomes. The average homology with another clone of the Alfort strain (Alfort/FRC) was found to be lower (86.1%) than with Brescia strain of HCV (94.3%), while, compared with NADL, Osloss and SD-1 (3 different strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus, BVDV), the average homology was 67%. Although the amino-acid sequences show a higher degree of conservation, they had a similar degree of homology (92.7, 96.7, 69, 68.2 and 69%, respectively). Partial sequence comparison also revealed that Alfort/LCRV strain was more closely related to Alfort 187 (98.6% for the nucleotides and amino acids) and Weybridge (97.3% for the nucleotides and 96.1% for the amino acids) strains of HCV than it was to Alfort/FRC. These results may indicate that the Alfort/FRC strain has undergone more genomic variations during its historical passage. Genomic relationships among the pestiviruses are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Assessment of safety and protective value of a cell culture modified strain "C" vaccine of hog cholera/classical swine fever virus.

The protective value of a commercial strain "C" vaccine of classical swine fever (CSF) was tested in weaner pigs. Vaccinated animals were challenged intranasally with the virulent hog cholera virus (HCV) strain ALFORT/187 in groups of four pigs each at one to four weeks post vaccination, respectively. Non-vaccinated control animals were challenged in the same manner. Some vaccinated pigs seroconverted as early as one week post vaccination with all pigs yielding neutralizing antibodies (nAb) against the vaccine virus at two weeks post vaccination. After challenge no clinical signs were observed in any of the vaccinated animals whereas non-vaccinated control animals developed fever starting in general on the fourth day post challenge. In vaccinated pigs no challenge virus could be isolated from leucocyte samples taken on days 3 to 7 post challenge while HCV was isolated from buffy coat leucocytes of all non-vaccinated animals. Six out of eight control animals were sacrificed and viral antigen was detected in tonsils, mandibular lymph node and spleen in four animals, exclusively in tonsils in one animal and none in another animal. Two non-vaccinated animals that survived the experiment seroconverted after challenge and developed nAb against the HCV strain ALFORT/187.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Three-dimensional (type I) microcrystals of detergent-solubilized membrane-bound gastric (H+, K+)-ATPase enzyme from hog and rabbit stomachs.

Multilamellar 3-dimensional (Type I) microcrystals of detergent-solubilized crude microsomes or purified protein preparations of membrane-bound gastric (H+, K+)-ATPase from rabbit or hog stomachs develop in media consisting of 0.1 M KCl, 20 mM imidazole, 5 mM MgCl2, 3 mM NaN3, 5 mM DTT, 25 IU/ml Trasylol, 2 micrograms/ml DTBpC and 20-40% glycerol, using nonionic detergent of C12E8 or BRIJ 36 for solubilization. Crystals developed in a pH-range of 6.0-7.25, during 3-10 days of incubation, at 2 degrees C. For C12E8, the most effective detergent:protein ratio for crystallization varied between (1.8-2.0):1 for the microsomes and between (0.25-0.75):1 for the purified preparations. The results of biochemical and structural analysis of the (H+, K+)-ATPase crystals showed close resemblance to those of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase from skeletal muscle and plasmamembrane (Na+, K+)-ATPase from kidney (J. Biol. Chem., 269, 10107-111, 1994). Based on these identities and the high (62%) overall sequential homology to the (Na+, K+)-ATPase, we conclude that the new crystals of the (H+, K+)-ATPase could also contain only the alpha-chain of the alpha beta heterodimers found in the native membrane. High-resolution electron microscopy of frozen-hydrated crystalline (H+, K+)-ATPase samples are in progress to give unit cell dimensions and molecular packing of the new crystals.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Detection of a cell line contaminated with hog cholera virus.

Cell lines from the repository of the American Type Culture Collection were examined for possible contamination with bovine viral diarrhea virus. During testing, hog cholera virus (HCV) was detected in the IB-RS-2 D10 porcine kidney cell line. This variant of HCV was avirulent for pigs and seldom induced detectable concentrations of antibody against reference viruses (HCV-Ames or bovine viral diarrhea virus-NY1) in serum of inoculated pigs. Additionally, this variant of HCV did not confer protection to pigs against virulent HCV. The contaminated cell line had been distributed to > 20 laboratories in the United States. The cell line was not used in field studies and has been destroyed.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Mechanism of the inhibition of hog gastric H+,K(+)-ATPase by the seleno-organic compound ebselen.

The effect of 2-phenyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3 (2H)-one (ebselen, CAS 60940-34-3), a seleno-organic compound, on the partial reaction steps of H+,K(+)-ATPase in hog leaky gastric vesicles was examined. Ebselen inhibited K(+)-dependent ATPase activity (IC50 = 0.06 mumol/l), phosphoenzyme formation (IC50 = 0.25 mumol/l), and K(+)-dependent p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity (IC50 = 0.09 mumol/l: dephosphorylation step of this enzyme). Furthermore, this compound prevented changes in the fluorescence intensity of flourescein isothiocyanate-labeled enzyme (E1-->E2K form, IC50 = 0.33 mumol/l). Pretreatment with 2 mmol/l of dithiothreitol (DTT) used as a sulfhydryl compound completely protected against these inhibitory effects. These findings indicate that ebselen-induced inactivation of gastric H+,K(+)-ATPase may result from prevention of the partial reaction steps, which include phosphorylation, dephosphorylation and conformational change (E1-->E2K form), through interference with sulfhydryl groups of the enzyme.

4-Nitrophenylphosphatase↗
PubMed1994

Monoclonal antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus: cross-reactivities to field isolates and hog cholera virus strains.

Monoclonal antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) were examined for binding with a large number of North American BVDV isolates and eight strains of the serologically related pestivirus, hog cholera virus (HCV). No single BVDV monoclonal antibody reacted with all BVDV isolates. The most cross-reactive monoclonal antibody was an anti-p80/p125 antibody which showed a positive reaction with 173 of 180 (96%) North American isolates. From a fewer number of isolates tested, one anti-gp53 monoclonal antibody also showed a high cross-reactivity (94%). All BVDV isolates showed a positive reaction with at least one of the seven monoclonal antibodies in the panel. Thus, the results indicated that a pool of these monoclonal antibodies may be used in place of polyclonal antisera for the detection of BVDV contamination of cell lines or for virus isolation. For HCV, all three anti-p80/p125 monoclonal antibodies reacted positively with all eight virus strains. In contrast, none of the anti-gp53 monoclonal antibodies were reactive to HCV strains. Thus, the anti-gp53 monoclonal antibodies may be useful for distinguishing between usually innocuous BVDV infections and the highly significant HCV infections in swine for foreign animal disease surveillance.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Antibody prevalence of hog cholera, bovine viral diarrhoea and Aujeszky's disease virus in wild boars in northern Germany.

During the hunting season 1990/1991 a total of 841 blood samples was collected from shot wild boar corresponding to about 2.11% of the total hunting bag in Lower Saxony. All the sera were screened for neutralizing antibodies (nAb) to hog cholera virus (HCV) and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) by direct neutralizing peroxidase linked antibody (NPLA) assay. For the detection of antibodies (Ab) against HCV a Complex Trapping Blocking (CTB) ELISA was used. Cytotoxic sera were retested using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. Additionally all sera were tested for antibodies to Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) in a commercial indirect ELISA and 722 sera for ADV nAb in a virus neutralization test (VNT) with and without the addition of guinea pig complement. Screening of 841 sera yielded six sera neutralizing HCV strain ALFORT/187 and two sera with a positive CTB-ELISA reaction. A total of seven sera not identical with the HCV seropositive sera yielded BVDV neutralizing antibodies. The majority of HCV nAb positive samples were found in a region close to the former border to the German Democratic Republic (GDR) west of the State of Sachsen-Anhalt. Screening for ADV detected five sera positive in ELISA amongst 12 sera yielding nAb against ADV. Positive samples were obtained in the regions of Brunswick, Lüneburg and Hannover.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Isolation, serotypes, and virulence-associated properties of Yersinia enterocolitica from the tonsils of slaughter hogs.

The objectives of this study were to determine the carriage rate of Yersinia enterocolitica in the tonsils of slaughter hogs, and to characterize them with regard to phenotypic and virulence-associated properties. Of 202 pigs examined from an abattoir in Prince Edward Island, 85 were culture positive for Y. enterocolitica. Sixty-seven percent of isolates belonged to serotype O:3, and 20% were serotype O:5. All isolates produced urease and 95% of O:3 isolates showed virulence-associated characters of autoagglutination at 37 degrees C and lack of fermentation of esculin and salicin. All isolates were tested for crystal violet binding, calcium dependency, and virulence plasmids. Eight isolates (5 belonging to serotype O:3, 2 belonging to O:5,27, and 1 belonging to O:7,8) were tested in addition for the production of heat-stable enterotoxin (ST), and iron-chelating siderophores. Of the 57 O:3 isolates, 93% were positive for crystal violet binding and calcium dependency and 98% possessed a 40-45 MDa plasmid. Four of the 5 O:3 isolates tested for ST related to Escherichia coli STa in a commercial enzyme immunoassay were positive. Six of the 8 isolates belonging to 3 different serotypes produced large orange halos around the colonies on a chrome-azurol-s agar assay medium, for siderophores. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests of all 85 isolates against 16 drugs showed 100% susceptibility against 12 drugs, including trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1996

Identification of a common filarial larva in Simulium damnosum s.l. (type D, Duke, 1967) as Onchocerca ramachandrini from the wart hog.

Filarial larvae resembling Type D (Duke, 1967), which are common in the Simulium damnosum s.i. vectors of human onchocerciasis ("riverblindness") in several parts of West Africa, were dissected from wild-caught flies in north Cameroon and examined morphologically. This was done in order to establish a possible synonymy with infective larvae (L3) of 2 recently discovered Onchocerca species of wart hogs (Onchocerca ramachandrini Bain, Wahl, and Renz, 1993 and Onchocerca sp. Wahl and Bain, 1995), which had been found to resemble Type D. After dissection of approximately 1,700 S. damnosum s.1., 13 Type D-like larvae were recovered from 12 infected flies. Their morphology corresponded to O. ramachandrini.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Purification of hog gastric intrinsic factor by a simple two-step procedure based on affinity chromatography and a selective guanidine hydrochloride gradient.

Monocarboxylic acid derivaties of vitamin B12 were covalently coupled to 1,6-hexanediamine-substituted Sepharose by using a water-soluble carbodiimide resulting in 1.32 micronmoles of B12 coupled per ml of Sepharose. After a source of crude hog intrinsic factor (IF) was passed over the column, a selective linear gradient of guanidine HC1 (0 to 4.0 M) was used to remove IF and 4.0 to 7.5 M to elute NIF (a vitamin B12-binding glycoprotein not active in promoting vitamin B12 absorption). Anti-IF antibodies blocked 99% of the B12 binding by the isolated IF and only 1% of the B12 binding by NIF. Passage over a hydroxyapatite column resulted in IF 99% pure with a specific activity of 29.8 microng of B12 binding per mg of protein. IF so isolated exhibited one homogeneous band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and corrected B12 malabsorption in a patient with pernicious anemia.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Pathomorphological studies of the infections manifested in swine after vaccination with lapinized strain K vaccine against hog plague].

Pigs that had died after vaccination with a lapinized K strain of the swine fever virus at the persistence of another infection showed morphologic and histopathologic changes that were largely similar to those observed in cases of classic hog cholera. The difference consisted in the frequence and intensity of the lesions. Histopathologically essential proved the investigation of the brain. The latter usually presents a prevailing activation and hyperplasia of the capilary endothelium, while in classic swine fever there are lesions chiefly observed in the mesenchymal tissue with the formation of perivascular lymphoid-cell prolierations.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A comparative phylogenetic analysis of the coding portion of the genes for structural protein E1 in the Shi-Min' strain and in other strains of the classic hog cholera virus].

The primary nucleotide sequence of the fragment of E1 (gp51-55) gene (772 bp in length) of virulent strain Shi-Min' of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) has been determined. Multiple alignments of the E1 gene fragments of various strains and isolates of CSFV, which are homologues to the cloned fragment, has been carried out; the phylogenetic tree has been plotted and the consensus sequence has been determined. The strain Shi-Min', which was used as a control CSFV strain in former Soviet republics, and the referent strain Alfort were shown to be located on the opposite sides of the dendrogram, while Shi-Min' was more close to the western European group of CSFVs. We suggest that Shi-Min' strain as a positive viral antigen for vaccine testing represents a selective factor for the formation of virus population in Ukraine. The data obtained are the first results in molecular epizootic study of hog cholera in Ukraine.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed1976

Sensitivity of swine buffy coat culture to infection with hog cholera virus.

The susceptibility of swine buffy coat (BC) cultures inoculated with hog cholera (HC) virus in the presence of homologous antiserum was greater than that of a pig kidney (PK-15) cell line similarly inoculated. The virus was isolated from BC cultures grown in the presence of 0.1% hyperimmune serum, whereas it could not be consistently recovered from the PK-15 cell line in which hyperimmune serum concentrations exceeded 0.025%. Maximal viral titers in BC culture were reached between postinoculation days 4 and 8. Peak titers were not influenced by the age of cells at infection or dose of virus. Data were present in support of the hypothesis that the decrease of HC viral isolations in BC cultures from HC epizootics was related to lessened use of attenuated vaccines.

Animals↗