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PubMed1987

Initiation codons in mammalian mitochondria: differences in genetic code in the organelle.

The bovine mitochondrial gene products ND2 and ND4, components of NADH dehydrogenase, have been purified from a chloroform/methanol extract of mitochondrial membranes, and the human mitochondrial gene products ND2 and cytochrome b have been obtained by similar procedures. They have been identified by comparison of their amino-terminal protein sequences with those predicted from DNA sequences of bovine and human mitochondrial DNA. All of the proteins have methionine as their amino-terminal residue. In bovine ND2, this residue is encoded by the "universal" isoleucine codon AUA, and the sequences of human cytochrome b and bovine ND2 demonstrate that AUA also encodes methionine in the elongation step of mitochondrial protein synthesis. In human ND2, the amino-terminal methionine is encoded by AUU, which, as in the "universal" genetic code, is also used as an isoleucine codon in elongation. Thus, AUU has a dual coding function which is dependent upon its context.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A hydrogen-harps model for intracellular communication and its implications for the second genetic code.

Hydrogen bonds (HB) in proteins and nucleic acids oscillate with frequencies of 10(11)-10(12) Hz, so giving rise to mm waves and far infrared emission. As HB undergo stretching and compression, their oscillation frequency will correspondingly change. The author (1989) 1b has devised a "musical" model, in which HB are compared to the strings of a string instrument: the harp. On the length, number and cooperation of "strings" (small and large hydrogen-harps) will depend the frequency, intensity and quality of "sound" (i.e. electromagnetic emission). Of course, this elementary hydrogen-harps model needs a physico-mathematical development. Nevertheless it can already be utilized to explain some essential moments of proteins and DNA function, on the base of its logical connection with Fröhlich's theory of coherent excitations. It might also help the understanding of the second genetic code mechanisms.

Cell Communication↗