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At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

The prevalence of gender dysphoria in Scotland: a primary care study.

A questionnaire was sent to senior partners in all general practices in Scotland designed to elicit experience of patients with gender dysphoria: a subjective experience of incongruity between genital anatomy and gender identity. Responses were received from 73% of practices. The prevalence of gender dysphoria among patients aged over 15 years was calculated as 8.18 per 100,000, with an approximate sex ratio of 4:1 in favour of male-to-female patients. One-third of gender-dysphoric patients known to practices had registered in the preceding 12 months, suggesting that patients with this condition are increasingly likely to present for medical care.

Family Practice↗
PubMed2004

Between normality and deviance: the breakdown of batterers' identity following police intervention.

With the transformation of intimate violence from private trouble to social problem, police intervention in domestic violence cases became more prevalent. Research has focused mainly on battered women's perception of police intervention, their evaluations, and their level of satisfaction with the intervention. However, there is little research examining the perpetrators' subjective perceptions of such interventions. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze battering men's perceptions of police intervention. The study is based on semistructured, in-depth interviews with 20 batterers who had repeated encounters with police. Findings show a continuum of self-management, ranging from attempts to preserve a normative identity in the first encounter to struggling against criminalization in the second encounter and adopting a victim identity in the third encounter. The findings are discussed in the context of gender identity and power relations.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Making Kings.

Due to a general lack of representation of female masculinities within the North American media, most urban drag king cultures have evolved in isolation from each other. As a result, drag kings tend to develop locally specific codes of dress, performance styles and forms of masculinity. This chapter describes the case of a group of Montreal drag king performers, The Mambo Drag Kings (MDKs). It is based on interviews that were conducted for Colleen Ayoup's film Kings (2001), a short documentary that explores kinging by examining the development of this specific group of performers. We present excerpts from our discussions regarding the relationships between everyday gender identities, lesbian sexuality, and performing as a king in a society that is fundamentally based on an asymmetrical sex-gender system. While the chapter does highlight these theoretical concerns, the focus is on how the participants of the group interpret and experience kinging and its impact on their own gendered and sexual identities.

Culture↗
PubMed1985

[The transsexual patient: a challenge for cooperation between psychological and surgical medicine].

Transsexuality is not seen as a disorder by itself but rather as a common final stage of different dispositions and developments, with the common core of disordered, conflicting gender identity, and the common transsexual desire for "gender reassignment". Proceeding on the ascertainable increase in frequency in the past 15 years we wonder whether some sort of collaboration between psychological and surgical medicine and persons with identity disorders may not have been conducive to the transsexual desire at the expense of a thorough study of the phenomenon as well as psychotherapeutic possibilities. Under this aspect it is analyzed and depicted which the dimensions of transsexual experience are, what constitutes the personality of transsexuals, and how the development toward transsexuality takes its course. Subsequently there is a critical analysis of the "fulfillment" of the transsexual desire under the transsexuality-law and by means of physical-medical measures. A study of case histories and follow-ups at hand reveals whether the desire for gender reassignment has indeed been fulfilled. In conclusion the recent critical re-orientation toward psychotherapy for transsexuals as a method to control psychic disorders by psychic means is corroborated, albeit its chances may be viewed rather skeptically in the light of the present boom of gender reassignment operations.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Public attitudes towards survivors of brain injury.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of religious identity, gender and socioeconomic status (SES) on public attitudes towards survivors of brain injury. RESEARCH DESIGN: An independent groups design was used to compare the attitudes of Northern Irish participants. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: The participants were asked to complete a modified form of the Community Attitudes to Mental Illness scale. The new questionnaire replaced the original scales' emphasis on mental illness with that of brain injury. Complete data was available for 179 participants for the religious identity and gender analysis and 124 for gender and SES. Analyses of variance were conducted on these variables. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Significant differences between male and female attitudes were found along with significant interactions between religious identity and gender and SES and gender. CONCLUSIONS: Religious, economic and gender-based divisions in society affect attitudes towards survivors of brain injury.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Sexual development, maturation, and behavior.

The Y chromosome directs the primitive gonad to develop into a testis. Without a Y chromosome an ovary will develop, but that ovary will not be normal unless two X chromosomes are present. Active intervention is needed for male differentiation; internal male structures will not be found unless sufficient and effective testosterone is secreted by the immature testis to develop the wolffian duct system into the internal male reproductive tract. The testis must also secrete mullerian regression factor to cause the demise of the internal female duct structures. Finally, enough 5-alpha-reductase activity must be present to convert testosterone into dihydrotestosterone for the normal virilization of the male external genitalia. Without testosterone or its receptor sites, without dihydrotestosterone, and without mullerian regression factor, the reproductive system is female. Early in life, a child assumes both a gender identity (an awareness of what sex he or she belongs to) and a gender role (behavior deemed to be more or less characteristic of one sex or the other). As puberty is passed, sexual orientation becomes more obvious, although the development of that orientation has probably been in the making since early childhood. Early developmental hormone milieu and social environment undoubtedly all play a role in subsequent sexual behavioral patterns, but the extent to which each of these impacts upon that behavior still remains unknown.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Gender and professional identity in psychiatric nursing practice in Alberta, Canada, 1930-75.

This paper examines gender-specific transformations of nursing practice in institutional mental health-care in Alberta, Canada, based on archival records on two psychiatric hospitals, Alberta Hospital Ponoka and Alberta Hospital Edmonton, and on oral histories with psychiatric mental health nurses in Alberta. The paper explores class and gender as interrelated influences shaping the work and professional identity of psychiatric mental health nurses from the 1930s until the mid-1970s. Training schools for nurses in psychiatric hospitals emerged in Alberta in the 1930s under the influence of the mental hygiene movement, evolving quite differently for female nurses compared to untrained aides and male attendants. The latter group resisted their exclusion from the title 'nurse' and successfully helped to organize a separate association of psychiatric nurses in the 1950s. Post-World War II, reconstruction of health-care and a de-institutionalization policy further transformed nurses' practice in the institutions. Using social history methods of analysis, the paper demonstrates how nurses responded to their circumstances in complex ways, actively participating in the reconstruction of their practice and finding new ways of professional organization that fit the local context. After the Second World War more sophisticated therapeutic roles emerged and nurses engaged in new rehabilitative practices and group therapies, reconstructing their professional identities and transgressing gender boundaries. Nurses' own stories help us to understand the striving toward psychiatric nursing professionalism in the broader context of changing gender identities and work relationships, as well as shifting perspectives on psychiatric care.

Alberta↗
PubMed1979

Draw-A-Person Test: implications for gender identification.

Human figure drawings were collected from 50 gender dysphoric adults and compared with the drawings of 84 adult evening-school students and college sophomores. The gender dysphoric males drew a person of the opposite sex first more often than the control group males (p less than 0.001). The gender dysphoric females drew a person of the opposite sex first more often than the control group females (p less than 0.05). Results are discussed in light of existing literature of the DAP and gender identity formation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bioethics' gender.

I argue that the field of bioethics is gendered feminine, but that the methods it uses to resist this gender identity pose real harm to actual women. Starting with an explanation of what I take 'gender' to be, I enumerate four drawbacks to being gendered feminine. I then argue that bioethics suffers from three of the same four drawbacks. I show how the field escapes the fourth disadvantage by adopting a masculine persona that inflicts damage on women, and conclude by urging bioethicists to reflect on their complicity in abusive power systems such as gender, race and class.

Authoritarianism↗
PubMed1997

Rhinoplasty as part of gender-confirming surgery in male transsexuals: basic considerations and clinical experience.

Because psychotherapy will not change the profound incongruence between the objective biological sex and subjective gender identity experienced by transsexuals, hormonal and surgical treatment to change the body toward the experienced gender is the only way out of this dilemma. To allow the male-to-female transsexual to pass as a member of this gender in public, rhinoplasty may be as important as genital reassignment surgery. In this paper the surgical considerations on gender-confirming rhinoplasty are presented and discussed. From December 1985 to January 1996, 22 male-to-female transsexuals underwent rhinoplasty at the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery of the Academisch Ziekenhuis Vrije Universiteit to obtain a less masculine appearance. Although revisional surgery was performed in four patients, all were satisfied with the final result in that they were convinced that their faces had become more feminine. We conclude that in selected patients rhinoplasty may help to create a feminine countenance for male-to-female transsexuals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Relationship of maternal report of feminine behaviors and extraversion to clinician's rating of gender disturbance.

50 boys, aged 3 to 16 yr., referred for psychotherapy for a gender-identity disorder were assessed by two parent-report instruments completed by their mothers--The Gender Behavior Inventory for Boys for preadolescent subjects and a modified form of the Parents' Evaluation of Child Behavior. Without access to these data, an independent clinical psychologist provided a diagnosis of the severity of a gender disturbance on a 5-point rating scale, based on clinical interviews and a psychological test battery. The gender-disturbed boys scored significantly above the mean of the standardized normal boys on the Gender Behavior Inventory for Boys Feminine Behavior subscale and significantly below the mean on the Extraversion subscale of the Gender Behavior Inventory. The ratings of severity of gender disturbance were significantly correlated .34 with Feminine Behavior subscale scores and -.50 with the Extraversion subscale scores. On the Parents' Evaluation the number of observed feminine behaviors listed was significantly correlated .57 with rated severity of gender disturbance but not with the Feminine Behavior subscale scores on the Gender Behavior Inventory.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

The conceptual neutering of gender and the criminalization of sex.

Thirty years ago the term gender was borrowed from philology for use in sexological psychology in a paper on hermaphroditism (Money, 1955). As originally defined, gender role consists of both introspective and the extraspective manifestations of the concept. In general usage, the introspective manifestations soon became separately known as gender identity. The acronym, G-I/R, being singular, restores the unity of the concept. Without this unity, gender role has become a socially transmitted acquisition, divorced from the biology of sex and the brain. Sex and gender have been partitioned between body and mind, respectively. The desexualization of gender is in accord with the Zeitgeist of contemporary sexual politics together with victimology and an expanding criminalization of sex. The funding of sexological research is being diverted to victimology, which is, de facto, a branch of law enforcement. Victimologists--and sexological professionals among them--are vulnerable to a backlash of being themselves criminalized. This happens as a result of false accusations of various types of malpractice, including sexual abuse of clients, especially children. Under Hitler, there was an historical parallel when the destruction of sexology was effected by the application of the theory of social eugenics and racial purity with sexologists had endorsed. They were among the first of Hitler's victims.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Gender dysphoria in a child with true hermaphroditism.

This case report describes the psychosexual development of a child with true hermaphroditism who was assigned to the male sex at birth, but reassigned to the female sex at age two months. Given this child's excessive exposure to male sex hormone in utero, relative to physically normal females, one would predict a biological predisposition to behave in a masculine manner. This has occurred since two years of age. In addition, this child has had periodic episodes of gender disturbance, dysphoria, and ambivalence. In contrast, a physically normal fraternal twin sister has been conventionally feminine. A number of psychosocial factors appeared to have exacerbated the biologic predisposition to behave in a masculine manner, and thus may have been responsible for "pushing" this child into varying degrees of gender identity conflict. These included a closer father-daughter than mother-daughter relationship, parental tolerance of cross-gender behavior, and a mother who has been psychologically disturbed since the birth of her children. The heuristic value of this case will be discussed in relation to contemporary models of psychosexual development which emphasize the interaction of biological and psychosocial factors.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gender-related influences in nursing education.

Issues around gender identity, self-concept, professional education, and women's learning preferences shape the socialization of nurses and nursing education. How gender issues influence learners and nursing education in relation to nursing education for registered nurses are explored and recommendations are made for nursing educators in two broad categories: self-awareness and helping learners learn. The exploration leads to three conclusions: first, it is timely for nurses to continue such explorations for their own practice, and to share how to help other nurses cope with visible and invisible gender-related issues; second, nurses can share strategies to address the influence of gender issues in nursing education, and, third, the nursing profession benefits from drawing on available resources to discuss gender issues. Although reflections on these issues have been shaped by working with registered nurse learners, they are equally relevant to basic nursing students and practicing nurses.

Canada↗
PubMed1991

Gender identification and sex role attribution in sexually abused adolescent females.

An exploratory study of the association between child sexual abuse and subsequent gender identification and sex role attribution was conducted with 93 adolescent females. Victims of intrafamilial sexual abuse with a history of psychotherapeutic treatment were compared with nonabused subjects with a history of treatment and nonabused control subjects with no treatment history. Measures of gender identity found that sexually abused and nonabused treatment groups differed significantly from the no-treatment controls. Distinct patterns of gender identification emerged for the sexually abused victims. Hypothesized differences in sex role attribution were not found. Potential directions for future research are proposed and implications and recommendations for treatment are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Homosexuality--illness or life-style?

This paper addresses the issues of the labeling and selective discrimination of homosexuals. Psychiatry is encouraged to adhere to the medical model and treat the homosexual patient who is in conflict and motivated by inner turmoil and distress rather than assuming the job of society's regulator and the judge of acceptable behavior. The author discusses the concept of gender identity and presents evidence for the idea that homosexual behavior has its etiology in early child development. The cultural stigma of gender dysphorias is also discussed in detail as playing a sigificant role in the eventual character formation of an adult homosexual.

Gender Identity↗
PubMed1992

A transsexual male with 47,XYY karyotype.

Transsexuals are usually found to have a normal chromosome complement. The literature to date documents four transsexuals with 47,XYY pattern. This paper reports a fertile male with major cell line of 47,XYY and a gender identity disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Gender roles as mediators of sex differences in adolescent alcohol use and abuse.

This study tested the hypothesis that internalized gender-role personality attributes and gender-role ideology mediate sex differences in alcohol use and drinking problems in a random sample of 1,077 adolescents aged 13 to 19. Results indicated that gender roles substantially, although not completely, mediated the effects of sex on drinking patterns. The relationships between gender roles and alcohol use were largely consistent with the hypothesis that individuals with conventional gender identities conform more closely to cultural norms that condone drinking among males but not among females. However, effects of the gender-linked attributes of expressivity, emotional control, and instrumentality on drinking also may be interpreted within a framework that views them as functional coping styles. Finally, differences between Black and White teens in the relationships between alcohol use and the masculine attributes of instrumentality and emotional control suggest possible race differences in the functional value of these attributes.

Adolescent↗