SEARCH · Search PubMed
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
The [1-14C]pivaloyloxyethyl ester of methyldopa administered to man and cynomolgus monkeys resulted in the elimination in the urine of 14C-pivalic acid metabolites. Pivaloyl glucuronide and pivaloyl carnitine were identified as the major radioactive urinary metabolites in monkey urine and human urine, respectively. N.m.r. analysis indicated that pivaloyl carnitine had a cyclic structure. Although the role of carnitine is in the transport of fatty acids across mitochondrial membranes, it may also function in the conjugation of carboxylic acid xenobiotics in humans.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
We prepared a series of oligosaccharides from king crab cartilage chondroitin sulfate K after exhaustive digestion with testicular hyaluronidase, and determined the structures of four tetrasaccharides and a pentasaccharide by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatography analysis of chondroitinase AC-II digests, and 500-MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy. The tetrasaccharides shared the common core structure GlcAbeta1-3GalNAcbeta1-4GlcAbeta1-3GalNAc with various sulfation profiles. One structure was GlcAbeta1-3GalNAc(4S)beta1-4GlcAbeta1-3GalNAc(4S), whereas three of them have the following hitherto unreported structures including a novel glucuronate 3-O-sulfate: GlcA(3S)beta1-3GalNAc(4S)beta1-4GlcAbeta1-3GalNAc(4S), GlcAbeta1-3GalNAc(4S)beta1-4GlcA(3S)beta1-3GalNAc(4S), and GlcA(3S)beta1-3GalNAc(4S)beta1-4GlcA(3S)beta1-3GalNAc(4S), where 3S or 4S represents 3-O- or 4-O-sulfate, respectively. The structure of the pentasaccharide was determined as GlcA(3S)beta1-3GalNAc(4S)beta1-4GlcA(3S)beta1- 3GalNAc(4S)beta1-4GlcA. Chondroitinase ABC digestion of the tetrasaccharides with GlcA(3S) at the internal position destroyed the disaccharide unit containing GlcA(3S) derived from the reducing side and resulted in only the disaccharide unit from the non-reducing side. In contrast, these tetrasaccharides remained totally resistant to chondroitinase AC-II. The results indicated that it is necessary to reevaluate the disaccharide composition of chondroitin sulfate poly- or oligosaccharides purified from various biological sources, since they were usually determined after chondroitinase ABC digestion. It is probable that the structures containing GlcA(3S) would not have been detected.
Aggrecan (PG) was isolated from Swarm rat chondrosarcoma and the chondroitin 4-sulfate removed with chondroitinase ABC (ABC) or ACII (AC), leaving a 4-deoxy-beta-d-gluc-4-enuronosyl (DeltaGlcA) residue on the nonreducing terminus of the attached chondroitin sulfate chains. Mercuric acetate (as low as 5 mm) removed the DeltaGlcA from the PG-ABC within 10 min at 25 degrees C at pH 5.0, and the rate was pH independent between pH 3.0 and 5.0. The reaction was readily monitored by following the loss of reactivity to the monoclonal antibodies specific for 4-sulfated and nonsulfated unsaturated disaccharides in ELISA. After mercury treatment, there was a loss of carbazole-positive material and a decrease in the size of the linkage region oligosaccharides consistent with DeltaGlcA being removed. Aside from the loss of DeltaGlcA, neutral sugar composition and sialic acid content remained unchanged. After electrophoresis in a 4% polyacrylamide gel, Hg-treated PG-ABC and PG-AC migrated as single major bands, but with reduced mobilities, which is consistent with a loss of charge. There was a loss of reactivity to specific monoclonal antibodies. Treated aggrecan did not bind hyaluronic acid. This loss was not completely prevented by being present in a complex with link protein and hyaluronic acid. However, link protein could partially restore the hyaluronic acid interaction, so the effect of mercuric acetate on biological function will have to be assessed on an individual basis. Treatment with mercuric acetate is an effective, rapid, reproducible way of removing DeltaGlcA from both chondroitinase ABC and ACII-digested proteoglycan.
Fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry is found to provide a method for analysis of isotopes in the enzyme cofactor uridine-5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid, heretofore unsusceptible to mass-spectral characterization. This technique was used to determine optimal conditions for the introduction of 18O by acid-catalyzed exchange in H218O and to evaluate the loss of the isotope when labeled cofactor is used in enzymatic incubations. Fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry provided a quantitative assessment of various isotopic species and also permitted the location of the isotopes in the molecule to be determined.
The selective oxidation of the primary alcoholic function of the reducing unit of lactose was achieved in good overall yield (67%) starting from 2',6'-di-O-benzyl-2,3:3',4'-di-O-isopropylidenelactose dimethyl acetal (1) through a simple multi-step procedure based on the selective acetylation of OH-5 of 1 (methoxyisopropylation, acetylation, de-methoxyisopropylation) followed by a two-step oxidation at C-6 (TPAP-NMO then TEMPO-NaOCl) and finally, complete removal of the protecting groups.
An acidic O-specific polysaccharide was obtained by mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharide of the bacterium Providencia alcalifaciens O23 and found to contain D-glucose, D-galactose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose, and N epsilon-(1-carboxyethyl)-N alpha-(D-glucuronoyl)lysine. On the basis of full and partial acid hydrolyses, selective solvolysis with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, and 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, including two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (COSY), H-detected heteronuclear 1H, 13C multi-quantum coherence (HMQC), and rotating-frame nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (ROESY), the following structure of the liner tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established [structure: see text]
Newly designed linear-type glycoclusters were synthesized which involve a chondroitin repeating disaccharide ligand and a hydrophobic octyl ether spacer. The spacer mimics the corresponding disaccharide unit. Repeating elongation of the pseudo-tetrasaccharide that was derived from the common cluster unit [-->8)-octyl-(1-->3)-beta-D-Gal-NAc-(1-->4)-beta-D-GlcA-(1-->] allowed the syntheses of up to the pseudo-decasaccharide analog of chondroitin. An enzymatic D-GlcA transfer at the non-reducing end of the synthesized artificial glycans by GlcATase II was observed.
Anaesthesia affects the liver nucleotide pool. It was the aim of the present study to examine how anaesthesia for 60 min with pentobarbital, ketamin + diazepam, halothane, enflurane and isoflurane may influence the nucleotide pool in the rat liver, studied with isotachophoresis. It was found that none of the agents gave both safe and reproducible anaesthesia without affecting the nucleotide pools or affecting the experiments in some other way. Halothane and isoflurane were the two best alternatives with respect to both efficiency and safety. Isoflurane may be preferable since it gives a higher energy charge.
The urinary glycosaminoglycan was reduced with NaB[3H]4, and was separated into three fractions according to molecular size by column chromatography on Sephadex G-200. The hexuronic acid residues at the reducing terminals of each fraction were quantified by the method of preferential quantitation of hexuronic acid at the reducing terminals. This method consisted of hydrolysis with trifluoroacetic acid and nitrous acid, lactonization, and paper chromatographic analysis. Both radioactive gulonolactone and idonolactone were detected in the fractions with a lower molecular size, but not in those with a higher molecular size. These observations demonstrated that the glucuronide and iduronide linkages at other-than-terminal sites of carbohydrate chains were cleaved by the processes of depolymerization of glycosaminoglycans in tissues. Therefore, it is highly likely that endo-beta-glucuronidase(s) and endo-alpha-iduronidase(s) which belong to the glycosidase of endo type such as hyaluronidase are involved in the catabolic degradation of glycosaminoglycans in tissues.
This paper describes an enzymic derivatization procedure that allows accurate determination of very small amounts of enantiomeric impurities in the D-2 dopamine agonist 2-(N-propyl-N-2-thienylethylamino)-5-hydroxytetralin (N-0437). After pre-column glucuronidation of the individual enantiomers, two diastereoisomers were formed which were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. An enantiomeric purity of 99.84% was calculated for the (-)-enantiomer, against 99.89% for the (+)-enantiomer. The assay was validated by spiking 1% of the (-)-enantiomer in the (+)-enantiomer. A high accuracy (error 4.5%) and precision (coefficient of variation 2.9%, n = 5) of the method were established.
Kinetic parameters and regulatory properties of UDPGDH extracted from cultured human skin fibroblasts were determined and compared with those of UDPGDH from cornea and epiphysial-plate cartilage. Fibroblast enzyme showed an affinity for UDPG 7 times higher than cartilage enzyme and 42 times higher than cornea enzyme. UDP-xylose acted as a co-operative allosteric inhibitor, but under the same experimental conditions fibroblast enzyme was significantly less inhibited. These results were in agreement with the different GAG production of the cells we studied. Fibroblast UDPGDH activity was regulated by the NAD/NADH ratio and it was also affected by modifications of extracellular matrix composition. A significant increase of UDPGDH affinity for UDPG was observed after the treatment of the monolayers with Chase ABC.
The role of reactions of conjugation with uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid (UDPGA) and with 3-phosphoadenosine-5-phosphosulfate (PAPS) in modification of the mutagenic effect of diethyl nitrosamine (DENA), nitrosomorpholine (NM) and cyclophosphane (CP) was studied by the Ames test. It was shown that adding UDPGA to the activating mixture significantly decreased the level of the mutagenic effect of DENA, NM and CP on bacteria Salmonella typhimurium TA 1950, when S9 and microsomal fractions of rat liver homogenate were used. Adding PAPS to the activating mixture when S9 and cytosole fractions were used, did not affect mutagenic action of DENA on S. typhimurium TA 1950 and TA 1535, enhancing the mutagenic effect of CP on TA 1535, with no such influence on TA 1950. Introduction of PAPS into the activating mixture elevated the mutagenic effect of NM on both bacterial strains using S9 fraction but not cytosole fraction.
Since many xenobiotics alter hepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity, their effect on UDPGA concentration was determined. Rats were pretreated with: 1) microsomal enzyme inducers (7,8-benzoflavone, benzo(a)pyrene, butylated hydroxyanisole, isosafrole, 3-methylcholanthrene, phenobarbital, pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile (PCN), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, trans-stilbene oxide); 2) inhibitors of microsomal enzymes (cobaltous chloride, piperonyl butoxide, SKF 525-A, borneol, galactosamine); 3) hepatotoxins (allyl alcohol, aflatoxin B1, alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate, bromobenzene, cadmium chloride, carbon tetrachloride, 1,1-dichloroethylene), and 4) commonly used anesthetics (pentobarbital, urethane, diethyl ether, halothane, enflurane, methoxyflurane). Rats were decapitated before removal of the liver. All inducers except PCN and isosafrole increased UDPGA 36-85% above control. Mixed-function oxidase inhibitors had no effect whereas borneol and galactosamine reduced UDPGA 85-90%. Aflatoxin B1 and cadmium produced decreases of 59 and 25%, respectively. Hepatic UDPGA content was diminished 70-95% after exposure to the inhalation anesthetics, whereas the other anesthetics reduced UDPGA about 25%. Thus, numerous xenobiotics alter the concentration of UDPGA in rat liver, which may influence the rate of glucoronidation.
Oversulfated chondroitin sulfate E (CS-E) derived from squid cartilage exhibits intriguing biological activities, which appear to reflect the biological activities of mammalian CS chains containing the so-called E disaccharide unit [GlcAbeta1-3GalNAc(4,6-O-disulfate)]. Previously, we isolated novel tetra- and hexasaccharides containing a rare GlcA(3-O-sulfate) at the nonreducing end after digestion of squid cartilage CS-E with testicular hyaluronidase. In this study, squid cartilage CS-E was extensively digested with chondroitinase AC-II, which yielded five highly sulfated novel tetrasaccharides and two odd-numbered oligosaccharides (tri- and pentasaccharides) containing D-Glc. Their structures were determined by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. The results revealed an internal GlcA(3-O-sulfate) residue for all the novel tetrasaccharide sequences, which rendered the oligosaccharides resistant to the enzyme. The results suggest that GlcA(3-O-sulfate) units are not clustered but rather interspersed in the CS-E polysaccahride chains, being preferentially located in the highly sulfated sequences. The predominant structure on the nearest nonreducing side of a GlcA(3-O-sulfate) residue was GalNAc(4-O-sulfate) (80%), whereas that on the reducing side was GalNAc(4,6-O-disulfate) (59%). The structural variety in the vicinity of the GlcA(3-O-sulfate) residue might represent the substrate specificity of the unidentified chondroitin GlcA 3-O-sulfotransferase. The results also revealed a trisaccharide and a pentasaccahride sequence, both of which contained a beta-d-Glc branch at the C6 position of the constituent GalNAc residue. Approximately 5 mol % of all disaccharide units were substituted by Glc in the CS-E preparation used.
Compounds that alter endothelial cell growth are of interest in the development of angiogenesis modulators. A structurally diverse series of saccharide derivatives (glycosylamide conjugates) have been synthesized and evaluated for their effects on bovine aortic endothelial cell (BAEC) growth. Heparin-albumin (HA) reduced BAEC growth by 32% at 10 microg/mL and a number of the novel saccharide conjugates from the library were found to mimic the effect of HA as they also inhibit endothelial cell survival under identical conditions. Two thiophene conjugates, thioglucamide (24% inhibition at 35 microM) and a related glucuronide (26% inhibition at 33 microM) were the most potent inhibitors of BAEC growth, as determined using a methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The effects of thioglucamide and HA on absolute cell number were also studied using cell counting experiments; thioglucamide (47% after 24 h) was more potent than indicated by the MTT assay and initially reduced the BAEC number to a greater extent than HA (30% after 24 h); however, its actions were over more rapidly than were HA's as cell growth had returned to levels of the control after 72 h where HA still caused 25% inhibition. The binding of the monosaccharide conjugates to fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) in competition with heparin-albumin by ELISA was investigated to establish the possible mechanism by which glycoconjugates could alter growth but there was no general correlation between reduction in viable cell population and binding to FGF-2. No glycoconjugate reduced the proliferation of mouse mammary epithelial cells, nor did any alter gross cell morphology, supporting a proposal that the reduction in BAEC survival by monosaccharide conjugates such as thioglucamide is a result of the inhibition of cell proliferation rather than being an induction of cytotoxicity. These studies indicate that cell biological studies to determine the mechanism of action of the simple monosaccharide conjugates may be worthwhile.
Mycobacterium "habana" strain TMC 5135, which has been proposed as a vaccine against both leprosy and tuberculosis, is considered to be a strain of serotype I of the recognized species Mycobacterium simiae. We have now shown that each of these strains possesses characteristic polar glycopeptidolipids (GPL) which are sufficiently different to allow unequivocal strain identification. Thin layer chromatographic analysis demonstrated that M. habana synthesizes a family of apolar GPLs and three distinct polar GPLs (pGPL-I to -III) which exhibited migration patterns different from those of M. simiae serotype I (pGPL-Sim). Using a combination of chemical, mass spectrometric, and proton-NMR analyses, the GPLs from M. habana were determined to be based on the same generic structure as those from the M. avium complex, namely N-fatty acyl-D-Phe-(O-saccharide)-D-allo-Thr-D-Ala-L-alaninyl-O-m onosaccharide. The de-O-acetylated apolar GPLs contain a 3-O-Me-6-deoxy-Tal attached to the allo-Thr and either a 3-O-Me-Rha or a 3,4-di-O-Me-Rha attached to the alaninol. In the pGPLs, oligosaccharides were found to be attached to the allo-Thr. The oligoglycosyl alditol reductively released from the least polar pGPL-I was fully characterized as L-Fucp alpha 1 in --7 with 3-(6-O-Me)-D-Glcp beta 1 in --7 with 3-(4-O-Me)-L-Rhap alpha 1 in --7 with 3-L-Rhap alpha 1 in --7 with 2-(3-O-Me)-6-deoxy-Tal. In pGPl-II and -III, the terminal Fuc residue is further 3-O-methylated and 4-O-substituted with an additional 2,4-di-O-Me-D-GlcA and 4-O-Me-D-GlcA, respectively. The corresponding oligosaccharide from pGPL-Sim was shown to be of identical molecular weight to pGPL-II but terminating with a 3,4-di-O-Me-GlcA. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based serological studies using anti-M. habana and anti-M. simiae sera against whole cells and purified pGPLs firmly established the polar GPLs as important antigens and indicated that the terminal epitopes L-Fuc-, 2,4-di-O-Me-D-GlcA, and 4-O-Me-D-GlcA uniquely present in pGPL-I, -II, and -III, respectively, confer sufficient specificity for the identification of M. habana as a distinct serotype of M. simiae.