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PubMedDate not supplied

[Control and eradication strategies for classic fowl plague in Germany and the European Union].

The huge potential economic impact of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) substantiates specific and rigorous legal regulations worldwide. According to the O.I.E. Terrestrial Animal Health Code fowl plague is a notifiable disease. International trading activities concerning poultry and poultry products originating from countries with active HPAI are rigorously restricted. In EU member states directive 92/40/EEC subsumes measures against fowl plague and has been transferred into German legislation by the "Geflügelpest-Verordnung". These acts specify that vaccination against HPAI is principally prohibited. The aim of all sanctions is the extinction of disease and the eradication of the causative agent. However, HPAI viruses, exclusively belonging to subtypes H5 and H7, can re-emerge de novo from progenitor viruses of low pathogenicity which are perpetuated in the wild bird population. An outbreak of HPAI requires prompt action by a stamping out strategy. Fast and accurate diagnosis, a strict stand-still and the culling of affected flocks are at the basis of success. In areas with a high density of poultry holdings preemptive culling and creation of buffer zones, devoid of susceptible poultry, may be neccessary. In these cases emergency vaccinations can be considered as a supportive measure in order to limit mass culling. Vaccinations on merely prophylactic grounds, not being connected to acute outbreaks, should be avoided beware of selective pressures on the virus leading to antigenic drift and escape of vaccine-induced immunity. Instead, high standard biosecurity measures, particularly limiting direct and indirect contacts with wild birds, should be maintained.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Study on melanin from taihe silky fowl and its complexes with Cu2+, Fe3+ ions by IR spectrum].

OBJECTIVE: The interaction between Cu2+, Fe3+ and Melanin from Taihe Silky fowl for different pH values was investigated in heterogeneous system. METHODS: The IR spectrum of melanin and its complexes with Cu2+, Fe3+ ions was determined. RESULTS: The carbonyl group of melanin may interact with metals. CONCLUSION: Taihe Silky fowl melanin is the mixture of pheomelanin and isomelanin.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Retinal projections to the pretectum in the fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus)].

The retinal projection to the pretectum was examined in the adult domestic fowl by means of anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). At the same time, the cytoarchitecture of the pretectum was studied in Nissl preparation. Fifteen fowls (Gallus gallus domesticus) were used for the HRP study, and four were used for the cytoarchitectural study. One hundred microliters of a 30% HRP solution in physiological saline were injected into the vitreous body of the unilateral eye under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia (30 mg/kg body weight). After a postoperative period of 48 hours, the animals were deeply anesthetized and perfused intracardially with 1,000 ml of Ringer solution, followed by 2,000 ml of 1% paraformaldehyde and 1.25% glutaraldehyde in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) which was then followed by 1,000 ml of 10% sucrose in the same buffer. The brain was cut into serial transverse sections at 60 microns on a freezing microtome. Every section was treated with tetramethyl benzidine (TMB). Based on cytoarchitectural and HRP results, the pretectum of the adult hen was divided into the following eight nuclei: nucleus principalis pretectalis (P), nucleus subpretectalis (SP), nucleus principalis precommissuralis (PPC), nucleus medialis pretectalis (PTM), nucleus pretectalis dorsalis (APd), nucleus area pretectalis (AP), nucleus spiriformis lateralis (SPL), and nucleus spiriformis medialis (SPM). The SPL and SPM lay closely adjacent to each other, although the boundary between them can be easily defined in any section. Furthermore, the SPM could be divided into two subnuclei: the dorsal part of the SPM (SPMd) located just under the SMT and dorsomedial to the P, and the ventral part of the SPM (SPMv), which was located above the PPC and ventromedial to the P. Retinal projections were found in the APd, the PTM, the AP and the SPM, contralaterally. APd was the smallest nucleus among the pretectal nuclei lying just above the tractus septomesencephalicus (SMT) and received the heaviest retinal inputs. In the PTM, clear terminals were distributed over the whole of the nucleus, whereas strong labeled terminals were also found around the principal pretectal nucleus. Slight retinal inputs were found in the ventral part of the SPM. Furthermore, heavily labeled terminals were found in the medial part of the AP designated as the interstitial nucleus of the posterior commissure by Niimi. Terminals in the ventral part of the SPM and the medial part of the AP have not been reported in the previous studies in the chick and pigeon. There were no terminals in the contralateral P, SPL, SP, PPC, and the ipsilateral brain stem.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Oral immunization against pox. Studies on fowl pox as a model.

Oral vaccination against fowl pox is both effective and harmless. A suitable vaccine strain is the attenuated HP-1 strain in the 200th to 400th tissue culture passage. For optimal immunization virus of the 200th to 270th passage level should be applied twice at an interval of 3 to 4 weeks. Vaccination dose should contain 10(7.0)TCID50. Chickens may be effectively immunized already at 5 days. Immunity is against both homologous and heterologous virus and proves equally resistant to oral, cutaneous and intravenous challenge. Protection of mucous membranes of the upper respiratory and digestive tract forms faster than after cutaneous immunization. Compared to conventional fowl pox vaccination, drinking water vaccination facilitates the technicalities of vaccination; there are immunological advantages and risks of complications are avoided. It can therefore be recommended as a model for vaccination against smallpox in man.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1991

Influence of method of model fitting and gender on estimated parameters for the relationship between starvation heat production and body size in the domestic fowl.

The relationship between starvation heat production (SHP) in kJ/d and body weight (W) in kg for domestic fowl was examined with compiled calorimetric data for 294 fowls (Johnson and Farrell, 1985). Linear regression analyses using ordinary least squares methods were performed before and after transformation of the data to a logarithmic scale (base = 10). Coefficients of determination (R2) were similar for untransformed and log-transformed data (R2's = .56 and .53, respectively). The slopes for untransformed data of males and females were different (P less than 0.033). When the model parameters for: SHP = b0 Wb1 were derived from log-transformed data, there were no significant differences in exponents for males vs. females (P greater than .95). However, when the coefficients were estimated using non-linear regression techniques, a difference was detected at the level of P = 0.072. It was determined that there is no advantage in describing the relationship of SHP as a non-linear function of W, nor is it appropriate to express physiological variables as a ratio of weight raised to some mass exponent without statistical justification. Using W or W2 as a covariable for the statistical analysis of physiological data would produce equally acceptable determinations of significance.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Effect of iosan and bradofen on the viruses of Newcastle disease, laryngotracheitis and fowl pox].

Tested was the effect of the iodoform preparation iosan and the quaternary ammonium preparation bradofen against the viruses of the Newcastle disease (strain La Sota), laryngotracheitis (strain TsNIIP) and fowl pox (strain FK) in birds. The following results were obtained: 1. To a concentration of 3% (262 ppm of active iodine) and exposure of 45 min. to iosan the virus of laryngotracheitis was sensitive; that of Newcastle disease perished at a conc. of 5% (525 ppm of active iodine for 15 min); and that of fowl pox was not inactivated at a 30 min. exposure to a conc. of 7% (875 ppm of active iodine.) 2. Bradofen inactivated the Newcastle disease virus in a conc. of 0.5 per cent for 30 min., while the pox virus withstood a conc. of 1.5% up to the 30 th min. The virus of laryngotracheitis was inactivated by a conc. of 2 per cent for 45 min. The disinfection effect of the tested preparations was assessed as satisfactory.

Disinfectants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Further studies on the classification of fowl adenoviruses.

In addition to the 8 fowl adenovirus serotypes described previously, 3 new serotypes were recognized. Two, A-2 and C2-B, were isolated in the U.S.A., and one, 380, in Northern Ireland. In addition another isolate, X-11, has a broader antigenicity than YR-36 and therefore should be used instead of YR-36 as prototype strain. It is concluded that there are at least 11 distinct fowl adenovirus serotypes on the basis of the serum-neutralization test.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1990

Histochemical characterization of myenteric plexus in domestic fowl small intestine.

The myenteric plexus of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) small intestine was studied by means of silver staining, glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence, the modified Koelle-Friedenwald method for the detection of acetylcholinesterase, NADH-diaphorase techniques and the unlabelled antibody method involving the use of an antiserum raised against GABA conjugated by glutaraldehyde to bovine serum albumin. The majority of the perikarya were in the ganglia, with an average density of 3370 +/- 942 nerve cells/cm2. Cholinesterase-positive and a few GABA-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were seen in the myenteric ganglia, while fluorescent ganglion cells were not observed. In addition to AChE and GABA-positive nerve fibres, a rich fluorescent network of varicose and nonvaricose nerve fibres was detected, pointing to the presence of an extrinsic aminergic system in the domestic fowl myenteric plexus. Electron microscopic observations on nerve cells, axon profiles and varicosites with various vesicle populations were in good agreement with the histochemical findings.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1990

[Primary serologic investigation of HBV-like virus existence in domestic animals and fowls].

Using the reagent kits for detecting human HBV, primary serologic investigation was made in 6 kinds of domestic animals and fowls (total 673) by ELISA, spot hybridization and immuno-electronmicroscopy. The results showed that some sera samples of pigs, rabbits, chicken and geese were HBsAg, HBeAg positive and positive for spot hybridization by using 3(2)P-HBV-DNA probe, which suggested that HBV-like viruses might exist in those domestic animals and fowls. HBV-like virus particles were seen in one pig serum sample which was HBsAg positive. The particles could be divided into three forms in shape, large spherical particle (40-55nm), small spherical particle (20-30nm) and short filament particle. The further studies are needed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Host immune response to northern fowl mite: immunoblot and lectin blot identification of mite antigens.

White leghorn hens were experimentally infested with northern fowl mites (Ornithonyssus sylviarum) and antibody responses to mite immunogens were monitored over 12 weeks. Mite burdens increased during the early phase of infestation and declined over the latter weeks of the study. Antigen was prepared from homogenized whole mites, which were then sonicated and extracted with non-ionic detergent. Antigen extract was fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and antibody-reactive polypeptides were identified by immunoblotting. At the start of infestation, hens had natural, pre-existing antibodies that reacted with several mite-extract components. Individual hens had different natural antibody reactivities; however, all birds had immunoglobulins reactive with extract polypeptides of 117,000, 77,000 and 36,000 molecular weight. A variety of mite extract components reacted with hen antibodies generated in response to experimental infestation. The number of antibody-reactive mite polypeptides increased through week 8 of infestation and then decreased by week 12. Fifteen polypeptides of northern fowl mite extract were reactive with antibodies developed by the majority of infested birds. These commonly reactive polypeptides had molecular weights ranging from 40,000 to 160,000. Glycoconjugates of fractionated mite extract were identified by blotting with lectins that have different carbohydrate binding specificities. Also identified were lectins that bound extract components with the same molecular weights as those moieties complexed by immunoglobulins of infested birds.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Ivermectin in the treatment of helminthiasis in caged raised adult guinea-fowl (Numida meleagris galeata Pallas).

The treatment of natural infections of helminthiasis in caged raised guinea-fowls indicates a high efficacy of ivermectin in the elimination of infection due to both juvenile and adult stages of Heterakis gallinarum, Ascaridia galli, Subulura suctoria, Raillietina spp. and Capillaria caudinflata at dose levels of 0.07 mg/kg and 0.14 mg/kg per adult bird, subcutaneously administered. Guinea-fowls treated responded with no observable side effect and remained clean of any helminth infection for over 6 weeks. Discussion on the broad-spectrum and cost-effectiveness of the drug are briefly mentioned.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[A serological survey of Legionnaires' disease in domestic fowls and animals in Chengdu area].

A serological survey of antibodies against Legionella pneumophila (Lp) serotypes in Chengdu area by microagglutination test showed that there were high levels of antibodies against serotypes Lp1 and Lp6 in healthy domestic fowls and animals (rabbits, pigs, chickens, ducks and geese). In rabbits, antibodies against serotypes Lp1-Lp6 were determined, showing positive rates (titer greater than or equal to 1:16) ranging 6.3-23.8%. Among them only the serotype Lp3 did not show any positive one. The highest positive rate was observed in pigs' anti-Lp6 (89.8%), significantly higher than those reported in America, Denmark and Nanjing, China. The results suggested that recessive infections of Legionnaires' Disease Bacterium might occur in domestic fowls and animals. So the epidemiological surveillance of Legionnaires' disease in animals, as well as in environment (water and soil) is of importance for the prevention in man.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fowl cholera immunity induced by various vaccines in broiler minibreeder chickens determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Broiler minibreeder hens were vaccinated for protection against fowl cholera at 12 and 21 weeks of age using several vaccination schemes, which included a live Pasteurella multocida (CU strain) vaccine, two commercial polyvalent fowl cholera oil-based bacterins, and two experimentally prepared polyvalent oil-based bacterins. Some treatment groups received only live or killed vaccines, whereas others received a live vaccine at 12 weeks followed by a killed product at 21 weeks. At 42 weeks of age, all birds that received the live CU vaccine twice or once followed by a bacterin survived challenge. Birds that received killed vaccines only were significantly less protected but still showed a respectable survival rate of 86%. All unvaccinated controls died within 72 hr after challenge. At 72 weeks of age, overall protection was lower than that at 42 weeks, regardless of vaccination treatment. Antibody titers were usually higher in birds that received bacterins than in those receiving live vaccines, yet overall protection was still greater in those birds that received the live cholera vaccine twice.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Fine structural and cytochemical studies of eosinophils from fowls and ducks with eosinophilia.

The ultrastructure and cytochemistry of eosinophils from adult fowl and ducks with either spontaneous or experimentally induced eosinophilia were examined. The results showed that a high proportion of the eosinophils in the peripheral blood of eosinophilic birds had ultrastructural features different from those of normal eosinophils. In both species, there was a reduction in cell size. Fowl eosinophil granules showed similar morphological changes to those seen in the quail with many crescentic and vacuolated forms being present. In eosinophilic ducks, the crystalline interna of the specific granules were often fragmented or were either partially or completely lysed. Cytochemically, peroxidase activity in both species was generally unaltered in abnormal eosinophils compared with those from normal birds. This correlates with the findings in man. However, amounts of acid phosphatase and trimetaphosphatase were reduced in many cells, with a large proportion of granules being non-reactive. The latter observation corresponds with that in quail but differs from man, in which stimulated eosinophils have increased enzymatic activity.

Acid Anhydride Hydrolases↗
PubMed1986

[The growth of abdominal adipose tissue in various production-type of domestic fowl].

At hatching, the abdominal fatty tissue is less developed than the subcutaneous fatty tissue. However, it grows more intensively during the post-incubation period through both the hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the fat cells. In the cocks, hyperplasia reaches its peak at the age of 9 weeks, followed by a decrease; then hyperplasia continues until the age of 25 weeks. In the hens the peak of hyperplasia comes later, at the age of 14 weeks; then it decreases until the age of 25 weeks is reached. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy are more pronounced in the early period and are somewhat higher in the cocks. During the period of sexual maturation both processes are more intensive in the hens; owing to them, the total weight of the abdominal fatty tissue of hens increases both absolutely and relatively in comparison with the cocks. The cellularity of the first population of adipocytes is assumed to culminate at the age of three to five weeks. Then follows the cellularity of the second population which persists throughout sexual maturation. The pictures of hyperplasia and hypertrophy are qualitatively the same in different production types of fowl, but the size is twice as large in the broiler type than in the laying type of fowl.

Abdomen↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of Pasteurella multocida serotype 3,4 isolates from turkeys with fowl cholera.

Nine isolates of Pasteurella multocida serotype 3,4 were isolated from turkeys that had been vaccinated against fowl cholera but that subsequently experienced outbreaks of fowl cholera. These isolates were compared with the CU vaccine strain. Characteristics examined were antimicrobial susceptibility profiles; carbohydrate fermentation; production of bacteriocin, siderophore, and hemolysin; resistance to serum complement; membrane proteins; enzyme activities; presence of plasmids; transferability of R-plasmids; and pathogenicity. Differences were observed between the CU strain and virulent isolates of P. multocida serotype 3,4 for resistance to serum complement, presence of plasmids, hemolysis, membrane proteins, and pathogenicity. Other parameters compared did not differ significantly between the two groups. The presence of plasmids and resistance to the lytic action of complement of the isolates of P. multocida serotype 3,4 correlated with the mortality rates caused by these bacteria.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Relationship between the rate of longitudinal bone growth and physeal thickness in the growing fowl.

The thickness of the physeal cartilage (growth plate) was measured and the rate of longitudinal bone growth estimated in the femur, tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus of different groups of domestic fowl. Birds were either a laying strain or broiler strain fed ad libitum, or a broiler strain on restricted feed. They were killed at different ages from hatching to 10 weeks and the mean thickness of the physeal cartilage and the mean estimated rate of longitudinal bone growth was calculated in the proximal bone extremities. Mean physeal thickness varied from 0.185 to 0.825 mm and longitudinal growth rates between 1.85 and 8.4 mm per week. When growth rates were plotted against physeal thickness the resulting scatter diagram suggested a positive linear relationship between the two. This study provides a range of baseline values for the assessment of proximal physeal thickness in other groups of fowl.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Vascular pattern of the developing intertarsal joint in the domestic fowl.

The origin and nature of vascular canals in the distal tibiotarsus and proximal tarsometatarsus of the fowl have been described. The vascular pattern was modified at different stages of growth and there were anastomoses between epiphyseal vascular canals in the proximal tarsometatarsus. Such anastomoses are not seen in other bone extremities of the fowl and their presence may be a consequence of the incorporation of tarsal elements in proximal tarsometatarsi. In all the distal tibiotarsi examined, a third epiphyseal ossification centre was present. The pattern of metaphyseal vessels in the distal tibiotarsus and proximal tarsometatarsus was altered in some young chicks. This finding may be the result of abnormal angulation of the intertarsal joint which would result in uneven joint loading.

Animals↗