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PubMed1983

High-risk group for benign prostatic hypertrophy.

A case control study was conducted on 100 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and 100 controls matched by age and residence. Interviews were performed by well-trained urologists using an original questionnaire. Matched-pair analysis revealed the following characteristics and relative risks (RR) as being significantly (P less than 0.05) different among the BPH patients versus the controls: higher educational background (RR = 2.77); not engaged in farming, forestry, or fishing (RR = 4.82); no environmental pollution at work (RR = 2.90); a present annual income of more than 2,400,000 yen (RR = 3.84); a previous annual income of more than 2,400,000 yen (RR = 3.82); practice the highest standard of living (RR = 4.24); more than two children (RR = 2.67); experienced first nocturnal emission before reaching the age of 20 (RR = 3.11); expanding more than 10 min to complete one act of sexual intercourse (RR = 2.43); having no episode of sexual impotence that lasted more than 1 month (RR = 2.29); no family history of gastric ulcer (RR = 7.98); no family history of breast cancer (RR = 8.25); regular consumption of milk (RR = 2.25); irregular consumption of green and yellow vegetables (RR = 3.91); and pickles not consumed at every meal (RR = 1.99). Characteristics that did not achieve a high level of statistical significance (0.05 less than P less than 0.10) between cases and controls were as follows: past history of gonorrhea, urethritis, or prostatitis and syphilis (RR = 1.84, 2.76, and 4.26, respectively), and daily meat consumption (RR = 3.18). On the basis of interviews of the patients and cases reported in this study, we conclude that dietary and sexual habits may be important factors which place individuals at a higher risk for developing BPH.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Toxicity of a new molt-inducing insecticide (RH-5992) to aquatic macroinvertebrates.

The molt-inducing insecticide RH-5992, a potent ecdysone agonist, is being evaluated for potential use in forestry to control defoliating lepidopterans. The possible adverse effects of RH-5992 on nontarget aquatic organisms were studied in two test systems. Acute lethal effects were determined for one aquatic amphipod and 11 species of aquatic insects in laboratory flowthrough toxicity tests. Lethal and behavioral effects (drift response) on the amphipod and 8 species of stream insects were also evaluated under natural environmental conditions and more realistic exposure regimens in outdoor stream channels. There were no significant effects on drift or survival of the test species exposed to RH-5992 at the maximum test concentration of 3.5 mg/liter (100x the worst-case expected environmental concentration) in laboratory toxicity tests and stream channel treatments. Mortality of the amphipod Gammarus sp. in one toxicity test was considered an artifact, because there was no significant mortality in subsequent tests at concentrations up to 7.0 mg/liter, or in stream channels treated at 3.5 mg/liter. Yellow birch leaves were sprayed with RH-5992 at a rate of 50 g/ha and tested for residual toxic effects on two species of shredding invertebrates in the outdoor stream channels. There was no feeding inhibition or lethal effect on either test species resulting from consumption of the contaminated foliage. The candidate insecticide RH-5992 does not appear to pose undue risk of direct adverse effects to aquatic macroinvertebrates, particularly in water bodies where residues are likely to be short lived following aerial applications (e.g., lotic systems).

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Safety testing of tebufenozide, a new molt-inducing insecticide, for effects on nontarget forest soil invertebrates.

Tebufenozide, a new molt-inducing insecticide that mimics the action of ecdysone, is being considered for use to control defoliating lepidoptera in forests in Canada. Soil microcosms, employing substrates and species from the ecosystems in which spraying is likely to occur, were used to evaluate the effects of this compound on soil invertebrates. The forest earthworm (Dendrobaena octaedra Savigny) and four species of Collembola (Folsomia candida Willem, F. nivalis (Packard), Onychiurus parvicornis Mills, and Hypogastrura pannosa Macnamara) were tested. Survival, growth, and reproduction (cocoon production and viability) in the forest earthworm D. octaedra were not affected by exposure to tebufenozide at concentrations up to and including 100x expected environmental concentration (EEC; equivalent to the operational spray rate; 70 g/ha) in leaf litter over a 10-week period. Similarly, population growth over 8-10 weeks in the four species of soil Collembola in LFH material contaminated with tebufenozide at 100x EEC was not affected. Based on the results of these (limited) tests, it therefore appears that, under normal operational conditions, tebufenozide should not pose a hazard to soil invertebrates. The selection of appropriate test species and systems for forestry applications is discussed.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1993

Occupation and the prevalence of major depression, alcohol, and drug abuse in the United States.

These data from the ECA research program clearly indicate considerable variation in prevalence among different occupational groups in the United States for major depression, alcohol abuse/dependence, and drug abuse/dependence. For example, the crude lifetime prevalences for depression ranged from 0.7 to 8.6 per 100; for alcohol it was 7.5 to 32.6, and for drugs it was 3.1 to 10.5. The results also indicate that some occupations are associated with much higher rates of ADM problems. By way of illustration, the 6-month crude prevalence of major depression for the total sample of employed persons 18-64 years of age was 2.9. Six of the occupational groups had prevalences which exceeded this rate. The overall 6-month prevalence of alcohol abuse/dependence was 5.8, and six occupational groups had prevalences in excess of this. Similarly, the overall 6-month prevalence was 2.6 for drug abuse/dependence, and five occupational groups had prevalences which exceeded this. Translated into terms of relative risk, it is clear that among the occupational groups some are at markedly increased risk of ADM disorders. For these comparisons, we used as the baseline group in logistic regression analyses, Job 1, composed of executive, administrative, and managerial occupations. This group is the first in the Census classification, had crude rates near the overall prevalence rates for depression, alcohol, and drugs, and is also one of the occupational categories with the highest prestige. Logistic regression analyses were done with and without controls for differences among occupational groups in gender, age, and educational level. As might be expected, adjustment in general narrowed differences in prevalence among occupational groups, and even on occasion, changed the rank order of groups slightly. However, in general, those groups with higher odds ratios based on crude rates also had higher adjusted odds ratios. Table 6 summarizes our findings, based on the adjusted odds ratios. In this table, we list occupational groups which had a relative risk of 30% or greater above baseline (Job 1), for both 6 month and lifetime prevalences, for each of the three ADM disorders. As can be seen, there is virtually no overlap between risk of depression, on the one hand, and risk of alcohol or drug abuse. The exceptions are Job 4 (sales) which ranked third for major depression and second for alcohol abuse in terms of 6-month prevalence, and Job 9 (farming, fishing, forestry), which had the [table: see text] highest lifetime risk for major depression and the second-highest 6-month risk for drug abuse/dependence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Identification and molecular characterization of the Choristoneura fumiferana multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus genomic region encoding the regulatory genes pkip, p47, lef-12, and gta.

Choristoneura fumiferana multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (CfMNPV) is a baculovirus pathogenic to spruce budworm, the most damaging insect pest in Canadian forestry. CfMNPV is less virulent to its host insect and its replication cycle is slower than the baculovirus type species Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) but the basis of these characteristics is not known. We have now identified, localized, and determined the sequence of the region of CfMNPV carrying potentially important regulatory genes including p47, lef-12, gta, and pkip. DNA database searches revealed that this region of CfMNPV is most closely related to the homologous OpMNPV genes. Transcription analysis demonstrated that CfMNPV P47 is encoded by a 1.6-kb transcript, LEF-12 is encoded by a 2.6-kb transcript, and GTA is encoded by a 2.1-kb transcript. Transcripts for these genes were detectable at 6 h postinfection but all of them showed a burst in expression levels between 12 and 24 h postinfection corresponding to the time of initiation of CfMNPV DNA replication. A polyclonal antibody, raised against CfMNPV P47, detected a nuclear 43-kDa polypeptide from 12 to 72 h postinfection, demonstrating that the CfMNPV p47 gene product is first expressed at a time corresponding to the burst of transcriptional activity between the early and the late phases. Both AcMNPV and CfMNPV P47 translocate to the nucleus of infected cells.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Swedish pesticide risk reduction 1981-1995: food residues, health hazard, and reported poisonings.

The Swedish Government has initiated three pesticide risk-reduction programs since the mid-1980s. Risk-reduction achievements have been measured mainly in terms of reduction in quantities sold. In this review, risk-reduction achievements have been described also in terms of pesticide residues in foods, both imported and grown domestically, acute health hazard to the users, and reported poisonings. The time periods selected for comparisons are 1981-1985 (which is the Government's baseline period), 1990-1994 for food residues and poisonings, and 1991-1995 for acute health hazard and quantities sold. The quantity of pesticides as active ingredient (ai) sold for use in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry decreased from a total of 22,800 tons during 1981-1985 to 8450 tons in 1991-1995, a 63% reduction. Published data on pesticide residues in domestically grown fruits and vegetables show that the proportion of cases of reported residues higher than 20% of the maximum residue limit has decreased only slightly, from 6.9% to 6.2%. Residues in imported food crops of the same type increased from 31% to 37%. Overall, the achieved 63% reduction of quantities used may have resulted in only a 10% reduction in number of cases of reported residues. A forthcoming report on pesticide intake via food from the National Food Administration may shed light on any trends in actual residue levels. The degree of goal fulfillment for the pesticide residue monitoring program and for pesticide residue levels in food is difficult to judge because of imprecise goal formulations. An estimate of the potential acute health hazard to the pesticide users, based on quantities and acute toxicity of individual pesticides, indicates that the acute health hazard in terms of "acute toxicity equivalents" decreased by 71%. The number of poisonings caused by acute exposure at the workplace has decreased between 1984 and 1994, whereas the number of mostly harmless incidents at home has increased. The decline in workplace-related accidents and the favorable pattern and low frequency of pesticide poisonings in Sweden compared to many other countries, especially developing countries, is the result of several factors, such as the mandatory training of workers using pesticides professionally, severe restrictions in availability of pesticides for use in households, and withdrawal from the market of the most toxic pesticides. To improve the worrisome global situation, it would seem appropriate that the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization pay greater attention to the need for promotion of restrictions on availability of highly toxic and other pesticides, as recommended by FAO and WHO in 1975 (WHO/FAO 1975).

Environmental Exposure↗
PubMed1986

A case-control study on the prognosis of vibration syndrome.

A case-control study was undertaken to evaluate some factors affecting the prognosis of vibration-induced white finger (VWF), 286 workers, who had used a chain saw in forests and had showed some symptoms and signs that were suspected to be vibration syndrome during some of the years from 1956 to 1980, were selected by medical examinations from a total of 612 forestry workers, and were divided into four groups according to the prognosis of the VWF based on a twenty-year follow-up. The study shows an association between the prognosis of VWF and vibration components, particularly vibration levels, severity of the syndromes not only in peripheral circulation but also in peripheral neuropathy before exposure to vibration ceased. There are also significant associations between the prognosis of peripheral neuromuscular symptoms and the factors of aging and duration of exposure. The study suggests that smoking habits and history of heart failure and diabetes had no effect on the prognosis of VWF.

Finger Injuries↗
PubMed1989

Quantitative estimation of aesthesiometric thresholds for assessing impaired tactile sensation in workers exposed to vibration.

To evaluate the usefulness of aesthesiometric threshold testing in the quantitative assessment of peripheral sensorineural disorders occurring in the hand-arm vibration syndrome, two point discrimination (TPD) and depth sense perception (DSP) thresholds were measured by means of two aesthesiometers in the fingertips of 65 forestry workers exposed to chain saw vibration and 91 healthy males unexposed to local vibration or neurotoxic chemicals. Among the healthy subjects, divided into three age groups, there was no difference in the mean values of TPD and DSP thresholds. Assuming 1.28 or 2 standard deviations above the mean to be the upper limits of normality, in the present study the threshold values for TPD were 2.5 and 3.13 mm, respectively. Using the same assumptions, the normal threshold values for DSP were 0.36 and 0.49 mm. Among the 65 chain saw operators the prevalence of peripheral sensory disturbances was 70.8%. On the basis of the aesthesiometric results obtained for the group of 46 chain sawyers affected with sensorineural symptoms and a control group of 46 manual workers, the specificity of the aesthesiometric testing method was found to range between 93.4 and 100%, while the sensitivity varied from 52.2 to 71.7%. In its predictive value aesthesiometry had a positive accuracy of 84.6-96.0% and a negative accuracy of 42.8-50.0%. Aesthesiometric testing was able to differentiate between normals and vibration workers with sensory disturbances on a group basis (P less than 0.001), but due to the high rate of false negatives among vibration exposed patients, it was unsuitable to confirm objectively sensorineural symptoms on an individual basis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Cutaneous signs (Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactylia, and edema of the hands) and hand-arm vibration exposure.

Dermatological tests and examinations of the hand(s) were carried out in vibration-exposed and unexposed males. The subjects were 179 chain-saw workers in private forestry companies and 205 local inhabitants who had never used vibrating tools. The prevalences of Raynaud's phenomenon (RP), sclerodactylia, and edema of the hands were estimated in both groups, and associations between these cutaneous signs and vibration exposure were evaluated. The prevalences of RP and edema in the exposed group were 9.5% and 1.7%, respectively, and in the unexposed group, 2.9% and 1.5%, respectively. Sclerodactylia was seen in 31.8% of the chain-saw workers but in only 6.4% of the unexposed individuals. In statistical analyses based on unconditional logistic regression models with adjustment for age, RP was associated with long-term (> or = 20 years) vibration exposure [odds ratio (OR) = 7.06; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.51-19.87]. Sclerodactylia was associated with both short- and long-term vibration exposure (OR = 6.54, CI = 3.30-13.36; OR = 7.05; CI = 3.41-14.60, respectively). There were significant dose-response relationships between RP and duration of exposure and between sclerodactylia and duration of exposure. Results of function tests indicated a longer recovery time and a higher vibration threshold for the workers with RP. The presence of sclerodactylia, however, did not have any significant influence on function test results. It is possible to conclude that not only RP but also sclerodactylia could be induced by vibration exposure. However, most cases of sclerodactylia were not so serious as to involve disturbances of peripheral circulatory and nerve function.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Occupational exposure to some synthetic pyrethroids (permethrin and fenvalerate).

In a two-step study on exposure control method for occupational handling of permethrin was developed. Air sampling on a filter can be used in case of exposure to permethrin in powder form. The detection limit is 0.001 mg/m3. If biological sampling is used, the acid metabolite moiety in the urine must be monitored. However, the uptake after exposure to permethrin in forestry was too low, and no urine concentration could be found. The detection limit is 0.1 microgram/ml. Six persons in a plant nursery and six planters were studied in this way. Interviews were conducted with 139 planters. Irritative symptoms form the skin and upper respiratory tract were reported in 73% for fenvalerate, 63% for permethrin (trans/cis 75/25) and 33% for permethrin (trans/cis 60/40).

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1986

[Cadmium contents in cereal samples in the past--a comparison with the present].

Samples of wheat, rye and barley from previous harvests, some of them dating back even to the past century and placed at the authors' disposal by a number of seed growers and governmental research institutions, were examined for their cadmium content by AAS or ICP-AES. Although no statistically valid data could be obtained owing to the low number of samples, it should nevertheless be stressed that the cadmium content found in cereal samples from harvests of the past were within the range of present-day wheat samples. Thus, the variation in wheat samples from former harvests was 20-100 micrograms/kg which is coincident with an average cadmium content of 50-60 micrograms/kg measured in 2000 what samples from the harvests of the last 10 years as determined in a special survey by the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry. Comparison of the results for cereals samples from harvests of the past and the samples of the survey conducted by the Ministry does not indicate a trend towards a continuously rising cadmium contents of bread cereals.

Cadmium↗
PubMed1993

The structural and functional organization of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus genome.

Baculoviruses are used as biological control agents of insect pests in agriculture and forestry. The multiple-nucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Autographa californica (AcMNPV) is the prototype baculovirus. Recently, this virus has become widely used as vector for the high-level expression of foreign genes in insect cells. An updated physical map of restriction sites as well as the location of open reading frames (ORFs) and transcripts are presented. Most characteristic is the dispersal of "early", "late", and "very late" genes over the genome and the presence of nested sets of 3' and 5' coterminal transcripts.

Baculoviridae↗
PubMed1977

[Total and organically bound mercury content in fishes from German fishing grounds (author's transl)].

In a survey sponsored by the Ministry of Food Agriculture and Forestry of the Federal Republic of Germany the mercury contamination of 759 specimens of fishes from the German fishing grounds were analysed. The determinations were performed by flameless atomic absorption (cold vapour system). -We found for the fishes of greatest economic importance herring, cod, saithe, haddock very low averages of less than 0,1 ppm. The legal limit of 1 ppm was only reached or exceeded by older fishes (ling 1.18 ppm, red-fish 1.09 ppm) and by specific kinds of fishes (shark 3.23 ppm, ray 1.69 ppm, tuna 0.80 ppm). -The organically bound mercury (methyl-Hg) which is considered especially toxic, has been determined by gas-liquid-chromatography. Methyl-Hg constitutes about 70--98% of the total mercury, a value which is in agreement with Japanese and Swedish reports on this subject.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Analysis of the structure and conditions in the cause of occupational accidents].

A random sample of 11,162 events was drawn from 225,275 accidents which were certified by the Swiss National Accident Insurance Fund, in order to assess the structural characteristics of accidents during work and their relation to a number of variables. Domicile, sex and occupation of the accident victim, activity prior to the accident, the course of the accident and its severity were studied. Forestry and the building trade exhibit high relative risks of 2.6 and 2.3, respectively. The dangers specific to separate occupations are identified. The complex relationships are examined more closely by means of log-linear models in multivariate analyses. It is found that structural variables in this model like domicile and sex do not only determine the type of occupation of the accident victim but influence the course and severity of the accident, i.e. the duration of work incapacity.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1989

Effect of submaximal exercise at low temperatures on pulmonary function in healthy young men.

In order to understand more fully the effect on pulmonary function of whole body exposure to cold during submaximal exercise, we measured pulmonary function indices in ten healthy male students and ten healthy male forestry workers of similar age following submaximal treadmill walking at different temperatures in a climatic chamber. After measuring the maximal aerobic capacity with a cycle ergometer test, the subjects had to walk on four separate occasions in the climatic chamber at an intensity of 70%-75% of their individual maximal heart rate; the first at normal room temperature and then randomly, either at 0 degrees C or at -20 degrees C, and vice versa. The duration of each walk was 8 min. Finally, each subject had to walk in the chamber at -20 degrees C for 17 min. Flow volume spirometry was performed at room temperature 1, 5, 10, and 20 min after exercise and the values were compared to baseline values taken prior to the last walking test. There were only minor changes in pulmonary function indices following exercise at different temperatures. Only one student showed a reduction of over 15% in peak expiratory flow rate after an 8-min walk at -20 degrees C. It seems that submaximal exercise of short duration, even at a temperature as low as -20 degrees C, does not impair pulmonary function in healthy young men.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Natural variation in symbiotic nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium and Frankia spp.

A description is given of the natural variation in nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium and Frankia spp. strains and the ability to form root nodules on compatible host plants. Arguments are given for the hypothesis that co-evolution has taken place through mutual interaction of host plants and indigenous Rhizobium and Frankia populations in the soil leading to most efficient symbiotic associations. The significance of root nodules as selective enrichment cultures of particular strains in natural and cultivated soils is exemplified by Rhizobium leguminosarum on various ecotypes of Pisum sativum and with Frankia sp. on various actinorhizal plants, in particular Alnus spp., in different geographic regions. The importance of a host-dependent distribution of Rhizobium and Frankia spp. for agriculture and forestry is discussed.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed2003

A technique for estimating maximum harvesting effort in a stochastic fishery model.

Exploitation of biological resources and the harvest of population species are commonly practiced in fisheries, forestry and wild life management. Estimation of maximum harvesting effort has a great impact on the economics of fisheries and other bio-resources. The present paper deals with the problem of a bioeconomic fishery model under environmental variability. A technique for finding the maximum harvesting effort in fluctuating environment has been developed in a two-species competitive system, which shows that under realistic environmental variability the maximum harvesting effort is less than what is estimated in the deterministic model. This method also enables us to find out the safe regions in the parametric space for which the chance of extinction of the species is minimized. A real life fishery problem has been considered to obtain the inaccessible parameters of the system in a systematic way. Such studies may help resource managers to get an idea for controlling the system.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Biological effects of macrotetrolide antibiotics and nonactic acids.

Published results as well as patent applications on biological effects of macrotetrolides and nonactic acids are reviewed. Their antimicrobial, antiprotozoan (coccidiostatic), antiparasitic (anthelminthic), insecticidal and acaricidal (miticidal) effects and also newly described immunosuppressive and plant growth stimulating activities are described. Both theoretical papers and practical applications including the effects of macrotetrolides on the environment are included; a particular target organism and precise dosage (e.g. LD50) are reported, in agreement with the original papers. It appears that macrotetrolides and their homologs are very prospective bioactive compounds that find application in agriculture, forestry, human and veterinary medicine while their negative effects on the environment are restricted to a minimum (biological quality of soil and water etc.).

Animals↗