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PubMed1995

Uptake of amino acids by the parasitic, flagellated protist Trichomonas vaginalis.

HPLC techniques have been applied to study amino acid uptake and release by Trichomonas vaginalis under a variety of conditions. Studies on the growth of T. vaginalis in complex media and the survival of the parasite in simple media, with and without amino acids and/or maltose, have shown that the growth or survival of T. vaginalis is better in the presence of maltose than when it is absent, and that greater amounts of amino acids are consumed by T. vaginalis in the absence of maltose. The results are consistent with several amino acids, notably arginine, threonine, leucine and methionine, being used by T. vaginalis as energy substrates. T. vaginalis released alanine and glycine into the culture media, the excretion being greater in the presence of maltose. These studies have provided new data on the uptake and release of amino acids by T. vaginalis and pave the way for detailed analysis of key enzymes and the regulation of the pathways involved.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2003

Photoactivated adenylyl cyclase controls phototaxis in the flagellate Euglena gracilis.

Euglena gracilis, a unicellular freshwater protist exhibits different photomovement responses, such as phototaxis (oriented movement toward or away from the light source) and photophobic (abrupt turn in response to a rapid increase [step-up] or decrease [step-down] in the light fluence rate) responses. Photoactivated adenylyl cyclase (PAC) has been isolated from whole-cell preparations and identified by RNA interference (RNAi) to be the photoreceptor for step-up photophobic responses but not for step-down photophobic responses (M. Iseki, S. Matsunaga, A. Murakami, K. Ohno, K. Shiga, C. Yoshida, M. Sugai, T. Takahashi, T. Hori, M. Watanabe [2002] Nature 415: 1047-1051). The present study shows that knockdown of PAC by RNAi also effectively suppresses both positive and negative phototaxis, indicating for the first time that PAC or a PAC homolog is also the photoreceptor for photoorientation of wild-type E. gracilis. Recovery from RNAi occurred earlier for step-up photophobic responses than for positive and negative phototaxis. In addition, we investigated several phototaxis mutant strains of E. gracilis with different cytological features regarding the stigma and paraxonemal body (PAB; believed to be the location for the phototaxis photoreceptor) as well as Astasia longa, a close relative of E. gracilis. All of the E. gracilis mutant strains had PAC mRNAs, whereas in A. longa, a different but similar mRNA was found and designated AlPAC. Consistently, all of these strains showed no phototaxis but performed step-up photophobic responses, which were suppressed by RNAi of the PAC mRNA. The fact that some of these strains possess a cytologically altered or no PAB demonstrates that at least in these strains, the PAC photoreceptor responsible for the step-up photophobic responses is not located in the PAB.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMed1995

Opposite Regulation of the Copy Number and the Expression of Plastid and Mitochondrial Genes by Light and Acetate in the Green Flagellate Chlorogonium.

In the unicellular green alga Chlorogonium elongatum (Chlamydomonadaceae), the formation of both the photosynthetic and the respiratory apparatus is under the control of light and acetate. Autotrophically cultured cells possess a 3-fold higher copy number of the plastid genes rbcL and psbA than cells cultivated in the dark with acetate (heterotrophic cells). Under mixotrophic conditions (light and acetate), both genes are present at an intermediate level. This pattern is repeated at the mRNA level. The amounts of rbcL and psbA mRNAs are approximately 3-fold higher in autotrophic cells than in heterotrophic ones and are intermediate in mixotrophic cells. As expected, the copy number of the nuclear-encoded rbcS gene is constant irrespective of the applied culture conditions. RbcS mRNA, however, is 7-fold more frequent in autotrophic than in heterotrophic cells. Again, mixotrophic cells show an intermediate level. In contrast to genes encoding plastid proteins, the copy number and transcript level of the mitochondrial cob gene are approximately 5-fold higher in heterotrophic cells than in autotrophic ones. As before, mixotrophic cells take an intermediate position. Therefore, light and acetate control the genes involved in the formation of either the photosynthetic or the respiratory apparatus in a coordinated but opposite manner.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1981

Regulation of the synthesis of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and its subunits in the flagellate Chlorogonium elongatum. I. The effect of light and acetate on the synthesis and the degradation of the enzyme.

Shifting of heterotrophically cultured cells of Chlorogonium elongatum to autotrophic culture conditions results in a more than tenfold increase in the level of the chloroplastic enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase. This increase in enzyme amount is caused by an increased synthesis of the enzyme de novo under both growth conditions. The synthesis of the enzyme is mainly under the control of two factors. Light promotes the synthesis, while acetate, the carbon source of this organisms, has a strong inhibitory effect on this process. Since a mutant lacking chlorophyll shows a normal response to the change of culture conditions the chlorophylls can be ruled out as photoreceptors.

Acetates↗