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PubMed1994

[In the beginning was the child...Is health and course of life determinated already in utero and during early childhood?].

This question has been asked in many medical journals in recent years. The British research group, DJP Barker and co-workers, has performed a series of studies where the delayed effects of the early environment have been documented. The studies comprise ecological, individual follow-up and case control studies, as well as studies of trends over time. They show associations between different measures of children's living conditions at birth and during the first year of life, and the prevalence of different diseases among adults, especially ischaemic heart disease. The Norwegian researchers Forsdahl and Waaler have also done early fundamental work in this field. The Barker group interprets their findings by suggesting that nutrition in foetal and early life is crucial. However, alternative interpretations of their findings have been suggested. The most important objection is perhaps that socio-economic conditions at birth tend to persist throughout life, and that these conditions are more decisive for adult health than the conditions associated with foetal life and birth. Longitudinal, prospective studies which could provide conclusive evidence are lacking.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

The demographics of unfunded pensions.

The performance of pay-as-you-go old-age insurance under different demographic conditions can be estimated from a metric consisting of the implicit rate of return to successive cohorts. The author shows a positive return for the prospective population over the next few years, but for cohorts born after the end of the century returns will become sharply negative. A decline in returns is typical of pay-as-you-go schemes as they mature, and a change to negative returns is typical in particular as the birth rate falls under fixed economic conditions. The return can be kept positive by greatly increased fertility or immigration. Taking labor-force participation rates into account, and supposing entitlement independent of contribution, gives much larger negative rates of return, however. The main calculations considered here are for schemes with a constant pension. If the contribution rather than the pension is kept constant then the disparities between cohorts with respect to their returns are smaller, and although the negative returns for future generations then set in earlier they are smaller. The conclusions of the paper are broadly applicable to any population that showed a baby boom after World War II and replacement-level or lower fertility subsequently.

Americas↗
PubMed1992

Socio-economic factors and feto-infant mortality.

During this century, improvements in fetal and infant mortality have been dramatic in the western world, mainly as a result of improved socio-economic conditions. Relative to many other developed countries, the decrease has been more dramatic in the Nordic countries. Population-based health registries exist in all Nordic countries. By record-linkage between birth registries and census data, it is possible to perform population-based studies on the association between social factors and feto-infant mortality. Such studies have recently been carried out in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden and socio-economic differences in late fetal and postneonatal death rates were seen. Death rates as well as the relative importance of socio-economic factors differed between these countries. In Norway, infants delivered by women with 9 years or less of schooling faced an almost three-fold increased risk of dying postneonatally as compared to infants delivered by women with at least 12 years of education. In order to successfully decrease the socio-economic differences in feto-infant mortality between and within the Nordic countries, it is necessary to analyse possible preventable risk factors that are distributed unevenly not only in different socio-economic groups but also between the Nordic countries.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Oskar Vogt and the founding of the Berlin Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research under conditions of imperialistic scientific policy].

The building up of the Berlin Institute for Brain Research finished in 1931 is the result of inconsistant developmental needs immanent to neuro-sciences on the one hand and science policy interests of imperialistic groups in the Weimarian Germany on the other hand. The theoretical and organizational analysis of the institutional concept realized by plans of Oskar Vogt gives evidence for its usefulness on principle for recent plannings of new brain research institutions too. But only after destroying the fascist dictatorship realistic developmental perspectives for brain research grew up in either German states depending on their various socio-economic conditions.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1996

The first year of hyperinflation in the former Soviet Union: nutritional deprivation among elderly pensioners, 1992.

OBJECTIVES: Hyperinflation began in early 1992 in the former Soviet Union. This paper describes factors associated with nutritional status that year among elderly pensioners. METHODS: Approximately 300 pensioners were selected randomly in each of eight cities. Surveys of diet, weight, health status, and social and economic conditions were done between June and December 1992. This paper reports on 2281 completed questionnaires. RESULTS: Half the pensioners reported that they had lost 5 or more kilograms in the prior 6 months; 57% did not have enough money to buy food, and 39% needed medicines they could not afford. Forty percent consumed less than a half kilogram of meat, 50% consumed less than a half kilogram of fruit, a third consumed less than a liter of milk, and a third consumed less than 2 kg of bread per week. Weight loss was strongly associated with not having enough money to buy food, and inability to afford medication, and consumption of fewer than three meals a day. Concurrent with these conditions, there was a large increase in mortality in Russia. CONCLUSIONS: The results of these surveys suggest that many elderly pensioners were experiencing severe nutritional deprivation in the latter half of 1992.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Ageing in rural China: impacts of increasing diversity in family and community resources.

The majority of China's population lives in rural areas and a pattern is emerging of very uneven provision of support for rural elderly people. Local economic conditions and broad demographic trends are creating diversity in the ability both of rural families to care for their elderly kin and in the capacity of communities to support their elderly residents and family carers. In part as a consequence of China's population policy and the 'one-child policy', future Chinese families will have fewer members and be 'older', but they will continue to be regarded emotionally and in policy as the main source of economic and social support for the elderly. The increasing involvement of women in the paid workforce and the changing geographical distribution of family members resulting from work-related migration, are reducing the ability of families to care for their elderly relatives. The availability of resources other than the family for the care of older persons therefore becomes a key issue. Communities in more prosperous, modernising rural areas are often able to provide their elderly residents with welfare and social benefits previously found almost exclusively in urban areas. However, in poorly developed rural areas, provision is either very patchy or non-existent and the local economy cannot support expansion or improvement. A case study in Zhejiang Province illustrates the favourable provision for ageing in a prosperous modernising rural community, in which entitled elderly residents are provided with an impressive array of financial and social benefits. The paper concludes with a consideration of the policy implications of the growing differentiation of the social and economic capacity of rural communities to support their elderly members.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Gender differences in prevalence and socioeconomic determinants of hypertension: findings from the WHO STEPs survey in a rural community of Vietnam.

In Vietnam, hypertension was estimated to cause a large number of deaths in hospitals. However, population-based knowledge about the magnitude of hypertension in Vietnam and its relationship with socioeconomic status, especially in the rural communities, still remains scarce. This paper, taking advantage of a study on noncommunicable disease (NCD) risk factors in Bavi district, Vietnam, using the WHO STEPs approach, estimates the prevalence of hypertension in the setting and examines its association with some socioeconomic factors. A representative sample comprising 2000 adults aged 25-64 years were selected randomly and surveyed in 2002. The JNC VII criteria for hypertension were used. Socioeconomic status of the study subjects was estimated by assessing their education, occupation and economic conditions. Descriptive techniques and multivariate logistic regression were used. The prevalence of hypertension was 14.1%. Of hypertensives, only 17.4% were aware of their hypertensive status. Men were hypertensive more often than women and age was positively associated with hypertension. The association between hypertension and socioeconomic status was complex and differed between men and women. Among men, those with lower educational and occupational status but who were richer were more likely to be hypertensive. More women with lower occupational and economic status were hypertensive.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Clinical study of dental and periodontal infectious complications observed at the Central Hospital of Yaounde--apropos of 161 cases].

The septic condition resulting from an apical infection, a peridontal infection, an accident of dental eruption or post-extraction can be disseminated and can lead to complications. A retrospective study of 161 cases admitted at the Central Hospital of Yaounde from 1995 to 1998 was done with the aim of establishing a distribution according to sex, age, profession, infectious stage and causes of late consultation as well as the relation between the infectious stage, aetiology, age and profession. It was observed that: the age group mostly affected were: 10-19 years (25.46%) and 20-29 years (30.43%), it was at the late stage of abscess (54.03%) and of phlegmon (32.91%) that the patients came for consultation and this was primarily due to poor socio-economic conditions (55.90%), abscess was formed mostly among the students of 10-19 years and 0-9 years while phlegmon was observed mostly among the students between 20-29 years. It was for these reasons that we suggest: a better prevention of infectious dental diseases in schools and universities, a sensibilisation of parents and educators on the economic interest of early treatment of these infections.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Dried poultry waste for cows grazing low-quality winter forage.

Two trials conducted in 1996-97 measured BW and body condition score changes of cows fed different sources of degradable intake protein, including dried poultry waste and soybean meal, while grazing low-quality winter forages. In Trial 1, 60 spring-calving cows (5 yr; 555 kg) were used in an individual supplementation trial. Cows were gathered three times a week, sorted into individual pens, and fed their respective supplement. Cows grazed dormant native Sandhills winter range (common pasture) and were assigned to one of six supplemental treatments: 1) no supplement, 2) urea, 3) 22% dried poultry waste + urea, 4) soybean meal, 5) 22% dried poultry waste + soybean meal, or 6) 44% dried poultry waste. All supplements were based on wheat middlings and soybean hulls and were formulated to contain 44% CP. Thirty-six cows were selected randomly (six per treatment) for a 5-d measurement of forage intake from December 16 through December 20, 1996. Cows receiving supplements gained more weight (P < 0.001) and maintained greater body condition (P < 0.001) than unsupplemented cows. Cows receiving urea gained less (P < 0.10) than cows receiving a source of natural protein, but body condition remained similar. No differences were found in daily forage or total organic matter intake (P > 0.10). In Trial 2, cows grazed corn residues. Forty-eight spring-calving cows were group-fed supplements in one of six 4-ha paddocks. Cows received supplements containing either soybean meal or dried poultry waste that were the same as the soybean meal and 44% dried poultry waste supplements fed in Trial 1; gains were not different (P > 0.10). Under the economic conditions that existed at the time of these experiments, the supplement containing dried poultry waste resulted in a savings of $.04 per cow per day and a total savings of $3.20 per cow over an 80-d period. Feeding a supplement containing dried poultry waste resulted in performance similar to that when feeding a more conventional supplement containing soybean meal.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1984

New directions in the modelling of interregional migration.

"This paper suggests two new approaches to modeling job-related migration. Both approaches are designed to simultaneously capture the inertia of past flows and information pertaining to economic conditions. One approach makes use of the incremental form of the logit model, and the other models the job application and competition process. Both techniques are illustrated using interregional migration flow data for the United States, and the results are compared with other migration models."

Americas↗
PubMed2005

Severity of dental caries among 12-year-old Sudanese children with different fluoride exposure.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of fluoride on the severity of caries among children exposed to different concentrations of fluoride in the drinking water and living in rural areas in the Sudan. Permanently resident schoolchildren (n = 299) aged 11-13 years from three villages were clinically examined under field conditions. The caries criterion was teeth in need of extraction or extracted; only molars were recorded. Dental fluorosis was scored on all buccal tooth surfaces by the Thylstrup and Fejerskov index. The fluoride concentrations of the drinking water were assessed in samples (n = 25) collected from wells and households. Predictors of caries were assessed by logistic regression analyses. There was no significant difference regarding age and gender distribution between the areas (P > 0.05, df = 2, Kruskal-Wallis test). The socio-economic conditions in these villages were presumed to be equal. Significantly different fluoride concentrations in the drinking water were verified by the severity of dental fluorosis. Children in Abu Delaig, drinking water with 1.0-2.0 mg fluoride/L (median = 1.8), had significantly higher caries prevalence (21% versus 8%) than in a 0.4 mg fluoride area. Area was the only significant predictor for caries; odds ratio 3.7 for children in Abu Delaig compared with the low fluoride area. There was no difference in caries prevalence between the lowest and the highest fluoride (2.9 mg) area. This study failed to demonstrate an effect of fluoride in drinking water on caries experience when the end point was molars indicated for extraction or missing because of caries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Pityriasis rosea in secondary schools in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso].

BACKGROUND: Pityriasis rosea is a spontaneously regressive benign erythematous squamous dermatosis. A better understanding of this condition in developing countries would be useful. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a cross section study based on one-day surveys in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, secondary schools. The stratified cluster sampling method described by Henderson was used. Six thousand pupils were examined to collect epidemiology and clinical data and to determine the presence of complications and results of complementary explorations performed. RESULTS: Thirty-six cases of pityriasis rosea were observed (0.6 p. 100). Prevalence was higher in children from an unfavorable social and economic background. A typical eruption was often observed with classical localizations and morphology in 86.1 p. 100 of the cases. Pruritus was often observed with an inaugural lesion (61.1 p. 100) predominantly on the upper limbs (54.6 p. 100) and the trunk (31.8 p. 100) measuring 1 to 3 cm. A typical second eruption was found in most cases, situated on the trunk (75 p. 100), distal portions of the limbs (64.4 p. 100), proximal portions of the limbs (33.3 p. 100) and the neck (30.5 p. 100). The eruption evolved for 1 week to 1 month in most cases (61 p. 100). In 55.5 p. 100 of the cases, therapeutic abstention was the rule. Secondary treatment-related complications occurred in 38.9 p. 100 of the cases. Stool studies generally demonstrate ameba cysts. Syphilis serology was negative. DISCUSSION: Our sampling technique in the secondary school setting provided a representative sample of the urban population of African cities. This work demonstrated the variability of prevalence by social and economic conditions and is in favor of an infections cause, demonstrating several similar features with other series reported in the literature. Generally, a stool study is not necessary and syphilis serology is negative in typical cases. Health care workers should be more aware of pityriasis rosea in order to avoid poorly adapted treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

The economic implication in pregnancy outcome.

The economic implication in pregnancy outcome is evaluated in a Spanish homogeneous population. The potential risk is assessed for: prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation, perinatal mortality and major malformation. The husband's employment appears worthless as an economic parameter. The best estimators of economic level in our population are the total income per capita and the monthly food allowance per capita. Study results clearly support the relationship between poverty and prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation and major malformation. No correlation is found between perinatal mortality and lower economic conditions, which differs from previous reports. The author suggests that perinatal problems be differentiated from each other in studies of risk factors.

Congenital Abnormalities↗
PubMed1984

[A contraceptive social marketing (CSM) program needs continuity of management: the Asociacion Demografica Salvadorena (ADS) in 1983].

The Association Demografica Salvadorena (ADS) learned an important lesson during 1983--a contraceptive social markeing (CSM) program needs continuity of management to ensure that all components remain inegrated and all actions are coordinated within the organization. Ever since in early 1983, ADS has not had an executive specifically assigned to run the CSM project and make the important month-by-month, tactical decisions that keep a program's activities focused on meeting sales goals. Instead, executive tasks were delegated on an ad hoc basis to ADS' administrative staff. Fortunately, the program's administrative design was well-developed, and ADS' dedicated personnel were able to effectively accomplish the daily business of keeping records and getting products out to retailers. Advertising, promotion and product development suffered, however. So the new executive or general manager will need to examine these areas 1st. Although El Salvador's CSM operates in unstable social and economic conditions, and despite a dramatic fall in condom sales last year, the ADS can still do much to increase its couple years of protection at costs significantly lower than those of clinic and community-based distribution systems. Research done thus far indicates a substantial demand for ADS products. Consequently, while not set in ideal conditions, physical distribution and marketing functions can be accomplished. But, as the ADS has discovered, even with a strong leader like Dr. Gustavo Argueta, CSM enterprises do not function automatically. Producing projected sales goals depends on the continuity of "hands-on" management.

Americas↗
PubMed2000

Socio-demographic and maternal determinants of low birth weight: a multivariate approach.

A community based study was conducted in the rural areas of Udupi taluk, Karnataka state of South India to identify the socio-demographic, maternal and obstetric determinants of low birth weight. All singleton live births that occurred in the study area during a one year period (October 1991 to September 1992) were included. A total of 2919 singleton child-mother pairs formed the basis of the analysis. Information about social, demographic and economic conditions of the families; maternal factors such as age, parity, quality of antenatal care and previous obstetric history were collected by interviewing the mothers and family members and verifying the available medical records through the field investigators especially recruited and trained for this purpose. Data was analyzed using multiple logistic regression model. Primis, elderly mothers and mothers who had not received good quality antenatal care were found to be more at risk of having low birth weight babies. Other significant determinants were family custom, socio-economic status and environmental sanitation.

Female↗
PubMed1991

Nutritional problems of developing countries.

The nutritional problems of developing countries are conditioned by poverty, near exclusive reliance on plant sources of nutrients, and high rates of infections. Common deficiency diseases include protein-energy malnutrition, nutritional anemias, vitamin A deficiency, iodine deficiency, and possibly others. Population subgroups at particularly high risk are the children and women of poor families. Control of these nutritional diseases requires systematic diagnosis of the existing situation and appropriate intervention strategies such as targeted food and specific micronutrient supplementation, food fortification, nutrition education, and reductions in infections as well as general improvements in economic conditions and social equity.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[ANTI-HAV IgG PREVALENCE IN A POPULTION BETWEEN 1 AND 39 YEARS OLD IN LIMA,PERU]

The prevalence of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) in a country largely reflects its standards of hygiene and socio-economic conditions. In The 80's, it was reported 98% positive anti-HAV in adults and 82% in children; the rate increased with age, from 30% in thosed aged 1 year old to 100% in those of 8 years old.From October to December 1999, we performed a Sero-epidemiologic survey to evaluate the presence of Hepatitis A antibody (anti-HAV) in 859 subjects (518 were children and 341 adults), aged fron 1 to 39 years old, divided in two groups according to their socio-economic status (high and very high, low and very low).Adults older than 20 years old had 84% positives (288/341). Children (between 1 to 14 years old) had 46.3% positives (163/352): 35.6% (57/160) from socio-economic group AB and 55.2% (106/192) in level CD.We concluded that in the last 15 years was performed as significant decrease in the prevalence of Hepatitis A virus infection in children and adolescent polpulation of Lima-Peru, forming an intermediate endemicity as epidemiological pattern.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Early cessation of breast feeding as a major cause of severe malnutrition in under twos: a hospital based study--Dodoma Region, Tanzania.

One hundred and ten consecutive children under two years of age were admitted because they were affected by severe Protein Energy Malnutrition. They were investigated to know the precipitating cause of their condition. 68 (62%) of them had a history of early weaning from the breast before 2 years, which was followed by a drastic drop of the growth curve. 16 (15%) of them adopted unilateral breast feeding. The study confirms the danger of stopping breast feeding before two years. This contrasts with other findings from Uganda, Zambia and Botswana which indicate that prolonged breast feeding is associated with higher prevalence of malnutrition in children. Further studies from other countries are necessary and opportune since the basic socio-economic conditions of the population, especially when these are as low as the case in Dodoma Region.

Breast Feeding↗