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PubMed2006

HIV global surveillance: foundation for retroviral discovery and assay development.

The high level of HIV genetic diversity has important implications for screening, diagnostic testing and patient monitoring. Continued diversification and global redistribution of HIV groups, subtypes and recombinants make it imperative that serological and molecular assays be designed and evaluated to ensure reliable performance on all HIV infections. Recognizing the importance of this issue, we initiated a comprehensive program to monitor global diversification of HIV, search for newly emerging variants, assemble large-volume panels of genetically and geographically diverse strains, and develop strategies to determine the impact of HIV diversity on assays used for detecting and monitoring HIV infection. Efforts to identify and characterize rare and emerging HIV strains have lead to the identification of HIV-1 group O, group N, and dual infections of groups M and O. A panel of plasma specimens was established that includes specimens collected from 12 countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, and South America; the panel comprises infections due to HIV-1 group M subtypes A, B, C, D, F, and G, as well as CRF01, CRF02, and unique recombinant forms, group N, and group O. Serological and molecular characterization of this unique panel has provided vital sequence data to support assay development and an invaluable source of well-defined specimens to evaluate and compare assay performance. The ability to address the challenge posed by ongoing evolution of HIV and the emergence of new variants requires continued surveillance of global HIV strain diversity, a sound scientific foundation for assay development, and suitable panels to evaluate and validate assay performance.

Africa↗
PubMed2005

Smokeless tobacco use accelerates age-related loss of bone mineral density among older women in a multi-ethnic rural community.

Cigarette smoking is a recognized risk factor for low bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis. Despite the prevalence of smokeless tobacco (ST) use by women in some areas of the United States, minority groups in the United Kingdom, and populations in South Asia and Africa, no data exist to evaluate its effect on bone health. The objective of the study is to identify risk factors for low BMD among older women in a multi-ethnic population, with particular attention to smoking and ST use. Data were collected in Robeson County, North Carolina. ST use from childhood is common among women in this community. Two hundred-forty women aged 60 years and older (approximately equal numbers of African Americans, Native Americans and whites) were recruited at a variety of community events to obtain a cross-section of the demographic composition of the county. The main outcome was BMD measured in the heel using a portable dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Twenty-nine percent of women were current or former smokers, and 26% current or former ST users. Increased BMD was predicted by greater body mass index, estrogen use in the past year, and African American and Native American ethnicity. There was a significant interaction between ST use and age, and between smoking and nutritional supplement use. BMD declined with age; the decline with age was greater for women who were current or former ST users than for those who never used ST. Women who formerly smoked and did not use supplements had a decreased BMD. ST should be considered as an additional risk factor for osteoporosis in populations where its use is prevalent.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2006

Effect of chronic glucocorticoid therapy and the gender difference on bone mineral density in liver transplant patients.

BACKGROUND: Chronic glucocorticoid therapy (CGT) has been shown to result in bone density loss causing osteoporosis. Patients undergoing liver transplantation (LT) are on CGT and are at increased risk for bone disease. To further study the relationship between CGT and bone loss, we analyzed the bone mineral density (BMD) in relation to the cumulative dose of CGT in patients who had undergone LT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively collected information on 57 patients who underwent LT more than 1 year ago, which included demographics, cumulative CGT dose, BMD and t-scores of the femur/lumbar vertebra as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) for 1 and 2 years post-transplant. Patients receiving CGT >3500 mg/1st year were compared with CGT <3500 mg the first year. The group consisted of 75% males and 25% females. RESULTS: Data showed that all patients on CGT had a moderately increased risk of fracture one year post-transplant. In the high dose group, females had significantly worse femur BMD and t-scores that persisted through the second year. This difference was not seen in the low dose group. CONCLUSION: We found that all liver transplant patients on CGT have an increased risk of bone disease and that female patients receiving CGT >3500 mg the first year have a much higher risk of bone disease than males and that this risk persists during the second year. Because most of the steroids are given during the 1st month post-transplant, the amount of steroids given in this time period dictates the patients' risk for the subsequent 2 years.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2000

Assessing the chromosome copy number in metaphase II oocytes by sequential fluorescence in situ hybridization.

PURPOSE: Aneuploidy in oocytes is the main cause of failed embryo implantation and of miscarriage. At present, only limited data on the prevalence of aneuploidy in freshly collected human oocytes are available and all studies have been performed with conventional methods for karyotyping. In this feasibility study, multiple-hybridization fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was evaluated as an alternative method to determine the number of chromosomes in oocytes. METHODS: Fifty-two spare oocytes were collected from 23 patients treated with gonadotropins for intrauterine insemination or intracytoplasmic sperm injection. A conventional dual color FISH approach using mixtures of chromosome-specific standard alpha-satellite probes was applied consecutively to the chromosomes of the same metaphase II oocyte. Mixtures of three to six probes were designed in order to allow chromosome identification based on signal color and centromeric index. RESULTS: One hybridization cycle was possible in 52 uninseminated metaphase II oocytes, two hybridizations in 43 oocytes (82.7%), three hybridizations in 30 oocytes (57.6%), four hybridizations in 27 oocytes (51.9%), and five hybridizations in 15 oocytes (28.8%). Altogether, 591 chromosomes could be marked (47.4% of the entire chromosome complement, 11.4 chromosomes per oocyte). The most important single factor contributing to technical failure was loss of the oocyte from the slide. CONCLUSION: This feasibility study demonstrates that multiple-hybridization FISH can be used for the assessment of a larger proportion of the chromosome complement in oocyte as compared to previous studies based on FISH.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Should we be performing more combined hematopoietic stem cell plus solid organ transplants?

Both bone marrow and solid organ transplants (SOTs) can be life saving for a wide variety of diseases. We reviewed the literature and summarized the experiences of dual transplants. In total, 37 patients received a SOT for organ failure after a previous hematopoietic stem cell transplant. In all, 12 subjects received SOTs followed by a bone marrow transplant, while three patients received simultaneous SOTs and bone marrow transplants. Of these 52 patients, 37 were alive at the time of the original report at follow-up times ranging from 3 months to 8 years. A special registry for data collection may prove helpful for obtaining long-term follow-up data and providing outcome information that may improve future patient survival.

Bone Marrow Transplantation↗
PubMed2003

Use of self-expandable metallic stents in benign GI diseases.

BACKGROUND: The self-expandable metallic stent is of proven benefit in patients with malignant disease; however, its use in patients with benign disease is not well established. There are few data available regarding long-term complications and outcomes with use of self-expandable metallic stents in benign disease and virtually none regarding attempted removal once the acute problem is resolved. METHODS: Thirteen patients who had a self-expandable metallic stent placed for benign GI disorders were included in a retrospective analysis. Data collected included patient demographics, indication for procedure, type of stent used, complications, and patient outcomes. RESULTS: Thirteen patients (7 women, 6 men; mean age 67 years, range 34-84 years) had one or more self-expandable metallic stents placed for benign disease and were followed for a mean of 3.4 years (3 weeks to 10 years). Of the 13 patients, 8 had esophageal stents, 4 biliary stents, and 1 had dual stents placed in the pancreaticobiliary tree. Complications developed in 8 (62%) patients; 4 (31%) ultimately died, either from the primary disease process (3) or from stent-related complications (1). CONCLUSIONS: Self-expandable metallic stent placement is effective treatment for benign esophageal leaks, providing the stent can be removed. It also may be used in either the esophagus or biliary tree in patients who are poor candidates for surgery and short expected survival. However, a self-expandable metallic stent should not be placed in a patient with a benign GI disorder who has a significant life expectancy and is a good candidate for surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Prediction of nephrotoxicant action and identification of candidate toxicity-related biomarkers.

A vast majority of pharmacological compounds and their metabolites are excreted via the urine, and within the complex structure of the kidney,the proximal tubules are a main target site of nephrotoxic compounds. We used the model nephrotoxicants mercuric chloride, 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide, hexachlorobutadiene, mitomycin, amphotericin, and puromycin to elucidate time- and dose-dependent global gene expression changes associated with proximal tubular toxicity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed via intraperitoneal injection once daily for mercuric chloride and amphotericin (up to 7 doses), while a single dose was given for all other compounds. Animals were exposed to 2 different doses of these compounds and kidney tissues were collected on day 1, 3, and 7 postdosing. Gene expression profiles were generated from kidney RNA using 17K rat cDNA dual dye microarray and analyzed in conjunction with histopathology. Analysis of gene expression profiles showed that the profiles clustered based on similarities in the severity and type of pathology of individual animals. Further, the expression changes were indicative of tubular toxicity showing hallmarks of tubular degeneration/regeneration and necrosis. Use of gene expression data in predicting the type of nephrotoxicity was then tested with a support vector machine (SVM)-based approach. A SVM prediction module was trained using 120 profiles of total profiles divided into four classes based on the severity of pathology and clustering. Although mitomycin C and amphotericin B treatments did not cause toxicity, their expression profiles were included in the SVM prediction module to increase the sample size. Using this classifier, the SVM predicted the type of pathology of 28 test profiles with 100% selectivity and 82% sensitivity. These data indicate that valid predictions could be made based on gene expression changes from a small set of expression profiles. A set of potential biomarkers showing a time- and dose-response with respect to the progression of proximal tubular toxicity were identified. These include several transporters (Slc21a2, Slc15, Slc34a2), Kim 1, IGFbp-1, osteopontin, alpha-fibrinogen, and Gstalpha.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Investigation of the air pressure characteristics influencing the variability of radon gas and radon progeny in domestic vernacular buildings.

Analysis of time-series data sets collected in vernacular buildings linked with radium source bedrock has identified a number of internal and external pressure characteristics linking meteorological parameters with the variability of radon gas and its progeny. The buildings' cellars built into the bedrock associated with the radium source have relatively high levels of radon concentration. These cellars have essentially stable microclimatic conditions, unlike the ground and upper levels of the buildings. Comparative radon concentration data collected from various comparable buildings suggest the need to distinguish between short and longer-term influences on radon concentrations. Water vapor pressure is inferred to be a principal determinant of the short-term variability of radon gas concentrations. Barometric pressure is suggested as determining the trend or general longer-term level of radon. Both of these pressure components are related to temperature. Wind speed appears to have a dual influence on radon variability: directly, through wind pressure relative to the ground and building structure particularly associated with low-pressure weather regimes; and indirectly, through changes to the water vapor pressure component.

Air Pollution, Radioactive↗
PubMed2006

GH peak response to GHRH-arginine: relationship to insulin resistance and other cardiovascular risk factors in a population of adults aged 50-90.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the GH response to GHRH-arginine in apparently healthy adults in relation to cardiovascular risk factors. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. PATIENTS: Eighty-six male and female volunteers aged 50-90. MEASUREMENTS: GH peak response to GHRH-arginine and cardiovascular risk factors, including obesity, insulin resistance, low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, and hypertension. The primary outcome measurement was GH response to GHRH-arginine. The relationship between GH peak responses and cardiovascular risk factors was determined after data collection. RESULTS: GH peaks were highly variable, ranging from 2.3 to 185 microg/l (14% with GH peaks < 9 microg/l). An increasing number of cardiovascular risk factors were associated with a lower mean GH peak (P < 0.0001). By univariate analysis, fasting glucose, insulin, body mass index (BMI), HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly associated with GH peak (all P < 0.0001). Multiple regression analysis revealed that fasting glucose, fasting insulin, BMI, triglycerides and sex accounted for 54% of GH peak variability. The role of abdominal fat as it relates to GH peak was explored in a subset of 45 subjects. Trunk fat and abdominal subregion fat measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were inversely related to GH peak (P < 0.008 and 0.001, respectively). Analysis of this subgroup by multiple regression revealed that subregion abdominal fat became the significant obesity-related determinant of GH peak, but still lagged behind fasting insulin and glucose. CONCLUSIONS: GH response to secretagogues was highly variable in apparently healthy adults aged 50-90 years. Peak GH was significantly related to fasting glucose, insulin, BMI, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, trunk fat and abdominal subregion fat, with fasting glucose ranking first by multiple regression analysis. There was a strong relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and low GH, with individual risk factors being additive. Although these data do not differentiate between low GH being a cause or an effect of these cardiovascular risk factors, they indicate that the relationship between low GH and increased cardiovascular risk may be physiologically important in the absence of pituitary disease.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2005

Bone mineral density and the risk of incident nonspinal fractures in black and white women.

CONTEXT: Black women have a lower rate of fracture than white women, but whether bone mineral density (BMD) predicts fracture risk as well in black women as it does in white women is not established. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between BMD and incident nonspinal fractures in older black and white women. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective cohort study of baseline data collected from 1986 through 1990 (7334 white women aged 67-99 years) and from 1996 through 1998 (636 black women aged 65-94 years) at 4 US clinical centers in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures; mean (SD) follow-up of 6.1 (1.5) years until October 1, 2004. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incident nonspinal fractures were confirmed by radiograpic report. Total hip and femoral neck BMD and bone mineral content were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: A total of 58 black women had a combined total of 61 fractures and 1606 white women had a combined total of 1712 fractures. In age-adjusted proportional hazard models, a 1-SD decrease in femoral neck BMD was associated with a 37% increased risk of fracture in black women (relative risk [RR], 1.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-1.74) and a 49% increase in fracture in white women (RR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.40-1.58). Adjustment for body weight and other risk factors for fracture weakened the association between BMD and fracture, especially among black women (multivariable adjusted RR per 1-SD decrease in femoral neck BMD for black vs white women: RR, 1.20 [95% CI, 0.93-1.55] vs RR, 1.42 [95% CI, 1.32-1.52]). The absolute incidence of fracture across the pooled BMD distribution was 30% to 40% lower among black women at every BMD tertile. The lower risk of fracture among black compared with white women was independent of BMD and other risk factors (RR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.36-0.64). CONCLUSIONS: Decreased total hip and femoral neck BMD is associated with an increased risk of fracture in both older black and white women, but this relationship was largely explained by other risk factors in black women. Black women have a lower fracture risk than white women at every level of BMD. Race-specific normative databases may be appropriate for the densitometric definition of osteoporosis.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Cost-effectiveness analysis of screening for osteoporosis in postmenopausal Japanese women.

Osteoporosis-related hip fracture is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in older people. In an aging society such as Japan's, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis is of paramount importance in reducing the risk of hip fracture. To determine the efficiency of screening by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for reducing the incidence of hip fracture, a cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted using a state-transition model. We compared the following four strategies in a hypothetical cohort of postmenopausal Japanese women: (1) no intervention; (2) hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for patients with osteoporosis after screening; (3) HRT for patients with osteopenia and osteoporosis after screening; and (4) universal HRT. Epidemiological and economic data were collected from published articles. HRT for patients with osteoporosis after screening was the most cost-effective strategy, with the marginal cost-effectiveness being 5.36 million yen/quality-adjusted life year (QALY). The ratios for other strategies exceeded 10 million yen/QALY. Sensitivity analyses showed that the drug effect and treatment cost of HRT had a significant influence on the results. Screening postmenopausal Japanese women and treating patients with osteoporosis may be an acceptable strategy, but its cost-effectiveness ratio seems only fair at present.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1997

Ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring.

Extraesophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux may be best diagnosed using ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring. This test involves the placemenmt of a thin pH probe in the esophagus, which is connected to a small box on a waistbelt. Studies are done in an ambulatory state in the patient's home and work environment. Data collected assesses acid exposure time over the circadian cycle and the relationship of symptoms to pH drops. Studies in adult asthmatics demonstrate abnormal amounts of acid reflux by 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring in >50% of patients. Likewise, large studies in patients with chronic ENT complaints find abnormal acid reflux values in 50-80% of patients. Several problems and issues with ambulatory pH monitoring still need addressing, including (1) the need for dual pH monitoring, (2) artifact and reproducibility, (3) normal values, (4) role in the initial diagnosis, and (5) role in the follow-up of poorly responding patients.

Esophagus↗
PubMed1998

Planning flexible learning to match the needs of consumers: a national survey.

The injection of market forces into the National Health Service (NHS) has led to nurse education being viewed as a commodity which educational institutions supply and NHS employers purchase. Conscious of the costs of paying for courses within this new consumer culture, NHS trusts and other health service employers are increasingly looking for cost-effective flexible training to educate their workforce quickly and efficiently. Parallel to this is the accelerated demand for continuing professional development (CPD) brought about by the inception of the UKCC's Post-Registration Education and Practice Project (PREPP). Both registered and enrolled nurses are finding they need professional updating and skills and thus increased access to courses. The increased demand for education and training brought about by these changes cannot be met through traditional methods alone, requiring educational institutions to re-appraise their methods of delivery and introduce more flexible approaches to learning. There is every evidence that this is now the case with open learning, distance learning and flexible approaches to learning ever growing in popularity as providers of nurse education recognize the benefits such approaches offer. The emphasis is on meeting the diverse needs of the health care employers and individuals by providing education that is flexible, learner-centred and customer focused. This paper presents the findings of a national survey to ascertain how providers of flexible education plan educational programmes to meet the needs of their customers. Based on data collected from 120 educational institutions within the higher education, health and social care and private sectors, it highlights: the ways in which flexible learning programmes and courses are delivered; what aspects of flexibility are considered important when designing programmes to meet the needs of prospective customers; and what approaches are used to assess demand for flexible education. The study stresses the need for providers of flexible education to take into account the dual perspectives of those who have a stake in the flexibility of nurse education; NHS employers as funders of students and individual healthcare professionals themselves.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2006

Amenorrhea after weight recover in anorexia nervosa: role of body composition and endocrine abnormalities.

UNLABELLED: Hypothalamic amenorrhea in anorexia nervosa often precedes weight loss and may persist after re-feeding and restoration of a stable normal weight. AIM: To assess the rate of persistent amenorrhea in anorexia nervosa (AN) after re-feeding and the relations of this condition with body composition changes and other endocrine parameters. METHODS: A cohort of 250 female outpatients was studied to assess persistent amenorrhea prevalence after stable weight recovery. Among these, we selected 20 AN female patients (age 16.5-35), 10 with amenorrhea (group 1) and 10 with normal menses (group 2). We collected data such as age, age at menarche, age at onset of AN, actual body mass index (BMI) and at onset of AN, duration of disease. Physical activity has been evaluated as minute per day. The following data were obtained: prolactin, growth hormone, estradiol, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, free urinary cortisol, serum calcium and phosphates, urinary calcium, phosphaturia and alkaline phosphatase. Body composition was assessed with a dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). RESULTS: Thirty-five patients (14%) over a cohort of 250 where still amenorrhoic after stable weight recovery. No significance was found in the evaluation of blood biochemical tests of the 2 groups. Free urinary cortisol was significantly higher in amenorrhoic patients (58.14+/-0.4 vs 15.91+/-9.5), p=0.02. The analysis of body composition has shown a percentage of fat of 22.23+/-5.32% in group 1 and of 26.03%+/-9.1% in group 2, respectively, showing no significant differences. Amenorrhoic patients carried on doing a significantly heavier physical activity than eumenorrhoic patients. CONCLUSIONS: An adequate body composition and a well represented fat mass are certainly a necessary but not sufficient condition for the return of the menstrual cycle. Such menstrual cycle recovery would probably need other conditions at present being studied and evaluated to occur, such as secretory patterns of leptin and its correlations with adrenal function.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Implantation of permanent pacemakers in the electrophysiology laboratory: what it has changed in a general teaching hospital.

BACKGROUND: Analysis of surveys concerning current practice in pacemaker implantation has shown a difference between the United States and Canada: almost 70% of pacemakers are implanted in the operating room (OR) by surgeons in Canada, while in the United States, 70% of the implantations are done in a catheterization laboratory. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact (in terms of complications, time on the waiting list, length of hospitalization and costs) of moving surgery from the OR to the electrophysiology laboratory (EPL) in a 450-bed Canadian teaching hospital. Data were collected on 100 consecutive implantations in the OR and, subsequently, on 100 procedures in the EPL. RESULTS: The populations were identical in age (68+/-18 and 69+/-18 years, respectively) and sex ratio (both groups were 58% male). The implantation technique differed: the subclavian approach was used in 73% of patients in the OR group and in 99% of those in the EPL group. Antibiotic prophylaxis was given to all patients. The dual chamber rate was 22% in the OR group and 28% in the EPL group. Complication rates were similar in the two groups. Eleven per cent of procedures in the OR group and 46% in the EPL group were elective. For patients who underwent nonelective surgery, the time from indication to implantation was reduced from 3.3+/-2.6 days in the OR group to 1. 9+/-1.8 days in the EPL group (P=0.0005), and the total stay in hospital was 10.2+/-7.4 days and 6.9+/-7.8 days, respectively (P=0. 01). For both elective and nonelective surgery, the total stay in hospital was 9.2+/-7.4 days in the OR group and 4.2+/-6.4 days in the EPL group (P<0.00001). The overall cost reduction, taking into account an arbitrary earlier discharge in the EPL group, was almost 50%. CONCLUSIONS: In this general teaching hospital, moving pacemaker implantation surgery from the OR to the EPL was safe and reduced by almost 50% the hospitalization stay by reducing the delay before implantation and by allowing elective surgery.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Effect of low dose methotrexate on bone density in women with rheumatoid arthritis: results from a multicenter cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the influence of low dose methotrexate (MTX) on bone using data from a large multicenter, cross-sectional study on bone mineral density (BMD) in women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: We selected 731 female patients with RA divided into 2 groups on the basis of MTX use: never MTX users (n = 485) and MTX users for at least 6 months (n = 246). Demographic, disease, and treatment related variables were collected for each patient. BMD was measured at lumbar spine and proximal femur by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Osteoporosis was defined as BMD < -2.5 T-score. RESULTS: The frequency of osteoporosis among never MTX users and MTX users was 29.1% and 28.3% (p = NS) for lumbar spine, and 34.8% and 37.8% (p = NS) for femoral neck, respectively. Mean T-score values at lumbar spine and femoral neck were comparable in the 2 groups, even after adjusting for age, menopausal status, body mass index (BMI), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) score, and steroid use. The generalized linear model showed that age, menopause, BMI, HAQ score, and steroid use were significant independent predictors of BMD at lumbar or at femoral level, whereas MTX use was not. Logistic procedure showed that only age, HAQ score, and BMI were significantly associated with the risk of osteoporosis. CONCLUSION: We found no negative effect of low dose MTX on BMD in women with RA.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1997

A dual approach to linogram imaging for MRI.

An alternate scheme for linogram image reconstruction, which is more logical from the viewpoint of its applicability to MRI data, is presented here. As a result, an intermediate step for this method, the direct Fourier method (DFM) gives the same results as the earlier developed general reconstruction algorithm labeled as the linogram method (LM). However, the two differ in the pathways taken to the solution. As a result, an intermediate step for DFM corresponds directly with the geometry of linogram data collected for MRI, in contrast to the LM reconstruction. The two reconstruction methods are delineated within the context of MRI data reconstruction, and applied to reconstruct images from linogram spin-echo data of a physical phantom, obtained on a clinical 1.5 T scanner.

Fourier Analysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Automatic monitoring of primate locomotor behaviour using accelerometers.

Accelerometry data were transmitted by a radio collar attached to a hand-reared red-ruffed lemur housed in a large indoor/outdoor enclosure at Chester Zoo. An observer simultaneously recorded locomotor behaviour using a manually operated event recorder. Both data streams were recorded directly to hard disk to ensure accurate synchrony. Leaps were modelled using a y = x2 - x3 formulation for the take-off acceleration, to link peak acceleration to leap distance. Cyclic locomotor modes were analysed using power spectra and the modal frequency used to estimate stride periodicity. Comparison of the dual data shows that leaping behaviour can be recorded reliably, and acceleration magnitude provides accurate predictions of the distance travelled. Cyclic activities were less well characterised, but calibration should permit travel distance estimations equalling or bettering those from conventional techniques.

Acceleration↗