Characteristics of a normal equine population of Delaware and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania, 1968-1969.
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Age Factors↗
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A report on a requirement of a dental internship for dental licensure: the State of Delaware.
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Dentistry↗
Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome) in Delaware.
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Adult↗
Meeting the challenge of mandatory continuing education.
A state's decision to institute mandatory continuing education has ramifications for individuals involved in staff development and inservice education. In collaboration with the University of Delaware College of Nursing along with the Medical Center of Delaware, the Delaware Nurses' Association in 1990 assessed the continuing education needs and interests of a convenience sample of 547 registered nurse Delaware Nurses' Association members. Analysis of the data revealed a variety of interests within practice, education, administration, and research. The most preferred method of acquiring continuing education was attendance at a live conference, with part-day morning programs favored by a majority of the sample. Consequently, staff development and inservice educators are challenged with meeting the needs of the organization and the individual employee in an era of diminishing resources.
Adult↗
Scientific achievements of Jack Kirkland to the development of HPLC and in particular to HPLC silica packings--a personal perspective.
Joseph (Jack) Kirkland is one of the outstanding protagonists of modern column liquid chromatography (HPLC). He started in 1953 as an analytical chemist at the Experimental Station of Du Pont de Nemours & Co, Wilmington, Delaware, analyzing pesticides by gas chromatography (GC). He early recognized the potential of HPLC as a powerful separation technique at the end of 1960. His major contributions to HPLC were in the field of silica based packings and stationary phases. At the beginning of the 1970's he manufactured Porous Layer Beads and later microparticulate porous silicas based at the Zorbax technology. He made outstanding contributions in the field of instrument design for HPLC and in the field of Sedimentation Field Flow Fractionation (SFFF), in HPLC method development and optimization strategies. In 1992 Jack resigned from Du Pont de Nemours & Co, Wilmington, Delaware, and joined Rockland Technologies, Newport, Delaware, as a Director of Research and Development. During this period he successfully developed a series of novel, designed reversed phase silicas. He resigned from Rockland technologies, now Agilent Technologies, Newport, Delaware, in 2001, but always remained dedicated to HPLC.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
Developing and evaluating a Spanish TEL-MED message on breast cancer.
A Spanish TEL-MED message on breast cancer was designed for Delaware. The message, created from a focus group of Latino professionals and volunteers from the American Cancer Society, Delaware Division, provides information for Latinas on breast cancer. In one minute, forty-five seconds the message answers in Spanish the following questions: (1) What are the symptoms of breast cancer? (2) What can women do to protect themselves against breast cancer? (3) What is a mammogram? (4) When should I have a mammogram done? (5) How much does a mammogram cost? The message also provides information on where to obtain low cost or free mammograms. A pamphlet in Spanish, featuring a picture of an elderly Latina listening to the phone message, describes how to access the tape. The message targets older Latinas who prefer to speak Spanish. The American Cancer Society, Delaware Division, distributed a press release featuring the Spanish TEL-MED and circulated the pamphlets to Latino organizations and churches. Evaluation of the TEL-MED message in Spanish suggests it to be an innovative way to reach older Latino women. The Spanish message on breast cancer was requested 58% as often as the breast cancer message in English, and 193% more often than the epilepsy tape in Spanish. The peak period for the calls to the Spanish TEL-MED message occurred after the initial promotional activities. These findings suggest that education of older Latinas on breast cancer can be augmented by the use of TEL-MED message in Spanish. They further suggest that the combination of TEL-MED and mass media campaign had a positive effect on Spanish speaking users of the TEL-MED.
Aged↗
Partners in action: a public health program for baccalaureate nursing students.
Because of the current state of health systems changes and bioterrorist threats, the time is ripe for expanded community-based partnerships. The project described in this article, titled Partners in Action: University of Delaware and Delaware Division of Public Health, created a replicable academic-public health partnership. This new partnership developed undergraduate public health nursing clinical experiences and addressed the documented public health resource and service needs across the state of Delaware. Twenty-six students and 20 public health staff participated in the Partners in Action program over 2 semesters. Important public health services were delivered while students developed critical public health skills and received academic credit for their work. Public health preceptors, staff, nursing students, and faculty met on a regular basis for focus groups and public health in-services, using classroom, video, and Web-based formats. Partners in Action targeted medically underserved areas and offered health education and disease screenings. Community-based organizations and residents worked with students, faculty and public health staff to develop, implement, and evaluate this partnership. Partners in Action's evaluation included formative and summative measures. Partners in Action outcomes can serve as a blueprint for the replication of such programs at other schools of nursing.
Delaware↗
Genetic variation between woodchuck populations with high and low prevalence rates of woodchuck hepatitis virus infection.
Woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) infection is known to be endemic in areas of the mid-Atlantic states but is apparently absent from populations in New York and much of New England. Blood samples of 40 woodchucks (Marmota monax) from New York and from Delaware were examined by starch gel electrophoresis, and 18 monomorphic and six polymorphic protein-coding genetic systems were identified. Mendelian inheritance of variants of the six polymorphic systems was confirmed in 52 laboratory offspring of the original samples. Average heterozygosity of 0.066 in New York woodchucks and 0.039 in Delaware woodchucks were high values for mammals, although similar to those of other sciurids. Significant heterogeneity between samples from New York and Delaware woodchucks was observed at two loci (peptidase with glycyl leucine-4 and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase), suggesting that these populations were genetically distinct. Whether there are genetically determined differences in response to WHV infection remains to be determined experimentally.
Alleles↗
Aid for International Medicine, Inc. (AIM) our first 25 years.
At the city limits of Newark, Delaware, are signs which say in part, "Welcome to Newark, a city rich in history, past and present." That sounds strange to our ears, but it does serve to point out that history is being made all the time - every day. Part of the medical history in Delaware being "made every day" concerns AIM, Aid for International Medicine, Inc. a Delaware corporation started in 1964, largely through the efforts of our own John M. Levinson. In the following article he records the chronology and accomplishments of this unusual organization. This is so different from our usual articles that I had some misgivings about publishing it. I sent it out to all members of our editorial board. The response was overwhelmingly and enthusiastically in favor of publishing it, so here it is, AIM as seen through Jack Levinson's eyes. I hope you enjoy it as much as our editorial board did.
Delaware↗
Changes in contaminant levels in New Jersey osprey eggs and prey, 1989 to 1998.
Ospreys are good indicators of the health of estuarine areas because they feed almost exclusively on fish with the balance on other aquatic biota. Through the 1980s, ospreys nesting on Delaware Bay in New Jersey had reduced reproductive success relative to those nesting on the Atlantic coast and the Maurice River, a tributary of Delaware Bay. Earlier research suggested that elevated levels of DDT and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contaminants identified in addled osprey eggs contributed to this reduced productivity. We repeated egg and prey sampling initially conducted in 1989 to evaluate the trends of contaminants in the last decade. Most organochlorine contaminants declined in osprey eggs in 1998 relative to 1989. Across three study areas, PCBs decreased from 4.1-7.7 ppm in 1989 to 1.8-3.2 ppm in 1998; DDE decreased from 1.2-3.2 ppm in 1989 to 0.7-1.2 ppm in 1998. Lead in eggs increased from an average of 0.01 to 0.30 ppm wet weight, and mercury averaged 0.12 ppm and increased only in Atlantic coast eggs. Most of these contaminant changes were also found in typical prey fish: PCBs decreased from 0.18-1.2 ppm in 1989 to 0.06-0.43 ppm in 1998; DDE decreased from 0.05-0.69 ppm in 1989 to 0.03-0.13 ppm in 1998. Lead and mercury increased in most fish samples. The improvement in most organochlorine contaminants in osprey eggs and prey reflected improved nest success in the Delaware Bay study area, and the nesting populations in the Atlantic and Maurice River study areas increased approximately 200% since 1989. PCBs and DDE in osprey eggs were below levels considered to be toxic to egg development. This study documents significant improvements in organochlorine contaminants in southern New Jersey ospreys, but justifies continued monitoring of heavy metals, such as lead and mercury, in aquatic ecosystems.
Animals↗
PCB congener distribution in estuarine water, sediment and fish samples: implications for monitoring programs.
Traditional analyses for PCBs in environmental matrices have focused on commercial Aroclor mixtures with detection limits in the 100 to 1000 part per trillion range. This approach has recently been supplanted by analyses for specific PCB compounds called congeners with detection limits less than 0.5 ppt. At the national level, total PCB determinations based upon selected PCB congeners typically characterize analyses of surface water, sediment and tissue. These federal efforts rely on a suite of 18 to 20 congeners out of a total of 209 congeners to characterize total PCB. The present study compares total PCB estimates based upon this subset of congeners with estimates based upon an expanded list of 81 congeners from water, sediment and fish tissue collected from the Delaware Estuary. Analytical data from monitoring programs conducted in the Delaware Estuary by the Delaware River Basin Commission, NOAA National Ocean Service, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency from 1996 to 1998 were evaluated. Total PCB estimates derived from the different sets of congeners, including the adjustment factor of 2.0 used by NOAA, were compared. This evaluation indicated that differences exist between total PCB determinations based upon these approaches, and that these differences vary depending on the matrix analyzed. The bias associated with using a smaller set of PCB congeners, and the implications for risk assessment are discussed.
Animals↗
Population genetics of shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum based on mitochondrial DNA control region sequences.
Shortnose sturgeon is an anadromous North American acipenserid that since 1973 has been designated as federally endangered in US waters. Historically, shortnose sturgeon occurred in as many as 19 rivers from the St. John River, NB, to the St. Johns River, FL, and these populations ranged in census size from 10(1) to 10(4), but little is known of their population structure or levels of gene flow. We used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequence analysis of a 440 bp portion of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region to address these issues and to compare haplotype diversity with population size. Twenty-nine mtDNA nucleotide-substitution haplotypes were revealed among 275 specimens from 11 rivers and estuaries. Additionally, mtDNA length variation (6 haplotypes) and heteroplasmy (2-5 haplotypes for some individuals) were found. Significant genetic differentiation (P < 0.05) of mtDNA nucleotide-substitution haplotypes and length-variant haplotypes was observed among populations from all rivers and estuaries surveyed with the exception of the Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay collections. Significant haplotype differentiation was even observed between samples from two rivers (Kennebec and Androscoggin) within the Kennebec River drainage. The absence of haplotype frequency differences between samples from the Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay reflects a probable current absence of spawning within the Chesapeake Bay system and immigration of fish from the adjoining Delaware River. Haplotypic diversity indices ranged between 0.817 and 0.641; no relationship (P > 0.05) was found between haplotype diversity and census size. Gene flow estimates among populations were often low (< 2.0), but were generally higher at the latitudinal extremes of their distribution. A moderate level of haplotype diversity and a high percentage (37.9%) of haplotypes unique to the northern, once-glaciated region suggests that northern populations survived the Pleistocene in a northern refugium. Analysis of molecular variance best supported a five-region hierarchical grouping of populations, but our results indicate that in almost all cases populations of shortnose sturgeon should be managed as separate units.
Animals↗
Identification of heritable spermatozoal degeneration within the ductus deferens of the chicken (Gallus domesticus).
Low-fertility (LF) roosters were identified within a line of Delaware chickens. However, LF could be overcome by frequent insemination. Electron microscopy revealed numerous degenerate spermatozoa in LF Delaware semen. Therefore, LF was attributed to suboptimal numbers of functional spermatozoa within the oviduct. Spermatozoal degeneration was not induced (p greater than 0.05) when Leghorn spermatozoa were incubated with Delaware seminal plasma. Ejaculates from F1 roosters were screened for spermatozoal degeneration via uptake of ethidium bromide. Roosters were categorized as producing few, 4 +/- 1% (mean +/- SEM), or numerous, 43 +/- 6%, degenerate spermatozoa. Only roosters within the latter group were characterized by LF (p less than 0.001). When such F1 and F2 roosters were ejaculated daily for 5 days, the percentage of degenerate spermatozoa decreased to less than or equal to 5%. Low fertility was not observed (p greater than 0.05) with such semen from F2 roosters. When these roosters had resumed ejaculating numerous degenerate spermatozoa after a period of sexual rest, 3 representative roosters were killed. Each ductus deferens was subdivided into 9 sections, and spermatozoal integrity was determined for semen from each section. Degeneration commenced in the mid-ductus deferens and progressively increased towards the receptaculum. Thus, a genetic defect resulting in a shortened functional life of the spermatozoon within the ductus deferens has been identified.
Animals↗
Molecular characterization of infectious bursal disease virus from commercial poultry in the United States and Latin America.
From June 1999 to September 2001, 216 bursal samples from broiler farms in the United States and from countries of Latin America were submitted to the Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center at the University of Georgia for the purpose of genotyping field infectious bursal disease viruses (IBDVs). The reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to amplify a 248-bp product, encompassing the hypervariable region of VP2 gene. The genotyping was conducted by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis with six restriction endonucleases, DraI, SacI, TaqI, Sty, BstNI, and SspI. For the 150 samples received from the United States, 125 samples (83.3%) were RT-PCR positive for the presence of IBDV. One hundred positive samples (80%) had RFLP identical to the variant Delaware E strain, whereas 10 samples (8.0%) exhibited a RFLP pattern similar to this antigenic variant. Other IBDV strains such as Grayson Laboratory strain (GLS), Lukert, PBG-98, Delaware A, and the vaccine strains Sal-1 and D-78 were also detected. Two samples exhibited a pattern similar to the standard challenge (STC) strain, and seven strains (5.6%) were not classified by RFLP. Sixty-six bursal samples previously inactivated with phenol were received from Latin American countries. IBDV strains with analyzed genotypes similar to the Lukert strain were predominantly detected in Mexico. IBDV strains similar to variant E were detected in Colombia and Ecuador. Peru and Venezuela exhibited a higher heterogeneity of IBDV strains due to the detection of classic Delaware type as well as GLS variant strains. IBDV strains detected from Brazil and Dominican Republic exhibited RFLP patterns identical to very virulent IBDV strains prevalent in several countries in Europe, Asia, and Africa.
Animals↗
Detection of infectious bursal disease virus in experimentally infected chickens by in situ hybridization.
In situ hybridization was used in a pathogenesis study of three vaccine pathotypes (Delaware variant A, D78, and BursaVac) of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Tissues were excised (bursa, thymus, spleen, proventriculus, and cecal tonsils), fixed in formalin, and paraffin embedded at 12, 24, 48, 72, and 120 hr postinoculation (HPI). With an antisense VP2 gene probe, viral nucleic acid was detected in bursas from both D78- and BursaVac-infected chickens at 24, 48, 72, and 120 HPI. However, viral RNA was detected only in the Delaware variant A-infected birds at 72 HPI. Thymus and spleen were positive in the D78-infected birds at 48 HPI and in the BursaVac-inoculated group at 72 HPI. Viral nucleic acid was not present in detectable levels among any of the tissues tested at 12 HPI. However, by 24 hr, scattered positive lymphoid cells were visualized in the bursal follicles of chickens infected with D78 and BursaVac. In addition, low levels of viral nucleic acids were detected in the thymus and spleen among the D78- and BursaVac-infected birds. The sites of viral replication were consistent between the two vaccine-infected groups (D78 and BursaVac), whereas the chickens infected with Delaware variant A had limited IBDV replication in the bursa.
Animals↗
Molecular characterization of seven field isolates of infectious bursal disease virus obtained from commercial broiler chickens.
Specific-pathogen-free sentinel birds were used as an initial biological system to isolate infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) field isolates from commercial broiler farms exhibiting recurrent respiratory problems and poor performance. Reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify a 248-bp product encompassing the hypervariable region of the IBDV VP2 gene. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the RT-PCR products was performed with the restriction endonucleases DraI, SadI, TaqI, StyI, BstNI, and SspI. Two isolates (619 and 850) exhibited a RFLP pattern characteristic of Delaware variant E IBDV. Restriction enzyme digestion for four isolates (625, 849, 853, and 11,153) revealed unmatched RFLP patterns when compared with reference IBDV strains. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence analyses of the VP2 hypervariable region for these six isolates revealed identity (96.3% up to 98%) with Delaware E variant IBDV strain. However, serine at position 254, which is characteristic of Delaware variant strains, was substituted by asparagine in these six isolates. The seventh IBDV isolate (9109) also exhibited a unique RFLP pattern, which included the SspI restriction site, which is characteristic of very virulent (vv) IBDV strains. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence analyses of the hypervariable region for this isolate revealed identity (90%) with the standard challenge strain. However, the leucine residue at position 294 was substituted by isoleucine. This substitution corresponds to one of the amino acids that are conserved in the vvIBDV strains. Antigenic index studies of the predicted amino acid sequence of the hypervariable region of VP2 from isolates 619, 625, 849, 850, 853, and 11,153 exhibited a profile almost identical to variant E, whereas the isolate 9109 exhibited a profile characteristic of standard IBDV strains.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Supreme Court rejects another anti-choice appeal in racketeering suit.
Without comment on December 12, the US Supreme Court denied two requests for review from anti-choice activists in Scheidler vs Delaware Women's Health Organization and Miller vs Delaware Women's Health Organization, which grew out of a class action suit filed by women's health clinics under the federal anti-racketeering statute. Since the US Supreme Court decision in NOW vs Scheidler last January (see RFN III/2), the anti-choice defendants have made at least a dozen attempts to prevent a trial that would determine whether they violated the Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO). In NOW vs Scheidler, the High Court rejected their claim that RICO cannot be applied to organized, illegal anti-choice activities because the defendants are not motivated by an economic gain. In this latest round, the two petitions asserted that unlawful actions, including blockades and property destruction, do not constitute extortion and are protected by the First Amendment. Under RICO, private plaintiffs can file suit against individuals who conspire to use an organization to engage in a pattern of racketeering, including acts of extortion. Extortion is defined under the Hobbs Act as the use of force, threats, or other wrongful means to deprive the plaintiff of a property interest, such as engaging in a legal business. Plaintiffs in these cases are the National Organization for Women (NOW) and two women's health facilities--Delaware Women's Health Organization and Summit Women's Health Organization (Milwaukee)--which represent a class of clinics across the country. Defendants Operation Rescue, Project Life, and Pro-Life Action League, are also joined by several anti-choice activists including Joseph Scheidler and Randall Terry.
Abortion, Induced↗
The role of provider continuity in preventing hospitalizations.
OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between provider continuity and future hospitalization in a Medicaid population, and to determine if this association is greater for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions. DESIGN: Analysis of paid claims to the Delaware Medicaid program during a 2-year period (July 1, 1993, to June 30, 1995). Continuity with a single provider during year 1 of the study was computed for each participant. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 13,495 continuously enrolled fee-for-service Medicaid patients aged 0 to 64 years who had made at least 3 ambulatory physician visits during the first year of the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Likelihood of hospitalization in year 2 of the study for all conditions and for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions. RESULTS: The mean continuity score was 0.50 in year 1 and 11.9% of patients were hospitalized in year 2. After controlling for demographics, number of ambulatory visits, and case mix, higher provider continuity was associated with a lower likelihood of hospitalization for any condition (odds ratio [OR] = 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46-0.69). For chronic ambulatory care-sensitive conditions there was a similar association between provider continuity and hospitalization (OR = 0.54; 95% CI, 0.34-0.88), but for acute ambulatory care-sensitive conditions there was no significant association (OR = 0.80; 95% CI, 0.48-1.34). CONCLUSIONS: Continuity of care with a provider is associated with a decreased future likelihood of hospitalization in the Delaware Medicaid population. This suggests that policies that encourage patients to concentrate their care with a single provider may lead to lower hospitalization rates and possibly lower health care costs. This study does not support the hypothesis that a certain set of conditions are particularly ambulatory care sensitive.
Adolescent↗