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At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

[36 case idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor with sinus involvement].

OBJECTIVE: To study the incidence of sinusitis in patients with idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor(IOIP) and the relationship between sinusitis and IOIP. METHOD: 209 IOIP cases from Jan 1, 1978 to Dec 31, 1999 in Eye Hospital, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat Sen University of Medical Sciences were reviewed. Data showed that 36 of 209 IOIP cases suffered from sinusitis including 21 cases of maxillary sinusitis, 15 case of ethmoid sinusitis, 3 case of frontal sinusitis and 3 case of sphenoid sinusitis. The total incidence of sinusitis is 17.2%. Proptosis, restrictive movement of the involved eye, eyelid or conjunctive congestion, decreased eyesight and palpable orbital masses were the main clinical findings. All patients showed a space occupied lesion in their orbits. 27 patients received combined surgical management and corticosteroids treatment. 9 patients received systemic corticosteroids treatment. RESULT: Therapy showed that the full recovery response rate was 33.3% (12/36) and the partial recovery response was 50.0% (18/36). The recurrence rate was 16.7% (6/36). CONCLUSION: Some patients suffered from sinusitis and sinusitis may be a cause in the etiology of IOIP.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

[Anatomo-histologic findings clarifying the phylogenetic relationships between salmonoid fish (Salmonoidei)].

The comparative anatomo-histological analysis of the medial gut of Osmeridae and Plecoglossidae after Iwai (1962) has revealed a great similarity in the structure of this entosomatic organ suggesting their phylogenetically close nature. On the contrary, the fine structure of the medial gut in these two families substantially differs from the structure of this organ in Salmonoidee. Pronounced distinctions were found between the structure of the medial gut of smelts and that of the pike (Esox lucius Linné). The complicatedly differentiated medial gut of the pike is so different from the primitive gut of modern smelts that the hypothesis (Starks, 1930; Berg, 1940) on the origin of Ecosoidei from ancient Osmeridae does not seem probable. The data obtained by the anatomo-histological analysis in combination with data of other sciences should be taken into consideration when creating the natural system of Salmonoidei, since they contribute to more exact character of their phylogenetic relations.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Biomedical informatics: precious scientific resource and public policy dilemma.

Biomedical informatics includes the application of computers, information networks and systems, and a growing body of scientific understanding to a range of problems. As skill in this field increases and as progress in virtually all modern biomedical science becomes more data intensive, informatics becomes a precious resource. Applications areas include access to knowledge, discovery in genomics, medical records, mathematical modeling, and bioengineering. At the same time, progress in informatics is deeply dependent on resolution of four major public policy issues: digital intellectual property rights, genetic testing protection, medical data privacy, and the role of biomedical data in the context of information warfare and homeland security.

Anatomy, Cross-Sectional↗
PubMed2003

Immunoinformatics--the new kid in town.

The astounding diversity of immune system components (e.g. immunoglobulins, lymphocyte receptors, or cytokines) together with the complexity of the regulatory pathways and network-type interactions makes im munology a combinatorial science. Currently available data represent only a tiny fraction of possible situations and data continues to accrue at an exponential rate. Computational analysis has therefore become an essential element of immunology research with a main role of immunoinformatics being the management and analysis of immunological data. More advanced analyses of the immune system using computational models typically involve conversion of an immunological question to a computational problem, followed by solving of the computational problem and translation of these results into biologically meaningful answers. Major immunoinformatics developments include immunological databases, sequence analysis, structure modelling, mathematical modelling of the immune system, simulation of laboratory experiments, statistical support for immunological experimentation and immunogenomics. In this paper we describe the status and challenges within these sub-fields. We foresee the emergence of immunomics not only as a collective endeavour by researchers to decipher the sequences of T cell receptors, immunoglobulins, and other immune receptors, but also to functionally annotate the capacity of the immune system to interact with the whole array of selfand non-self entities, including genome-to-genome interactions.

Allergy and Immunology↗
PubMed2003

[The role of a specialised risk analysis group in the Veterinary Services of a developing country].

Since the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures was established, risk analysis in trade, and ultimately in Veterinary and Animal Health Services, has become strategically important. Irrespective of their concept (discipline, approach, method, process), all types of risk analysis in trade involve four periods or phases:--risk identification-- risk assessment--risk management--risk information or communication. All veterinarians involved in a risk analysis unit must have in-depth knowledge of statistics and the epidemiology of transmissible diseases, as well as a basic knowledge of veterinary science, economics, mathematics, data processing and social communication, to enable them to work with professionals in these disciplines. Many developing countries do not have enough well-qualified professionnals in these areas to support a risk analysis unit. This will need to be rectified by seeking strategic alliances with other public or private sectors that will provide the required support to run the unit properly. Due to the special nature of its risk analysis functions, its role in supporting decision-making, and the criteria of independence and transparency that are so crucial to its operations, the hierarchical position of the risk analysis unit should be close to the top management of the Veterinary Service. Due to the shortage of personnel in developing countries with the required training and scientific and technical qualifications, countries with organisations responsible for both animal and plant health protection would be advised to set up integrated plant and animal risk analysis units. In addition, these units could take charge of all activities relating to WTO agreements and regional agreements on animal and plant health management.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ectopic pregnancy - two years review from BPKIHS, Nepal.

UNLABELLED: Ectopic pregnancy remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in early pregnancy. The incidence has increased worldwide with an increase in pelvic infections and improvements in the diagnostic techniques. The objective of this study was to analyse the various aspects of ectopic pregnancy with a view to suggest interventions which would decrease the incidence. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was carried out in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, B.P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan (Nepal). Data were analysed retrospectively using the case sheets and operative notes from the past two years (April 02-April 04). The gynaecological admissions and records of the total births within the period of study were also used in the analysis. RESULT: The incidence of ectopic pregnancy during this study period was 0.93 of total births and 2.92% of the total gynaecological admissions. The peak age of incidence was in the range of 26-30 years. Majority of patients were in the lower socioeconomic group. Pelvic inflammatory disease and induced abortions were the major risk factors. Their contribution was 61.3% and 38.6% respectively. 70.6% of patients did not use any contraception. 16% used depo provera. Abdominal pain (69.3%), vaginal bleeding (45.3%) and syncopal attacks (21.3%) were the most frequent presenting complaints. 58.6% had amenorrhea of 6-10 weeks. Only 1.3% presented with amenorrhea of greater than 10 weeks. Ampulla (62.6%) followed by isthmus (21.3) were the commonest sites of ectopic implantation. Ovarian and abdominal pregnancies contributed to only 1.3% each. There was no significant difference between the side of the tube involved.82.6% had come with ruptured ectopic but only 12% were in shock. Majority of patients underwent salpingectomy (69.3%) followed by salpingo-oophorectomy (17.3%). Only 2.6% received methotrexate. 70.6% required blood transfusion. CONCLUSION: Majority of patients attending BPKIHS for ectopic pregnancy were between 26-30 years and had history of PID & induced abortions. Surgery (salpingectomy/salpingo-oophorectomy) was the main stay of treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Healthy family functioning: a cross-cultural appraisal.

It is increasingly recognized that rapid cultural, social, economic, and technological changes are imposing increasing stress on family structures, traditional values, and the ability to adapt to new environments in different societies. For the purposes of this paper, "healthy family functioning" is defined in terms of a family unit (however it is conceived in any given culture) effectively coping with cultural, environmental, psychosocial, and socioeconomic stresses throughout the family life cycle. While a review of international literature in the behavioural and biomedical sciences yields little data on comparative studies, there is growing awareness of the need for cooperative international research on family coping mechanisms and determinants of self-reliant communal coping behaviour, as well as more efficient utilization of already available knowledge. After consideration of methodological pitfalls of assessment procedures, there is a presentation of an evolving theory of healthy family functioning with the suggestion that studies of young married couples constitute a particularly promising vehicle for developing needed cooperative cross-cultural research.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed1988

General statistical design considerations of randomized clinical trials.

Randomized clinical trials are the most objective method for evaluating new therapies, but they are subject to the same biases as nonrandomized studies unless the principles of statistical design are observed at the planning stage. Estimation of sample size also requires early careful consideration, since studies of inadequate size will not have sufficient statistical power to detect meaningful treatment differences. For ethical reasons, interim data monitoring procedures should be used to detect early treatment responses that may lead to alteration or interruption of the planned study to give patients early benefit from a superior treatment or diminish their risk from ineffective or harmful treatment. Additional important aspects of clinical trial design that were not addressed in this report include: definition of study objectives and endpoints, description of data to be collected, details of the treatment regimens, informed consent and plans for data analysis. The science of clinical trial design is complex; only some of the key statistical issues have been addressed briefly in this report.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1982

Clinical studies of the endogenous opioid system.

The role of the endogenous opioid system in humans was studied using three clinical research strategies. High doses of the opiate antagonist naloxone (up to 4 mg/kg) were administered to normal volunteers. Dose-dependent increases in self-ratings of tension-anxiety and anger-hostility were observed, supporting the hypothesized involvement of the endogenous opioid system in the modulation of human mood and feelings of well-being. Accompanying dose-dependent increases in systolic blood pressure and respiratory rate were found, suggesting that the lower doses of naloxone utilized in previous clinical studies were not sufficient to block the endogenous opioid system. CSF opioid activity in psychiatric patients and normals was measured using a sensitive radioreceptor assay developed by the authors. Results suggest diminished endogenous opioid system activity in some schizophrenics, and a relationship between opioid activity and state change in manic-depressive illness and anorexia nervosa. A complex but consistently observed relationship between ratings of anxiety and CSF opioid activity in normals and patients is consistent with basic science and clinical data suggesting interactions between CNS noradrenergic and opioid systems. General surgery was used as a strategy for studying the relationship of the endogenous opioid system to stress in humans; robust increases in levels of plasma beta-endorphin immunoreactivity accompanying surgical stress and an inverse relationship between patient levels of plasma beta-endorphin immunoreactivity and postoperative analgesic requirement were observed. These data support the involvement of the endogenous opioid system in the human stress response and suggest that hormonal stress response and endogenous opioid system activity may relate to human endogenous analgesic mechanisms.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Correlations in the utilization of carbon sources in the range of griseus species of the genus Streptomyces].

The author proposes a new scheme for arranging the data about the assimilation of carbon sources in tables; this is illustrated with the Griseus species belonging to the Streptomyces genus and with the information about them presented by Bergey [2]. In the scheme, carbon sources in the tables are arranged in the order of their diminishing availability for streptomycetes, and the lists of species within the morphological groups are constructed according to the property of a carbon source not being assimilated. Such an arrangement of data in the tables is very clear and convenient to use; it allows one to make optimal schemes for determining the assimilation of carbon sources by actinomycetes, and makes it easy to divide any large number of cultures into groups according to a similar assimilation of carbon sources. The scheme has been used to analyse the data available in science and to establish correlations in the assimilation of carbon sources by species of the Griseus series belonging to the Streptomyces genus.

Carbon↗
PubMed1994

The social stratification of aging and health.

The way health varies with age is importantly stratified by socioeconomic status (SES)--specifically, education and income. Prior theory and cross-sectional data suggest that among higher SES persons the onset of health problems is usually postponed until rather late in life, while health declines are prevalent in lower SES groups by middle age. Thus, SES differences in health are small in early adulthood, but increase with age until relatively late in life, when they diminish due to selection or greater equalization of health risks and protections. The present paper strengthens our causal and interpretive understanding of these phenomena by showing: (1) that results previously reported for indices of SES hold separately for education and income; (2) that the interaction between age and SES (i.e., education or income) in predicting health can be substantially explained by the greater exposure of lower SES persons to a wide range of psychosocial risk factors to health, especially in middle and early old age, and, to a lesser degree, the greater impact of these risk factors on health with age; and (3) that results (1) and (2) generally hold in short-term longitudinal as well as in cross-sectional data. Implications for science and policy in the areas of aging, health, and social stratification are discussed.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Learning contracts in clinical education.

This study explored the outcomes of using learning contracts in a radiologic science program. Telephone surveys of contract learning participants and other radiologic science graduates provided data regarding graduate career satisfaction, lifelong learning habits and attitudes toward learning. Statistical comparison data found that contract learning participants reported higher job satisfaction, participated more in continuing education, demonstrated more self-motivation and independence, felt less competitive and anxious about courses and grades and felt more involved in their clinical courses.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

Myocardial infarction: the first 24 hours.

Myocardial infarction is the most common cause of death in the United States. Rapid postinfarction intervention in the first 24 hours decreases mortality. Treatment modalities are rapidly evolving as new data from basic science research and clinical trials become available. Rapid thrombolysis, accurate criteria for diagnosis and administration of effective adjunctive therapy are crucial in preventing complications of myocardial infarction. Initial measures in the emergency department include intravenous access, accurate history and physical assessment, placement of oxygen, electrocardiography, use of aspirin and nitrates, and consideration of thrombolysis or angioplasty in appropriate candidates, optimally within one to two hours of myocardial infarction. After hospital admission, additional adjunctive treatment, including beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and anticoagulation, can be instituted.

Arrhythmias, Cardiac↗
PubMed1998

[Genetic aspects of rheumatic diseases].

The paper presents the results of the long-term studies of the pattern of hereditary predisposition to rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondyloarthritis (AS), osteoarthrosis which have been conducted at the Institute of Rheumatology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. It gives data on the type of inheritance of these diseases, the affliction heritability ratio, the penetrance of three genotypes within the model of an autosomal one-allele locus (SAL-2) for rheumatism and RA. The contribution of additive and dominant components in the determination of rheumatism and RA, the results of tests of their genetic heterogeneity, associations with HLA antigens are assessed. The paper outlines the results of tests of the candidate genes COLIA2, TCRB, TCRD as major RA predisposition genes via analysis of adherence and DNA polymorphism.

DNA↗
PubMed2005

Scientists' and science writers' experiences reporting genetic discoveries: toward an ethic of trust in science journalism.

PURPOSE: To describe the relationship between scientists and science writers and their experiences with media reporting of genetic discoveries. METHODS: This study included individual interviews with 15 scientists who specialize in genetics and 22 science writers who have covered their stories and a qualitative analysis of the data. RESULTS: Scientists and science writers place an equally high priority on accuracy of media reports. They agree on what makes genetics stories newsworthy and the particular challenges in reporting genetic discoveries (i.e., poor public understanding of genetics, the association of genetics with eugenics, and the lack of immediately apparent applications of genetic discoveries to human health). The relationship between scientists and bona fide science writers is largely positive. Scientists tend to trust, respect, and be receptive to science writers. Both scientists and science writers acknowledge that trust is an essential component of a good interview. Science writers report a fair degree of autonomy with respect to the relationship they have with their editors. CONCLUSION: To the degree that trust facilitates the access that science writers have to scientists, as well as higher quality interviews between scientists and science writers, trust might also contribute to higher quality media reporting. Therefore, scientists and science writers have an ethical obligation to foster trusting relationships with each other. Future research should systematically explore ways to cultivate such relationships and assess their impact on the quality of science journalism.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed1994

Guns in the medical literature--a failure of peer review.

Errors of fact, design, and interpretation abound in the medical literature on guns and violence. The peer review process has failed to prevent publication of the errors of politicized, results-oriented research. Most of the data on guns and violence are available in the criminologic, legal, and social sciences literature, yet such data escape acknowledgment or analysis of the medical literature. Lobbyists and other partisans continue to promulgate the fallacies that cloud the public debate and impede the development of effective strategies to reduce violence in our society. This article examines a representative sample of politicized and incompetent research.

Accidents↗
PubMed1964

THE COMING OF AGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY.

A discussion of the distinction between a scientific discipline and a professional activity and of the reasons why "information technology" is a professional and not a scientific activity. The application of computers to the improvement of information handling is discussed as a professional advance similar to advances in medicine made possible by new instruments. A major new instrument, like the computer in information technology or the X-ray machine in medicine, may sometimes drastically change the practice of a profession. Some of the implications of the computer for librarianship are discussed in these terms.

Communication↗