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PubMed2004

Correlates of condom breakage and slippage among university undergraduates.

An anonymous questionnaire was used to explore relationships between condom breakage, slippage and possible correlates in a sample of 428 single, never married college men and women. Specific condom use errors and problems that could lead to breakage and slippage were also examined. A three-month recall period was used. Breakage/slippage was found to be associated with never receiving instruction on correct condom use (P = 0.001), more than one sex partner (P = 0.001), more frequent use of condoms (P = 0.001), and partner(s) being less than highly motivated to use condoms (P = 0.02). Those reporting that condoms had contacted a sharp object were three times as likely to report breakage (P = 0.001). Those using condoms without proper lubrication (P = 0.006) and those experiencing loss of erection during sex (P = 0.001) were more likely to report slippage. Further research should investigate the efficacy of instruction addressing specific factors that may reduce the incidence of breakage/slippage, thereby enhancing condom effectiveness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Condom use in multi-partnered females.

Many women attending sexual health clinics have multiple partners, and determining factors associated with condom use may provide useful information for health promotion strategies. Demographic and sexual data were obtained from computerized records at the Sydney Sexual Health Centre from 1991 to 1999. Females with >2 partners were categorized according to their condom use in the last three months and compared using chi-squared (chi2) tests and logistic regression. Of the 2198 women identified, 22% did not use condoms, 28% reported consistent condom use and 50% inconsistent use. Variables independently associated with failure to use condoms included older age and being in a regular relationship. Women with more partners were more likely to use condoms. Students [odds ratio (OR)=0.7 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.5-0.9)] and those in employment [OR=0.7 (95% CI 0.5-0.9)] were more likely to use condoms than the unemployed. Focusing health promotion on multi-partnered women who fail to use condoms consistently may help in reducing sexually transmitted infections.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Presenting the female condom to men: a dyadic analysis of effect of the woman's approach.

Although male partner resistance to female condom use has been reported, little is understood about circumstances under which partners will agree to female condom use. This study documents the experiences of couples who have worked together to achieve female condom use. As part of a prospective female condom efficacy study, female participants (age 18-34) received a behavioral intervention and an assortment of take-home items. Selected women and their partners were recruited for a qualitative interview focusing on their experience with the female condom. Interviews were transcribed, double-coded, and verified using a standard retrieval coding system. Twenty-six pairs of linked interviews were analyzed dyadically: 9 couples who used the female condom "consistently," 12 "experimenters," and 5 "non-users." Women who successfully promoted the female condom to their partners used multiple presentation strategies. Initial male partner reaction did not predict continued use beyond the first trial. In conclusion, employment of multiple strategies facilitates successful introduction of the female condom into a sexual partnership.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The role of attitudes and self-efficacy in predicting condom use and purchase intentions.

This study examines the condom purchasing and use habits of 256 college students in Norway and English-speaking Canada, and develops a structural equation model to explain condom purchase and use. In the model, intention to purchase condoms is influenced by self-efficacy in condom purchasing, as well as by intention to use condoms. Intention to use condoms is influenced by having a positive attitude toward condom usage and by self-efficacy in persuading a partner to use condoms. The implications for health promotion and social marketing campaigns are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Are partner and relationship characteristics associated with condom use in Zambian nonmarital relationships?

CONTEXT: In Zambia, as in many other Sub-Saharan African countries, condom use is far below the level needed to alleviate serious threats to sexual and reproductive health. It is important to understand if and how partner and relationship characteristics are independently associated with condom use within nonmarital, noncohabiting relationships. METHODS: Descriptive and logistic regression analyses of data on 657 nonmarital, noncohabiting relationships reported by male and female respondents in the 2000 Zambian Sexual Behavior Survey examined condom use in the 12 months preceding the survey. RESULTS: Partner characteristics were not independently associated with condom use. Relationship characteristics that were significant largely differed by gender. Condom use within both male- and female-reported relationships was elevated if the male partner was five or more years older than the female (odds ratios, 2.1 and 3.7, respectively). Within male-reported relationships, having a partner from the same community was associated with a reduced likelihood of condom use (0.5); within female-reported relationships, the odds of condom use were elevated if sex had occurred only once (4.3). CONCLUSIONS: Condom promotion programs and interventions in Africa must take into account the relationship characteristics of intended participants, paying special attention to gender differences.

Condoms↗
PubMed2005

Risk perception and condom use among married or cohabiting couples in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

CONTEXT: Most HIV prevention efforts focus on premarital and extramarital sexual behavior, but in areas with high HIV prevalence the protective needs of married and cohabiting couples are just as great and often go unmet. Condom use by these couples is generally low, with resistance from men and cultural norms commonly cited as barriers to increased use. METHODS: A household survey was conducted in an urban and a rural area in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, in 1999-2000. From this survey, matched partners in 238 marital or cohabiting relationships were independently interviewed about condom use and attitudes toward condoms, knowledge of AIDS/HIV risk and self-efficacy in preventing HIV infection. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess relationships between condom use and selected demographic and HIV prevention characteristics. RESULTS: Although couples' knowledge of condoms and where to obtain them was very high, only 15% of men and 18% of women reported consistent or occasional use. The level of use was 8% and 11% among men and women, respectively, in rural, less educated couples, and 29% and 34% among men and women in urban, more educated couples. A majority of urban women had favorable attitudes toward condoms, and they also reported higher self-efficacy regarding HIV prevention than did rural women. A woman's perceived risk of HIV infection from her partner was the most powerful predictor of condom use (odds ratio, 4.0). CONCLUSIONS: The common belief that men's resistance to condom use within stable relationships cannot be overcome may be exaggerated. HIV prevention programs should address the reproductive health needs of these couples.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Factors associated with use of the female condom in Zimbabwe.

CONTEXT: Because women can initiate use of the female condom, the method is believed to make it easier for women to protect themselves against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV infection. Evidence is lacking about factors associated with trying the female condom and using it consistently. METHODS: A sample of 1,740 sexually active consumers visiting retail outlets in urban Zimbabwe that sell male or female condoms were surveyed in 1998, one year after a social marketing campaign had begun. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess factors associated with ever-use of the female condom and consistent use (always or often) with marital and regular non-marital partners. RESULTS: Perceived ease of use and affordability of the product and prior use of the male condom were associated with men's and women's ever-use. Consistent use with marital partners was negatively associated with reporting multiple partners in the past year (odds ratio, 0.3) and positively associated with using the device for pregnancy prevention (5.4) and previously using the male condom (8.0). Consistent use with regular non-marital partners was associated with numerous variables, including perceived ease of use (1.9) and effectiveness for STI prevention (3.8), low HIV risk perception (2.4), and use for pregnancy (2.9) and STI (2.3) prevention. CONCLUSIONS: Perceived affordability and ease of use may encourage couples to try the female condom but may not lead to consistent use. Because the reasons for use can vary between marital and non-marital relationships, the female condom may need to be positioned differently for different target populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parents' beliefs about condoms and oral contraceptives: are they medically accurate?

CONTEXT: Parents are encouraged to be the primary sex educators for their children; however, little is known about the accuracy of parents' views about condoms and oral contraceptives. METHODS: Telephone surveys using validated measures provided data on beliefs about the effectiveness, safety and usability of condoms and the pill among 1,069 parents of 13-17-year-olds in Minnesota and Wisconsin in 2002. Pearson chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression models were used to compare beliefs according to sex, age, race, religion, education, income and political orientation. RESULTS: Substantial proportions of parents underestimated the effectiveness of condoms for preventing pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Only 47% believed that condoms are very effective for STD prevention, and 40% for pregnancy prevention. Fifty-two percent thought that pill use prevents pregnancy almost all the time; 39% thought that the pill is very safe. Approximately one-quarter of parents thought that most teenagers are capable of using condoms correctly; almost four in 10 thought that most teenagers can use the pill correctly. Fathers tended to have more accurate views about condoms than mothers did; mothers' views of the pill were generally more accurate than fathers'. Whites were more likely than nonwhites to hold accurate beliefs about the pill's safety and effectiveness; conservatives were less likely than liberals to hold accurate views about the effectiveness of condoms. CONCLUSION: Campaigns encouraging parents to talk with their teenagers about sexuality should provide parents with medically accurate information on the effectiveness, safety and usability of condoms and the pill.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Social-cognitive predictors of consistent condom use among young people in Moscow.

CONTEXT: Russia is experiencing an explosive HIV epidemic, and young people aged 15-29 have the highest incidence of infection. Understanding factors associated with condom use in this age-group is important in developing effective prevention interventions. METHODS: Telephone interviews were conducted with 1,203 Muscovites aged 15-29 in September 2002 to assess condom use, HIV knowledge and sexual behavior. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine independent predictors of consistent condom use. RESULTS: Forty-four percent of sexually experienced respondents reported using condoms consistently. In multivariate analysis, the likelihood of consistent use was elevated among single women and men (odds ratios, 1.8 and 2.6, respectively), those who considered condoms reliable protection against unwanted pregnancy (2.4 and 1.6) and those who believed that most of their peers use condoms (2.9 and 4.6). For women, having recently had multiple partners was associated with increased odds of consistent use, and consistent use declined with age. CONCLUSIONS: Strategies to promote condom use should increase awareness about their effectiveness against not only unwanted pregnancies but also HIV and other STDs. Condoms should be recommended for married couples and people with one permanent partner as a contraceptive option as well as for disease prevention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Relationship between sexual partners influences rates and correlates of condom use.

A common finding in studies of heterosexual young adults is that condom use is more likely with casual partners than with regular partners. However, few studies have examined whether correlates of condom use differ with different partners. In this study, 103 heterosexual men and women completed a condom use diary for a period of up to 6 months. Condom use during sexual encounters with regular partners was mainly determined by established patterns of behavior. In contrast, condom use with casual partners was determined by the interaction between the sexual partners during the encounter, and was not influenced by the attitudes and beliefs of the individual. These differences have implications for interventions. They suggest that condom use with casual partners may be increased by furnishing young adults with skills and confidence for negotiating condom use. For young adults in regular relationships, we must ensure that routine patterns of condom use are appropriate for the levels of risk to which the partners are exposed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Teenagers and condom use: choices by young Brazilians from three Brazilian State capitals in their first and last sexual intercourse].

Condom use has increased among Brazilian youth, although condoms are not used in all sexual relations; in addition, their use varies over the course of an individual's affective and sexual history. This study focused on the prevalence and factors associated with condom use during sexual initiation and in the most recent sexual relations in young men and women (18-24 years of age). The data are from the GRAVAD Research Project, a cross-sectional study with a stratified probabilistic sample using household interviews in three Brazilian State capitals. The analysis used multinomial logistic regression with a hierarchical model. Prevalence of condom use in first sexual intercourse among individuals who used any contraceptive method was 80.7% for females and 88.6% for males. This proportion dropped to 38.8% and 56%, respectively, for the most recent intercourse. In both events, and for both genders, condom use was associated with social belonging and age at initiation. Condom use at sexual initiation was correlated with use in the most recent intercourse (OR = 2.42 for males and 1.89 for females). Increased condom use among youth does not mean continuing use. Women used condoms less than men in the events studied here.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Sex, AIDS, and the use of condoms: a survey of compliance in college students.

To evaluate compliance with the suggestion that condoms be used during risky sexual activity, 206 college students' use of condoms during genital and anal sex was surveyed. Analysis indicated that 78% engaged in genital intercourse, and while 20% always used a condom, 44% used condoms less than half the time. Of the 10% engaged in anal sex, 90% did not use condoms. Students at highest risk (with the most partners) were using condoms least often. All respondents reported knowing AIDS was transmitted sexually. Nonetheless, reasons given for not using condoms were belief they knew their partners' sexual history or another form of birth control was being used. Results suggest that outcome studies are needed to assess programs which focus on behavioral change, including use of condoms.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Condom leukoderma.

Contact dermatitis from natural latex of condom has been reported and is attributed to latex sensitivity. Chemical leukoderma from rubber condom is probably not reported. Here we present a case of chemical leukoderma in a 32-year-old male who developed depigmentation around the shaft of the penis in a circumferential pattern. Since the lesion was solitary and the site corresponded to the point of maximum contact of the condom, a diagnosis of contact leukoderma due to latex condom was thought of. Patch testing was done with mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), dusting powder present in the condom and condom latex as such. The patient tested positive (3+) with mercaptobenzothiazole and the condom latex. On discontinuation of condom use and with UVB phototherapy, lesions repigmented in eight weeks.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Relations between taking contraceptive pills, condom use and sexually transmitted disease history among female sex workers].

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze how taking contraceptive pills and condom use are related to each other, and their links to sexually transmitted disease (STD) history among female sex workers. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was performed by means of a standardized questionnaire self-administered by sex workers who attended a STD Clinic in Osaka between 1st April, 1998 and 31st March, 1999. They came to the clinic for routine screening for STDs and HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection, and for treatment. The responses of a total of 92 sex workers, who are basically expected to use condoms and identified themselves as "sex workers at bath houses", "sex workers in former red light districts", "sex massage providers on call" and "call girls" on the questionnaires, were analyzed. RESULT: The proportion of sex workers who were diagnosed with chlamydial infection either currently or over the previous year was higher among sex workers who answered they take contraceptive pills "regularly" (pill users) than in those who answered "irregularly" or "not" (non-pill users). This finding was statistically significant for those whose education was less than 12 years, whose professional career as a sex worker was 1 year or more, and whose average daily income was 50,000 yen (US$450) or more. Except for the group whose income was less than 50,000 yen, the proportion of sex workers in all groups who were diagnosed with chlamydial infection was greater, although the difference was not statistically significant, among pill users than among non-users. The proportion of sex workers who use condoms "regularly and correctly" was significantly higher for non-pill users than for those using the pills. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that pill use was significantly related to condom "not or irregular or incorrect" use (Odds ratio: 4.43, CI 1.12-17.60). The proportion of sex workers with a chlamydial infection history was significantly lower with those using condoms "regularly and correctly" than in those who do not use condoms or employ them "irregularly or incorrectly" (Odds ratio: 0.08, CI 0.01-0.68). CONCLUSION: This study showed the proportion of sex workers diagnosed with chlamydial infection to be higher among pill users than among non-users and the proportion of sex workers who use condoms "regularly and correctly" was higher among non-pill users than among users. These findings suggest that irregular, incorrect or non use of condoms among pill users may cause chlamydial infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Pilot study of short-term acceptability and breakage and slippage rates for the loose-fitting polyurethane male condom eZ.on bi-directional: a randomized cross-over trial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the short-term acceptability and functionality of the eZ.on condom compared with currently marketed latex (Gossamer) and polyurethane (Avanti) condoms. Method Healthy, sexually active volunteers aged 18-50 years, self-selected from among the UK population, were enrolled in a randomized cross-over trial. Participants were required to test six of each of three condom variants. Data were collected on structured questionnaires by means of postal and telephone contacts. Main outcome measures were breakage and slippage rates, and short-term user acceptability based on participants' ratings documented in end-of-study questionnaires. RESULTS: Forty-three couples entered the study, of whom 37 tested the condoms on 512 occasions. There was no statistically significant difference in the clinical breakage rate between eZ.on (3.7%) and the comparator condoms (3.5% for Gossamer and 2.9% for Avanti). Complete slippage rates were similar for eZ.on (2.4%) and Avanti (2.9%). Gossamer had the lowest slippage rate (1.2%), but this difference was not statistically significant. User acceptability was similar for the three condom types; however, there was a trend for more participants to express dissatisfaction with eZ.on, including difficulties with putting on the condom. CONCLUSIONS: No firm conclusions can be drawn from this pilot study, but our observations suggest that eZ.on may be an acceptable option for some couples unwilling or unable to use a latex condom.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[The effectiveness of an intervention program in the promotion of condom use among sexually transmitted disease patients].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of an educational intervention program in sexually transmitted disease (STD) and condom-related knowledge and promoting condom use among STD patients. METHODS: STD clinic patients were randomly assigned to three groups (A, control group; B, video viewing group; group C, video viewing plus education with talk) after administered with baseline questionnaire. Each patient was then scheduled to complete the questionnaire regarding the change of STD knowledge and use of condom in two weeks and 3 months. RESULTS: Six hundred and forty-eight patients entered the study. More than half of the patients were aware of STD-related knowledge. However the rate of condom use was very low. When having intercourse with the casual sexual partners the percentage of condom use was only 20%. Seventeen per cent of the patients knew nothing about how to use condom correctly. Follow up results showed that the education program increased the knowledge about STD to some degree. However the percentage of condom use in the latest sexual intercourse increased greatly both in intervention and control groups, but more in intervention groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: STD education should be focused on advocating and correcting condom use.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Qualitative evaluation of a promotion campaign for the use of condoms in an adolescent and youth population for the Community of Madrid].

BACKGROUND: The Program for Standardizing Condom Use has been carrying out different activities to promote condom use among the teenage and young adult population since November 1998. All of these measures have revolved around a specific measure aimed at making condoms more readily available, that is, the sale of condoms to the teenage and young adult population in pharmacies at low prices. The objective of this research was to assess the results from the standpoint of the persuasive effectiveness of these measures as related to modifying unsafe practices. METHODS: The qualitative methodology employed was the customary methodology within the context of market and opinion studies, that is qualitative after-test on the bases of open interviews with pharmacists and youths. A total of 7 interviews were held with pharmacists in addition to 14 interviews with sexually active young people of both sexes within the 17-19 age range residing in unsafe areas from the standpoint of AIDS incidence. RESULTS: Two main risk factors were identified: a) The approaches taken on the part of certain sexually successful males, always within the context of casual sexual relations, of avoiding condom use for the purpose of greater sexual pleasure in view of a prior assessment of the degree of risk involved in the relations in question; the post-coital pill as an alternative means of contraception seems to be involved very often in such approaches. b) The inhibition of purchasing condoms in the pharmacy, which prevents taking due precautions and, therefore, directly gives rise to unsafe situations arising. CONCLUSIONS: The campaign in question has been assessed as being positive from the purely informative standpoint. No aspects have however been encountered which afford the poSsibility of effectively countering the main risk factor detected, the approaches taken of avoiding the use of a condom for the purpose of achieving greater sexual pleasure and the sanctioning of these practices on the part of the group. As regards this second risk factor, that of inhibition regarding purchase, no appreciable effectiveness has been noted as regards the sale of condoms at a low price in pharmacies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Hands-on is better than look-on: condom use.

OBJECTIVES: To compare knowledge about condoms, attitude towards condom use and skill in condom application between the experimental group who received hands-on and the control group who had look-on demonstrations of condom application onto the penile model of third year male primary vocational students. METHOD: Self administered questionnaire was used to collect data about knowledge and attitude. Skill was separately evaluated by a skill evaluation form. Pretest and posttest of knowledge, attitude and skill were done separately at 2 week intervals in the same subjects. The pretest and posttest scores were expressed as the mean and standard deviation. Statistic analysis used unpaired t-test for comparing scores between the two groups using SPSS. RESULTS: Comparison of pretest with pretest, posttest with posttest and the different mean score of posttest with pretest between the two groups of knowledge and attitude about condoms were not significantly different in both groups but the skill in condom application score was significantly different (p-value < 0.001). However, the skill score increased in the experimental group more than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested that condom application skill increased with the hands-on than look-on instructional model. It was concluded that hands-on should be used to improve skill to prevent condom user failure and nonuse.

Adolescent↗