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PubMed2004

The climatology of Vitamin D producing ultraviolet radiation over the United States.

The US population is located in a wide range of latitudes, longitudes, and altitudes over mainland United States. Subsequently, high UV irradiants are found at southern locales, whilst in some northern areas, particularly at high latitudes, insufficient levels of ambient UV radiation to synthesize pre Vitamin D in humans are reported. This fact, coupled with the cold northern climates (resulting in high amounts of skin covered in clothing), some people may be susceptible to hypovitaminosis D. Surprisingly, hypovitaminosis D is still relatively common in developed countries such as the USA and the UK. In a large epidemiologically based study of 15,778 noninstitutionalized adult men and women living in the US, 9% had low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (15 ng/ml) [N. Engl. J. Med. 339 (1998) 12]. Further evidence of this came from recent research by McGrath [Med. Hypertens. 56 (2001) 367] who found that adults living in South East Queensland (with Queensland known as having the highest rates of skin cancer in the world) have surprisingly high rates of Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency (8 and 23%, respectively). Therefore, hypovitaminosis D represents a serious issue for public health in both sunny and cold climates. This paper will present data on the distribution of Vitamin D forming UV over the USA using collected spectrally resolved ambient UV data from the US EPA Brewer spectrometer UV Monitoring Network. This data is obtained from the network of 21 Brewer spectrometers deployed throughout the USA, allowing for investigation of changes in Vitamin D producing UV with season and location.

Humans↗
PubMed1971

Studies of respiratory viruses in personnel at an Antarctic base.

Thirteen men wintering on an Antarctic base were isolated from other human contact for 10 months. During this period Coxsackievirus A21 and later influenza A2 virus were administered to some of the men. Serum samples were collected from each of the men at monthly intervals.Coxsackievirus A21 produced symptoms and apparently spread to uninoculated men. It also appears that repeated re-infections occurred and that the virus persisted in this small community for most of the period of isolation. HI antibody responses in the absence of neutralizing antibody responses seem to be transient.The vaccine strain of influenza virus induced antibody responses but did not cause symptoms. There was no evidence of spread to uninoculated men.Antibody titres against influenza C, parainfluenzaviruses 1 and 2 and coronavirus OC43 did not fall significantly during isolation.An outbreak of respiratory illness occurred at the end of isolation and its origin was traced. No causative agent was detected.

Antarctic Regions↗