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PubMed2001

[Worldviews and philosophical basis of human cloning].

The article presents three standpoints on the question of moral permissibility of human cloning and shows the philosophical principles of it. 1. The moral consent to human cloning with the purposes of reproduction and therapy. The followers of human cloning refer to materialistic anthropology also to subjectivistic, relativistic and utilitarian ethics. 2. Those, who are adverse to human cloning with the purpose of reproduction, but they acquiesce to the so-called therapeutic cloning. They reject that human embryos and foetuses are individuals who come under protection of law. 3. Those, who reject human cloning for the purposes of reproduction and therapy alike. They assent to a personalistic anthropology and Christian ethics. A human being was created by God and human life begins at the moment of insemination. All three groups use various argumentation. The arguments for and against cloning are extracted from biology as well as psychology, philosophy, law and religion. The author of the article takes the last standpoint, but she does not see such arguments, that might convince the opposite parties to a suit.

Bioethics↗
PubMed2002

High-throughput genetic screening using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has become a powerful and widespread analytical tool in all fields of life science. Compared with other techniques, its high accuracy and sensitivity makes it a superior method, especially for the analysis of nucleic acids. Recent problems in the analysis of nucleic acids by MALDI-TOF MS can be solved using an automated MALDI-compatible sample-preparation system. Together with the reliable minisequencing assay, high-throughput genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms by MALDI-TOF MS is able to become a routine method in research, clinical genetics and diagnostics.

Automation↗
PubMed2006

A fast LC-APCI/MS method for analyzing benzodiazepines in whole blood using monolithic support.

A simple and fast procedure was developed for the simultaneous determination of eight benzodiazepines (BZDs) in whole blood using liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-APCI-MS). Sample pretreatment was carried out using a simple liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with n-butylchloride, and chromatographic separation was performed using a monolithic silica column to speed up the analytical process. APCI and electrospray ionization (ESI) were compared. Whereas both ionization techniques appeared suitable for BZDs, APCI was found to be slightly more sensitive, especially for the determination of frequently low-dosed compounds. The method was validated according to the guidelines of the "Société Française des Sciences et Techniques Pharmaceutiques" (SFSTP) in the concentration range of 2.5-500 microg/L. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 2.5 microg/L for all the compounds. Validation data including linearity, precision, and trueness were obtained, allowing subtherapeutic quantification of frequently low-dosed BZDs. The high selectivity of the mass spectrometer, along with the properties of the monolithic support, allowed unequivocal analysis of the eight compounds in less than 5 min. To demonstrate the potential of the method, it was used for the analysis of benzodiazepines in postmortem blood samples.

Atmospheric Pressure↗
PubMed2003

Recent progress in high-performance capillary bioseparations.

Bioanalysis is a fast growing domain with new technological developments in the field of mass spectrometry, separation science, and bioinformatics. The central role of separation prior to detection and evaluation of analytes is indisputable. In fact, since the decipherment of the human genome via multichannel capillary electrophoresis in combination with laser-induced fluorescence [1], the analysis of the proteome, i.e., the type and amount of all proteins expressed at a certain time by the genome in a cell or tissue [2] became of central interest. Therefore, new fast and sensitive capillary liquid chromatographic, electrophoretic, and electrochromatographic separation techniques, suitable for high-throughput analysis of proteins, peptides and nucleic acids, are required.

Base Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Combined biotin-terpyridine systems: a new versatile bridge between biology, polymer science and metallo-supramolecular chemistry.

Biotin, a well-known binding unit for the proteins avidin and streptavidin, was combined with the chelating ligand terpyridine via polymeric and nonpolymeric spacers. An omega-amino-functionalized terpyridyl-poly(ethylene glycol) was prepared and utilized for complex formation with iron(II), nickel(II), and ruthenium(II) ions. The biocompatibility of the complex formation was investigated in aqueous media. Moreover, biotin was functionalized with a methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol) as a model system. The compounds were characterized by UV/vis and NMR spectroscopy as well as MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The systems represent a new combination of strong noncovalent binding units from both biology and synthetic supramolecular chemistry.

Biotin↗
PubMed1999

An attempt to elucidate the concept of "folk dietary tradition".

Nutrition is a complex interdisciplinary science. It is an intersection point of a number of other sciences such as biology, economics, technology, ethnography, medicine, history, linguistics, politics. Folk dietary tradition is a normative nutritional system that is used by an already formed community. As no definition is available we analysed the term and, on the basis of our extensive research, came to the following conclusion: folk dietary tradition is constituted together with the establishment of the community for the purpose of consolidating it as well as for differentiating it from other communities; it reflects the historical development and the destiny of the specific community; it changes, becomes enriched or poorer, or loses its originality; it can be formed using previous, local dietary traditions that precede the formation of a community, or can be borrowed by other peoples which are in the process of introducing a new religion. During its golden age Bulgaria introduced its folk dietary tradition to the peoples converted by Bulgaria to Christianity. In the present study I give a definition of the basic characteristics of the Bulgarian folk dietary tradition. This definition can be used to analyse all folk dietary traditions and make comparison between them.

Bulgaria↗
PubMed2005

Local dynamics measured by hydrogen/deuterium exchange and mass spectrometry of creatine kinase digested by two proteases.

Hydrogen/deuterium exchange coupled to mass spectrometry has been used to investigate the structure and dynamics of native dimeric cytosolic muscle creatine kinase. The protein was incubated in D2O for various time. After H/D exchange and rapid quenching of the reaction, the partially deuterated protein was cleaved in parallel by two different proteases (pepsin or type XIII protease from Aspergillus saitoi) to increase the sequence coverage and spatial resolution of deuterium incorporation. The resulting peptides were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. In comparison with the 3D structure of MM-CK, the analysis of the two independent proteolysis deuteration patterns allowed us to get new insights into CK local dynamics as compared to a previous study using pepsin [Mazon et al. Protein Science 13 (2004) 476-486]. In particular, we obtained more information on the kinetics and extent of deuterium exchange in the N- and C-terminal extremities represented by the 1-22 and 362-380 pepsin peptides. Indeed, we observed a very different behaviour of the 1-12 and 13-22 type XIII protease peptides, and similarly for the 362-373 and 374-380 peptides. Moreover, comparison of the deuteration patterns of type XIII protease segments of the large 90-126 pepsin peptide led us to identify a small relatively dynamic region (108-114).

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Mortality in a migrating Mennonite church congregation.

Preston's two-census method of demographic estimation is applied to three pairs of reconstructed censuses from the records of a migrating Mennonite church congregation covering the period 1780-1890. The three pairs of censuses correspond to three periods (1780-1790, 1850-1860, and 1880-1890) and to stays in three settings (Prussia, Russia, and Kansas, respectively). The Mennonites' stay in Prussia was a period of hardship. In Russia they expanded their economic base and developed new farming methods, dramatically increasing their productivity. The Mennonites took these skills to Kansas, where they continued to be successful. The increase in life expectancy at age 5 corroborates this picture. The Prussian period exhibits the shortest life expectancy for both sexes. After the move to Russia, life expectancy increased for both sexes and continued to increase with the move to Kansas. The model also provides limited evidence for fertility depression following the move to Kansas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The extent and patterns of usage of Agent Orange and other herbicides in Vietnam.

Herbicides including Agent Orange were sprayed by United States forces for military purposes during the Vietnam War (1961-1971) at a rate more than an order of magnitude greater than for similar domestic weed control. In 1974, the US National Academy of Sciences published estimates of the extent and distribution of herbicides sprayed. Here we present revised estimates, developed using more-complete data. The spray inventory is expanded by more than seven million litres, in particular with heavily dioxin-contaminated herbicides. Estimates for the amount of dioxin sprayed are almost doubled. Hamlet census data reveal that millions of Vietnamese were likely to have been sprayed upon directly. Our identification of specific military herbicide targets has led to a more coherent understanding of spraying. Common errors in earlier interpretations of the spray data are also discussed.

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
PubMed2002

Genomic potential hypothesis of evolution: a concept of biogenesis in habitable spaces of the universe.

The new hypothesis of evolution establishes a contiguity of life sciences with cosmology, physics, and chemistry, and provides a basis for the search for life on other planets. Chemistry is the sole driving force of the assembly of life, under the subtle guidance exerted by bonding orbital geometry. That phenomenon leads to multiple origins that function on the same principles but are different to the extent that their nucleic acid core varies. Thus, thoughts about the origins of life and the development of complexity have been transferred from the chance orientation of the past to the realm of atomic structures, which are subject to the laws of thermodynamics and kinetics. Evolution is a legitimate subject of basic science, and the complexity of life will submit to the laws of chemistry and physics as the problem is viewed from a new perspective. The paradigm connects life to the big events that formed every sphere of our living space and that keeps conditions fine-tuned for life to persist, perhaps a billion years or more. The "genomic potential" hypothesis leads to the prediction that life like ours is likely to exist in galaxies that are as distant from the origin of the universe as the Milky Way, and that the habitable zone of our galaxy harbors other living planets as well.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed2004

User acceptance of clinical information systems: a methodological approach to identify the key dimensions allowing a reliable evaluation framework.

The introduction of Computerized Information Systems (CIS) in clinical settings encountered difficulties. These difficulties highlight the lack of understanding of factors and mechanisms influencing user acceptance. The existing tools and research obtained contradictory results that point out the existence of neglected aspects, such as impacts of CIS, in computer science developments in complex settings. This paper proposes to identify key dimensions which make up user acceptance in clinical settings through the union of three methods. They define five main dimensions which require a concrete evaluation to validate the underlying proposed framework and to complete the description of the acceptance phenomenon. Identifying key dimensions opens the gate to comparative evaluation of many CIS and adds new indicators to evaluate the highlighted dimensions. A long-term aim is the development of longitudinal studies and to state priorities and guidelines for new CIS designs.

Attitude to Computers↗
PubMed2003

Significantly improved American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination scores associated with weekly assigned reading and preparatory examinations.

HYPOTHESIS: Weekly reading assignments combined with weekly examinations can significantly improve American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination (ABSITE) scores among a group of residents already scoring above the national average. DESIGN: Prospective educational study of surgical residents. INTERVENTION: Beginning in July 2001, residents were given weekly reading assignments, followed by a multiple-choice examination, prepared and scored by the program director. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Mean change in ABSITE scores from 2001 to 2002. RESULTS: The mean total test ABSITE scores significantly improved from 58.7% in 2001 to 75.2% in 2002 (P =.008). The improvement was significantly greater in the basic science portion of the ABSITE (57.6% in 2001 vs 72.5% in 2002, P =.04) than in the clinical management section (57.6% in 2001 vs 68.9% in 2002, P =.11). There were no differences in mean ABSITE scores in other years (1999 to 2000 or 2000 to 2001). There was no correlation between the change in ABSITE scores from 2001 to 2002, level of residency training, United States Medical Licensing Examination scores, or performance on weekly preparatory examinations. CONCLUSION: Weekly reading assignments combined with weekly preparatory examinations significantly improved mean overall ABSITE scores among a group of residents who were already scoring above the national average.

Education, Medical, Graduate↗
PubMed2005

Racial bias in mock juror decision-making: a meta-analytic review of defendant treatment.

Common wisdom seems to suggest that racial bias, defined as disparate treatment of minority defendants, exists in jury decision-making, with Black defendants being treated more harshly by jurors than White defendants. The empirical research, however, is inconsistent--some studies show racial bias while others do not. Two previous meta-analyses have found conflicting results regarding the existence of racial bias in juror decision-making (Mazzella & Feingold, 1994, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 1315-1344; Sweeney & Haney, 1992, Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 10, 179-195). This research takes a meta-analytic approach to further investigate the inconsistencies within the empirical literature on racial bias in juror decision-making by defining racial bias as disparate treatment of racial out-groups (rather than focusing upon the minority group alone). Our results suggest that a small, yet significant, effect of racial bias in decision-making is present across studies, but that the effect becomes more pronounced when certain moderators are considered. The state of the research will be discussed in light of these findings.

Attitude↗
PubMed2005

Prosthodontic research: breaking traditional barriers.

There is considerable concern among leaders in both academia and the prosthodontic profession about the vitality of prosthodontic research and the discipline in general. Many feel that prosthodontics should be focused more on issues of societal significance. In addition, patient-oriented research is becoming more difficult to support within the current climate of ever-lower priority for discipline-based research.A break with traditional lines of enquiry is required, which will entail a corresponding break with established departmental boundaries, to gain access to a multiplicity of complementary skills. Several themes will be crucial in future prosthodontic research: clinical decision making, including health economics; materials science and host response at the implant interface; biocompatibility, functional properties and serviceability of prosthodontic materials; and function and dysfunction of the masticatory system. These themes are at the core of future projects that will address quality-of-life issues related to tooth loss. Prosthodontic researchers will have to be far more aggressive in developing synergistic collaborative arrangements, to align prosthodontic research with the major issues of the day, such as aging of the population, health disparities and access to preventive strategies. Through these collaborations, prosthodontics will remain a flagship discipline within dentistry, and its practitioners will be engaged in the major issues of health care.

Dental Research↗
PubMed2005

[Seventy five years of the Medical School of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile].

Aiming to join academic excellence and an ethical and Christian approach to medical profession, the Medical School of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile initiated its activities in 1930. Since then, the associated Health Care Network has incorporated all the technological breakthroughs in medicine and developed all the specialties. Undergraduate teaching is oriented to promote creativity and innovation. There is also a special concern about humanity of Medicine, throught the Program of Humanistic Medical Studies and the Bioethics Center. Post graduate education is also an important activity of the School, through specialty training, Master and Doctorate programs. Researchers have also obtained important grants and generated a great number of publications in high impact journals. Our University is defined as "complex", meaning that we must take important challenges, be creative and lead knowledge generation. We must also improve ourselves to serve in the best possible way our students and the Country. Paraphrasing the words of our founder, Monsignor Carlos Casanueva, we must train physicians that will serve our community not only with science but also with humanity.

Chile↗
PubMed1996

Abortions in Byzantine times (325-1453 AD).

The legislation and the texts of the most important medical writers of Byzantine times have been studied with reference to abortions, the ethical aspect of this social and medico-legal problem, the theological and the scientific approach. The theoretical basis of the permanent and absolute condemnation of all kinds of abortions except those permitted for medical reasons, is greatly influenced by the spirit of Christianity. In fact, religion supported the view that the reception of the seed in the uterus and the conception of the embryo means the beginning of life and accepted that the foetus is already a living creature. All legislation of Byzantium from the earliest times also condemned abortions. Consequently, foeticide was considered equal to murder and infanticide and the result was severe punishments for all persons who participated in an abortive technique reliant on drugs or other methods. The punishments could extend to exile, confiscation of property and death. The physicians followed the tradition of Ancient Greece, incorporated in the Hippocratic Oath, representative of the ideas of previous philosophers. According to this famous document, it is forbidden them to give a woman "an abortive suppository". The Orthodox faith reinforced this attitute, protective of every human life. On the other hand, the Church and the State accepted selective abortion based on medical data, such as prevention of dangerous conditions in pregnancy or anatomical difficulties involved. In conclusion, science, church and legislation had a common attitude to matters concerning abortion and this fact reveals an effort to apply a fair policy for the rights of the embryo and the protection of human life in Byzantine society.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗