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PubMed1998

Decreased leptin levels in normal weight women with hypothalamic amenorrhea: the effects of body composition and nutritional intake.

Leptin is a protein encoded by the ob gene and expressed in adipocytes. A sensitive marker of nutritional status, leptin is known to correlate with fat mass and to respond to changes in caloric intake. Leptin may also be an important mediator of reproductive function, as suggested by the effects of leptin infusions to restore ovulatory function in an animal model of starvation. We hypothesized that leptin levels are decreased in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea and that leptin may be a sensitive marker of overall nutritional status in this population. We, therefore, measured leptin levels and caloric intake in 21 women with hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA) and 30 age-, weight-, and body fat-matched eumenorrheic controls. Age (24 +/- 5 vs. 24 +/- 3 yr), body mass index (20.6 +/- 1.3 vs. 21.1 +/- 1.5 kg/m2), percent ideal body weight (94.9 +/- 5% vs. 96.3 +/- 6.3%), and fat mass (14.2 +/- 3.6 vs. 15.5 +/- 2.9 kg, determined by dual energy x-ray absortiometry) did not differ between the groups. Leptin levels were significantly lower in the HA subjects compared with those in the controls (7.1 +/- 3.0 vs. 10.6 +/- 4.9 micrograms/L; P = 0.005). Total caloric intake (1768 +/- 335 vs. 2215 +/- 571 cal/day; P = 0.003), fat intake (333 +/- 144 vs. 639 +/- 261 cal/day; P < 0.0001), and insulin levels (5.6 +/- 1.2 vs. 7.4 +/- 3.2 microU/mL; P = 0.015) were lower in the women with HA than in the eumenorrheic controls. The difference in leptin levels remained significant after controlling for insulin (P = 0.023). These data are the first to demonstrate hypoleptinemia, independent of fat mass, in women with HA. The hypoleptinemia may reflect inadequate calorie intake, fat intake, and/or other subclinical nutritional disturbances in women with HA. The mechanism and reproductive consequences of low leptin in this large population of women remain unknown.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Abnormal caloric requirements for weight maintenance in patients with anorexia and bulimia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE: This study tested previous findings that patients with eating disorders who attain normal weight have abnormal caloric requirements for maintaining weight. METHOD: Fifty-three female patients meeting the DSM-III-R criteria for anorexia nervosa and/or bulimia nervosa were divided into four subgroups, and their daily caloric intake was measured over a weight-stable period. Patients with anorexia nervosa (restricting and bulimic subtypes) were studied 4 weeks after refeeding and weight gain, when they had attained 95% of average body weight. Patients with normal-weight bulimia (previously anorexic or never previously anorexic) were studied 1-4 weeks after admission to an inpatient unit. RESULTS: After weight restoration, restricting anorexic patients required significantly more calories per day to maintain weight than did bulimic anorexic patients, as measured with corrections for weight, body surface area, and fat-free mass. Previously anorexic normal-weight bulimic patients required significantly more calories per day to maintain weight than never-anorexic normal-weight bulimic patients, as measured with correction for weight but not with the other factors used to correct caloric intake. CONCLUSIONS: To maintain stable weight after weight restoration, restricting anorexic patients require a significantly higher caloric intake than do bulimic anorexic patients. Differences in caloric needs between normal-weight bulimic patients with and without histories of anorexia may depend on the methods used to correct caloric requirements. Body surface area may be the most precise correction factor across different subgroups of eating disorder patients. Elevated caloric requirements, when coupled with reduced food intake, may particularly contribute to relapse in anorexic patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Neuropeptide Y administration into the amygdala alters high fat food intake.

The orexigenic effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) are mediated through the hypothalamus, while the anxiolytic effects of NPY appear to be mediated through the amygdala. We hypothesized that intra-amygdalar administration of NPY might alter food preference without changing total food intake. Neuropeptide Y was administered into the central nucleus of the amygdala in both satiated and overnight-fasted rats, and intake and preference for a high fat diet (56%)/low carbohydrate (20%) diet or a low fat (10%)/high carbohydrate (66%) diet were measured. Intra-amygdalar NPY administration in satiated rats did not change total caloric intake, but it did produce a dose-dependent decrease in intake of and preference for high fat diet relative to low fat diet over 24 h. In overnight-fasted rats, intra-amygdalar NPY also decreased the intake and preference for a high fat diet relative to low fat diet over 24 h, without altering total caloric intake. Intra-amygdalar NPY administration did not produce conditioned taste aversions to a novel saccharin solution. These results suggest that amygdalar NPY may have a role in macronutrient selection, without altering total caloric intake.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1997

Differential changes in sucrose/ethanol and sucrose maintained responding by independently altering ethanol or sucrose concentration.

Increased reinforcing efficacy of sucrose/ethanol solutions in comparison to sucrose solutions has been previously demonstrated. However, the contribution of the components of the sucrose/ethanol solution is not well defined. The present study used a multiple schedule of reinforcement to evaluate the differential changes in reinforcer presentations as sucrose or ethanol concentrations were altered. Male Long-Evans rats were trained to press a lever on a multiple fixed ratio 4-fixed ratio 4 schedule which was composed of alternating 2-min components. During one component, 5% sucrose/10% ethanol was presented as the reinforcer and, in the second component, 5% sucrose was presented. Independent manipulations of the ethanol concentration (0, 5, and 20%) in the sucrose/ethanol solution or sucrose concentration (0, 10, and 20%) in the sucrose solution were then performed. Increasing the ethanol concentration in the sucrose/ethanol solution resulted in decreases in reinforcer delivery but increases in ethanol intake (grams per kilogram) and total session caloric intake. Increasing the sucrose concentration in the sucrose solution resulted in significant increases in sucrose reinforcer delivery and total session caloric intake. During the concentration manipulations, the number of reinforcers presented of the unchanged reinforcer was not affected. Differential changes in the pattern of reinforcer presentation after ethanol and sucrose concentration manipulations during successive access periods suggest that sucrose and sucrose/ethanol maintained responding are differentially regulated. Changes in sucrose maintained responding after increases in the sucrose concentration were observed early in the session suggesting a strong influence of taste in regulating intake. Changes in sucrose/ethanol maintained responding after increases in the ethanol concentration occurred later in the session and suggest that postingestive effects (i.e., pharmacology) play a major role in the regulation of sucrose/ethanol intake. In addition, the differential patterns of sucrose/ethanol and sucrose maintained behavior suggest that the ethanol component of the sucrose/ethanol solution plays an important role in maintaining sucrose/ethanol reinforced behavior.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Oral correction of essential fatty acid deficiency in cystic fibrosis.

A combination of pancreatic insufficiency and inadequate caloric intake may produce essential fatty acids (EFA) deficiency in patients with cystic fibrosis. Seventy-five percent of the adolescents and young adults with poor weight gain in our clinic were EFA-deficient by total plasma linoleic acid criteria. Twenty of these patients were placed on an oral hyperalimentation regimen containing 230% of calories required for basal energy expenditure, 40% as fat. Forty percent of these (8/20) achieved normal EFA levels on this diet. Eight of the nonresponding patients were given an additional 5% of their caloric intake as linoleic acid monoglyceride. All who maintained caloric intake achieved normal EFA levels. Normalization of EFA levels was associated with a number of clinical benefits including increase in weight and activity and, in five teenage girls, regulation of menses. The 16 control patients who received standard pancrelipase therapy and nutritional supplements remained fatty acid deficient. We conclude that oral hyperalimentation can restore EFA levels in cystic fibrosis patients if adequate calories are available to provide energy needs.

Cystic Fibrosis↗
PubMed1988

Caloric requirement of the critically ill septic patient.

The caloric requirement of the critically ill septic patient was determined by measuring body composition, by multiple isotope dilution, before and at 2-wk intervals while receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in 86 septic and 57 nonseptic malnourished patients. All patients received a TPN solution containing 25% dextrose and 2.75% crystalline amino acids. The body composition of the nonseptic patients, who received 51.9 +/- 1.5 kcal/kg.day, improved significantly, while that of the septic patients, receiving 46.8 +/- 1.1 kcal/kg.day was only maintained. The relationship between caloric intake and the restoration of a malnourished body cell mass (BCM) was determined for each group by correlating, using multiple linear regression, the mean daily change in the BCM with the caloric intake and the nutritional state, as determined by body composition. According to the resultant regressions, an intake of 35.1 and 50.7 kcal/kg.day was required to maintain the BCM of the septic and nonseptic patients, respectively. To restore a depleted BCM, caloric intakes in excess of this amount are required.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Clinical zinc deficiency during zinc-supplemented formula.

A 2 1/2-month old preterm infant had failure to gain weight with high caloric intake, and had generalized persistent dermatitis and mild diarrhea. The patient was being fed zinc-supplemented cow's-milk-based formula (Osterfeed). High caloric intake of 8 weeks' and topical treatment of 11 weeks' duration were futile. A thorough investigation revealed low serum zinc concentration. Administration of zinc sulfate 150 mg/day resulted in brisk weight gain and complete clearing of skin lesions. The infant maintained normal levels of zinc 4 months after zinc therapy was discontinued, while being fed unmodified cow's milk and a diet of corn flour. The probability that zinc-supplemented formulas do not meet the high zinc requirements of premature infants is raised. The importance of plasma or serum zinc examination in preterm infants with slow growth velocity or failure to gain weight despite adequate caloric intake, with or without skin lesions and diarrhea, is emphasized.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1988

Mother-infant feeding interaction in full-term small-for-gestational-age infants.

Maternal and infant behavior during feeding was assessed in 30 mother-infant dyads: 15 small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants (birth weights below the 10th percentile) and 15 appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) infants (birth weights between the 25th and 90th percentiles). The groups were balanced for gestational age, sex, neonatal risk factors, and maternal age, parity, socioeconomic status, and race. Behaviors indicative of infant feeding difficulties were coded for mother and infant. The SGA mothers had higher frequencies of these behaviors than did their AGA counterparts. Qualitative ratings of interactive behavior were recorded for mother and infant: SGA infants had ratings indicative of less optimal interactions than those of the AGA group. Infant caloric intake (calories per kilogram per feeding) was calculated by first dividing the change in infant weight in grams before feeding and immediately after feeding by the infant's weight before feeding and then converting it to calories. Although no difference in caloric intake was observed between the two groups, infant behaviors and ratings were associated with caloric intake. These data suggest the importance of including neonatal behavior during feeding in the risk assessment of potential growth failure in SGA infants.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed1984

Nutritional studies on Spirulina maxima.

This study was designed to explore the nutritional value of proteins derived from algal biomasses of genus Spirulina maxima, with a view to the possible use of such proteins in human alimentation. Recently the use of such biomasses has commanded attention both as an alternative source of alimentary protein and as a coadjuvant in diet treatment requiring a reduced caloric intake - this because these substances seem to prolong gastric transit time and so produce a feeling of satiety. Our research was conducted in young growing rats; it provided confirmation of the validity of Spirulina as a protein source in terms of good weight gains by the test animals and freedom from adverse effects; the same research, on the other hand, failed to confirm the effectiveness of these protein materials in reducing caloric intake: throughout the test period, indeed, feed consumption (hence caloric intake) was practically the same in the control lot and in animals receiving Spirulina protein.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Meal size and intermeal interval in human subjects in time isolation.

We analyzed the content and number of meals eaten by eight subjects who lived for several weeks in time isolation and whose free-running sleep-wake periods (SWP) lengthened (to an average of more than 33 hours) and were desynchronized from the stable 25 hour rhythm of body temperature. Recently, in an analysis of meal timing, we reported that the long SWPs of free-running desynchrony (FRD) were associated with significantly longer intermeal intervals (IMI) than the shorter SWPs of free-running synchrony (FRS), suggesting that meals and sleep-wake events are timed by the same mechanism. We now report that in both FRS and FRD, subjects ate approximately three meals per SWP and the average size of a meal was similar across conditions. As a result, mean caloric intake decreased by 21 percent per 24 hours and mean satiety ratio increased by 27 percent on the long biological days of FRD. Despite the decrease in caloric intake, body weight did not change significantly in FRD compared to FRS. Decreased food consumption in FRD was not attributable to lowered core body temperature. The similarity of average meal size in the two FR conditions suggested that increased meal size did not drive the longer IMIs of desynchrony, although variability of caloric intake from meal to meal within conditions correlated with postmeal and premeal intervals. The results are interpreted as further support for the concept that in time isolation, the same mechanisms that governs the timing of sleep and waking is important in regulating the timing of meals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Developmental aspects of sucrose-induced obesity in rats.

Daily caloric intakes and body weights were measured from weaning to 70 days of age in male Sprague-Dawley rats given access to either a standard laboratory diet and water, or the standard diet, a 32% sucrose solution and water. Lee index of obesity (3 square root body weight/naso-anal length) and fasting blood glucose levels were determined at 46, 57, and 70 days of age. Animals were sacrificed at 70 days, and body composition analyses were performed. Aniamls given access to the sucrose solution consumed significantly more calories per day than animals given only the standard diet. Sucrose animals took approximately 50 to 60% of their daily caloric intake from the sugar solution. Despite the greater caloric intakes of the sucrose animals, sucrose and control animals did not differ in body weight. While there were no differences in body weights between the two groups, the Lee Index of obesity was significantly greater in the sucrose animals than in controls as early as 46 days of age. Fasting blood glucose levels were significantly lower in sucrose animals than in controls at both 46 and 57 days of age. Direct determinations of body compositions when animals were 70 days of age revealed that animals with access to sucrose had significantly greater percentages of body fat and lower percentages of body protein than controls.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1981

Sustained decrease in fat consumption produced by amphetamine in rats maintained on a dietary self-selection regime.

Total daily caloric intakes and dietary self-selection of the three macronutrients, protein, fat and carbohydrate, were examined in female rats following the administration of anorectic doses of d-amphetamine sulfate (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg body weight, IP). Animals had access to nutrients for a six-hour period each day with food intakes measured two hours after food presentation and again at the end of the six-hour feeding period. Amphetamine injections led to similar dose-related decreases in caloric intakes in animals maintained on a standard laboratory diet (ground Purina Laboratory Chow) and those maintained on the dietary self-selection regime. Detailed examination of feeding patterns of animals given the self-selection regime revealed, however, that amphetamine had differential effects on the consumption of protein, fat and carbohydrate. At all three drug doses, protein and carbohydrate intakes were suppressed during the initial two-hour measurement period. Intakes of these two macronutrients returned to control values by the end of the six-hour feeding period. In contrast, fat intake was initially suppressed and remained suppressed throughout the entire six-hour period following amphetamine administration. Comparison of the present results with those of previous experiments indicates that the selective effect of amphetamine on fat consumption is not a general effect of drugs which reduce caloric intake.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Distention and sugar feeding induce autogenous egg development by the Asian tiger mosquito (Diptera:Culicidae).

Mechanisms initiating autogenous egg development were studied using a selected strain of Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), that required a sugar meal to develop eggs autogenously. Caloric intake and the abdominal distention produced by ingesting sucrose solutions were interrelated in their effects on autogeny. Distention of the abdomen with 2 microliters of saline, with no caloric intake, induced autogenous egg maturation in 66% of the females. Abdominal distention produced by 2 microliters of saline did not induce egg development if the ventral nerve cord was transected. However, eggs were produced when females ingested 200 micrograms of sucrose in 2 microliters of water following ventral nerve cord transection. A meal containing at least 100 micrograms of sucrose was required for egg development if abdominal distention was < 1 microliter. Mating influenced autogeny in only 10% of the population. Neither distention, caloric intake nor mating affected the number of eggs that matured.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1990

Effect of moderate semi-starvation on plasma lipids.

The effect of a daily intake of 200 kcal for 6 days on blood lipid levels of normal and obese subjects was examined. Subjects exhibited a decrease in body weight of 5.9 percent. Plasma glucose levels decreased with no change in insulin levels. FFA and cholesterol did not change significantly with the low caloric intake. Triglyceride and phospholipid concentrations, elevated in obese subjects before the dietary period, decreased significantly with low caloric intake. In contrast no significant changes were observed in triglycerides or phospholipids in normal subjects. Serum uric acid increased during diet in normal but not in obese subjects. These results show different patterns of changes in plasma lipids in normal and obese subjects on very low caloric intake and raise the possibility of differences in utilization of lipid and protein stores, and may also hint at a role for phospholipids in energy metabolism. Very low calorie and carbohydrate diets may be beneficial for weight reduction in obese subjects without increasing blood lipids.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Effects of a 2-day abstinence from smoking on dietary, cognitive, subjective, and physiologic parameters among younger and older female smokers.

In a field study, dietary intakes, subjective ratings of well-being, cognitive performance, blood pressure, and heart rate were assessed during 6 days of ad libitum smoking and 2 days without smoking by using an electronic diary. The subjects were 59 younger and older female smokers, aged 25-35 and 55-65 years, respectively. Smoking abstinence significantly lowered heart rate, blood pressure, and saliva cotinine levels, indicating a good compliance by the subjects. Smoking abstinence was also followed by subjectively reported decreased levels of relaxation and activity and by higher levels of sleepiness, negative strain, and craving for smoking. Mental performance as assessed with the Stroop task was not affected by smoking abstinence. Whereas the percentage distribution of the macronutrients did not change with smoking abstinence, the intake of total energy increased significantly by 182 kcal/day. Main effects of age were found on some of the dietary parameters and Stroop performance variables only. A post hoc analysis revealed a significant influence of the employment status factor on the excess caloric intake and the increased frequency of sweet consumption when under abstinence. These increases were significantly greater in nonemployed (housewives, jobless) than in working women. Further correlational analysis revealed strong relations between caloric intake and simultaneous craving for smoking and food during abstinence but not during nonabstinence days, whereas no relation between caloric intakes and saliva cotinine or respiratory carbon monoxide were obtained. These findings suggest that the availability of food products and subjective withdrawal symptoms are probably more important moderators of increased dietary intake following smoking cessation than any pharmacologic systemic effects of nicotine.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Effects of fluoxetine on weight gain and food intake in smokers who reduce nicotine intake.

The effect of fluoxetine hydrochloride, a 5-HT uptake inhibitor (60 mg/day PO), in preventing weight gain associated with nicotine reduction was investigated in participants in a double-blind, placebo-controlled smoking-cessation trial. A lunch of cheese pizza and chocolate bars was offered, and caloric intake was monitored. The analysis focused on subjects (placebo: n = 11; fluoxetine: n = 10) who succeeded in reaching cotinine levels of less than 50% of their starting cotinine levels (signifying a stringent reduction in nicotine intake) and who participated in pre- and post-nicotine reduction lunch sessions 70 days apart. Subjects on placebo gained significantly more weight (mean +/- SEM = +3.3 +/- 0.7 kg) than subjects on fluoxetine (-0.6 +/- 1.2 kg). In fluoxetine-treated subjects, weight gain/loss was strongly correlated with initial body mass index, with higher BMI being associated with greater decreases in weight. A trend towards decreased caloric intake in the fluoxetine group was observed; the change in total calories at lunch was significantly correlated with weight change, an association accounted for principally by change in pizza intake. We conclude that fluoxetine treatment effectively prevents the weight gain that accompanies nicotine reduction and that this phenomenon is mediated, at least in part, by diminished caloric intake.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Corticosterone facilitation of inhibition of fat intake by enterostatin (Val-Pro-Asp-Pro-Arg).

Enterostatin or Val-Pro-Asp-Pro-Arg (VPDPR) is the amino-terminal pentapeptide of procolipase; VPDPR is generated during tryptic activation of procolipase to lipase. In rodents, exogenous VPDPR has been shown to cause a selective decrement in fat appetite. To understand the mechanism(s) underlying the action of this peptide, we have studied the effects of corticosterone, an adrenal hormone known to modulate caloric intake, on VPDPR-mediated inhibition of appetite. The results of this study show a significant increase in the inhibition of total caloric intake by 250 micrograms/kg VPDPR following corticosterone treatment (control, 2.3%; corticosterone treated, 22.7%). Furthermore, the decrement in the caloric intake in corticosterone-treated rats was exclusively due to the loss of fat intake.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Diet selection following a chronic morphine and naloxone regimen.

Total caloric intake and patterns of dietary self-selection of the three macronutrients, protein, carbohydrate and fat, were examined in adult male rats maintained on a 6-hr feeding schedule following daily injections of morphine (10 mg/kg), naloxone (1 mg/kg), the two drugs together, and saline. Animals received drug injections for 10 consecutive days. All animals received saline injections for the 5 days preceding and 5 days following the experimental period. Naloxone injections led to a significant reduction in total caloric intake. Neither morphine nor morphine and naloxone together significantly affected total caloric intake. Each of the drugs had a distinct effect on macronutrient selection. Morphine produced a significant increase in fat intake and decrease in carbohydrate intake, while naloxone led to a slight reduction in fat intake. When the two drugs were given together, a significant elevation in carbohydrate intake and reduction in fat intake were observed. Protein intake was not affected by any of the drugs. These results are discussed with respect to the hypothesized role of the endogenous opioid system in the regulation of energy balance.

Animals↗