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PubMed1994

Significant fiber evidence recovered from the clothing of a homicide victim after exposure to the elements for twenty-nine days.

An adhesive tape lint removal roller was used to isolate fibers from a homicide victim's clothing that had been exposed to the elements for twenty-nine days. Comparison microscopy, microspectrophotometry, and infrared analysis were used to compare recovered fibers to known fibers obtained from the suspect's shirt and the car in which it was believed the homicide occurred. Fibers recovered from the victim's clothing included specimens that were indistinguishable from fibers constituting the suspect's shirt, and others that were indistinguishable from the three distinct types of fibers comprising the upholstery, carpeting, and trunk liner of the car. The distribution of fibers on the various garments helped corroborate the crime scenario.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

[Healthy choice of occupation for juveniles in the textile and clothing industry in light of preventive examinations].

Choice of profession in line with natural liking or aptitude for a certain type of work and physical fitness is considered as a proper one. The aim of this study was to verify the effectiveness of pre-placement examinations of juvenile leaving primary schools. The study covered: (1) 210 students of textile and clothing schools; (2) 70 students from special care classes of the textile school; and (3) 312 graduates from primary schools applying for admission to textile and clothing schools. The study was carried out at the Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland. The reported subjective symptoms were usually limited to the headache (27%). The most prevalent abnormalities were visual organ impairments. Within the group of special care students from the textile school, scoliosis and functional disturbances of the nervous system were detected. The study revealed that both the range of pre-placement examinations of juvenile and the recognition of the criteria for certifying work capability are inadequate.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

The effect of fluorescent whitening agent on hunter camouflage clothing.

Fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) are chemicals added to most fabrics and papers during manufacture to increase color temperature, "whiteness," and "brightness." FWAs accomplish this by absorbing energy in the ultraviolet (UV) part of the spectrum and emitting it as visible blue light. Recently, hunters have become concerned that FWA could be reducing the effectiveness of their camouflage clothing. As a result, some manufacturers have begun making their camouflage clothing (camo) without FWA, and a spray-on product has been introduced to block the action of FWA. Radiometric spectra from camo and foliage samples suggest, however, that these concerns might not be fully justified. Under full sun and in the shade, spectra from 300 to 500 nanometers (nm) (i.e., UV and visible blue light) showed that camo samples containing FWA matched the foliage reasonably well. No evidence of a major problem caused by the FWA was detected, and no significant need for the use of UV absorbing dyes to block the action of FWA was found.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

[Physiologic and hygienic requirements for clothes protecting from cold during outdoors work in Northern regions].

The article presents main requirements met by clothing for protection against cold. The authors demonstrate calculation of desirable heat resistance of clothing and its components, results of experimental and occupational studies participated by humans and aimed at evaluation of individual protective means. The article shows role of individual protective means in maintaining desirable state of the workers.

Body Temperature↗

PubMed1996

Influence of a carbohydrate drink on performance of military personnel in NBC protective clothing.

BACKGROUND: The increased threat of nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) weapons underlines the need of protective clothing and gas masks, but this may impair performance. Thus, attention should be focused on the nutritional requirements. HYPOTHESIS: Optimal performance is guaranteed if the supply of water and energy is adequate. METHODS: Two groups of 20 trained military men (mean age 22 yr) received either an isotonic carbohydrate drink or a placebo drink (flavored water) for 24 h under simulated NBC conditions (wearing gas masks and protective clothing). Various physical and mental tests were performed at intervals and blood samples were collected three times. RESULTS: Five men of the placebo group had to be withdrawn during the experiment because of exhaustion. The decrease in physical performance (about 15%) and mental performance (about 20%) was most apparent for the group that had only water for consumption. CONCLUSIONS: When only water is consumed, physical performance of a group of military men decreases during 24 h of simulated NBC conditions. An isotonic carbohydrate drink is recommended with respect to maintaining performance under NBC conditions. Energy restriction prior to an NBC scenario has a negative influence on performance.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Suicidal stab wounds through clothing].

Most authors of medico-legal textbooks emphasize that suicides bare the chest before self-infliction of stab wounds and vice versa that cuts in the clothing indicate homicide. The paper presents three cases of suicidal stabs to the chest and/or abdomen with concomitant damage to the clothing.

Abdominal Injuries↗

PubMed2000

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection of bacterial biomarker proteins isolated from contaminated water, lettuce and cotton cloth.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectra of bacterial proteins were obtained from water, lettuce and cloth samples contaminated with Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli, and Aeromonas hydrophila. Spectra were obtained using proteins directly isolated from water (or water used for rinsing samples) without culturing the bacteria. For S. flexneri and E. coli, two marker ions for specific proteins associated with a virulence-related property (acid resistance) were easily detected. For A. hydrophila, ions from two specifically selected marker proteins, as well as ions from the larger group of proteins isolated from pure cultures, all matched spectra from a contaminated water sample, providing strong evidence that A. hydrophila was the bacterial contaminant. Rinse water from contaminated lettuce and cloth samples showed the same marker ions as the contaminated water samples.

Aeromonas hydrophila↗

PubMed1978

Neurocranial reconstruction using an elastomer-coated cloth mesh and bone grafting.

The purpose of this report is to present out 5-year experience in reconstructing large bony defects in the cranial vault of 16 patients. The method employs an alloplastic implant device made of elastomer-coated cloth mesh, used in conjunction with bone grafting [D. L. Leake and M. Habal, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 10, 555 (1976)]. The cranial defects ranged in size from 6 X 6 cm to 15 X 17 cm. The defects were in the frontal, temporoparietal, and occipital regions. Particularly challenging was the frontal-orbital region involving the superciliary ridges. The alloplastic implant provides controlled contour of the bone graft material while providing strength and stability during healing. The implant has adequate but not complete ridigity, allowing adaptability inthe operating room. The elastomer used is a polyetherurethane. Any biocompatible cloth mesh can be used, but Dacron [poly(ethylene terephthalate)] was chosen because of its extensive implant history. Contrasted with reconstruction using only bone, where as many as half of the cases had uneveness and were found to be anesthetically unsatisfactory, the technique described here has resulted in aesthetically excellent results and an intact neurocranium in the 16 patients studied thus far.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Are textile formaldehyde regulations reasonable? Experiences from the Finnish textile and clothing industries.

The formaldehyde content of textiles has been legally limited in only a few countries. Finland followed Japan in 1987 and introduced strict limits for textile formaldehyde content. The comprehensive registration system of occupational diseases in Finland has enabled the study of the incidence of occupational diseases caused by formaldehyde among workers in the textile and clothing industries. Diagnosed occupational diseases caused by formaldehyde were relatively rare in 1975-1993, and no decrease in the incidence of occupational formaldehyde diseases were observed after regulations were implemented at the end of 1987. Limitations on textile formaldehyde content are needed, however, because textiles with formaldehyde content of 435-855 micrograms/g can cause irritating airborne concentrations during pressing in clothing industry. With modern low formaldehyde cross-linking agents it is possible to achieve textile formaldehyde content less than 100 micrograms/g, as determined by the Japanese acetylacetone method. When limits for textile formaldehyde content are considered, it is also important to define the test method because the existing procedures produce different results.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗

PubMed1980

Cloth-particle retinal emboli from artificial cardiac valves.

Two patients with prosthetic mitral valves had ocular complications. A 28-year-old woman suffered recurrent episodes of bilateral retinal embolization and consequent loss of useful vision over a period of two years despite therapeutic anticoagulation. Replacement of the valve was followed by cessation of the embolization. A 52-year-old man noted the abrupt onset of blurred vision in his right eye. Visual acuity was 6/6 (20/20) bilaterally, but the right eye had many retinal emboli of varying shapes. Both patients had long-standing mitral valve disease, but ocular symptoms developed only after the implantation of a cloth-covered mitral valve prosthesis. To the best of our knowledge, retinal emboli from cloth-covered cardiac valve prostheses have not been previously reported. Patients with such prostheses and ocular complaints who have adequate anticoagulation therapy should be carefully examined for retinal emboli. If emboli are present, valve dysfunction is possible and valve replacement may be necessary.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Clothing and thermal environments. Field studies on industrial work in cool conditions.

Thermal environmental factors, heart rate, skin temperatures and thermal sensation votes were recorded in 19 workers in different types of cool environment industries. 45 workers from the same workplaces completed questionnaires. Transient thermal conditions were prevalent. After exercise chill, progressive cooling of the body during the working day, and cooling of hands and feet were general problems. Local cooling of certain body areas was found to be a trade-specific problem. Commonly used work clothing was insufficient for thermal comfort. Proposals for a more suitable choice of work clothing are given.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1988

Comparison between required clothing insulation and that actually worn by workers exposed to artificial cold.

Required Clothing Insulation (IREQ) is a new thermal index submitted to the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) for discussion. It is designed to prevent general body cooling and is based on an analysis of heat exchanges. The thermal clothing insulation actually worn (lcl) is estimated using a new method, also submitted to ISO. IREQ of 54 workers exposed to artificial cold (air temperature between -30 degrees C and +10 degrees C) was compared with lcl actually worn by these workers. The results of the present study show that, on average, the workers choose accurately lcl they need if their IREQ is below and up to 1.5 clo. Moreover, these workers prefer to wear garments which provide them with thermal comfort. If IREQ of workers is higher than 1.5-2 clo (i e, workers exposed to -20 degrees C), it is difficult for them to increase their thermal insulation with additional garments. Although their lcl is not sufficient, there is no risk of gradual body cooling because of their continuous time exposure (CTE) which is shorter than the calculated Duration Limited Exposure (DLE). On the other hand, Wind Chill Index (WCI), which is proposed to prevent local cooling, is better adapted to prevent cold injuries than physiological thermal strain; for example, impairment of manual dexterity cannot be prevented with this index.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1990

The accuracy of estimating the thermal insulation of clothing ensembles - the effect of appraisers.

The effect of the appraisers on the estimation of the thermal insulation of clothing ensembles was investigated. Nine appraisers, four experienced and five inexperienced, estimated the total thermal insulation by summing the values for individual garments. Lists of individual garments worn by workers were given during thermal comfort measurements carried out in shops and stores during one winter and summer. The beginners estimated the thermal insulation as accurately as the experienced appraisers. There were, however, great individual differences, for which three main reasons were found. Interpolation between the insulation provided by two garments was insufficient, and the insulation of these garments should be checked in more precise tables. Classification of the garments into heavy, medium and light clothing items was not adequate, and garments not listed by the workers confused the estimation given by different appraisers. The effect of error in thermal insulation on the PMV index is negligible if more than one appraiser estimates the thermal insulation and the mean of the estimates is used.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1990

Use of polymyxin-coated polyester cloth in the enzyme immunoassay of Salmonella lipopolysaccharide antigens.

Polyester cloth coated with polymyxin B was used to capture Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide antigens which were then quantitatively or qualitatively assayed using a specific antibody-peroxidase conjugate. This simple, rapid method can be used to assay a large number of samples by employing a large sheet of the polymyxin-coated cloth onto which multiple samples can be blotted. The method is reproducible and economical, since polymyxin B is relatively inexpensive, stable and available in pure form.

Adsorption↗

PubMed1993

Use of inexpensive O antisera as the detecting antibodies for Salmonella antigens in the polymyxin-cloth enzyme immunoassay.

The application of O antigen-specific antisera to the detection of Salmonella lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens was examined in an enzyme immunoassay using polymyxin-coated polyester cloth. The LPS antigens were extracted with deoxycholate and captured on polymyxin-cloth. A mixture of rabbit antisera to Salmonella O antigens was allowed to react with the captured antigens, and the reacted antibodies were detected by an anti-rabbit IgG-peroxidase conjugate. The assay gave positive results with 40 different Salmonella serotypes which represented more than 99.9% of the serogroups isolated from over 122,000 food, feed and environmental samples analysed at Laboratory Services Division, Agriculture Canada, from 1975 to 1990. Strong cross-reactivity with Staphylococcus aureus was eliminated by pregrowth of the organisms in the presence of sodium deoxycholate. The O antisera were commercially available and are more economical than monoclonal or affinity purified polyclonal antibodies.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMed1995

Rapid and economical detection of Salmonella enteritidis in eggs by the polymyxin-cloth enzyme immunoassay.

A rapid, simple and economical procedure for the detection of Salmonella enteritidis in eggs was developed. The contents of whole eggs inoculated with low numbers of S. enteritidis were mixed with a minimal volume of a nutrient-rich broth (1:2 ratio of egg to broth) and incubated overnight. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens of S. enteritidis were extracted by heating in the presence of cholate. The antigens were captured on polymyxin-coated polyester cloth, and the captured antigens were detected by sequential reactions with anti-serogroup D1 rabbit antiserum, anti-rabbit antibody-peroxidase conjugate and tetramethylbenzidine substrate solution. This polymyxin-cloth enzyme immunoassay (polymyxin-CEIA) was highly specific for salmonellae bearing the factor O:9 antigen, reacting in the assay of 19 S. enteritidis strains tested, including two rough isolates, but not with salmonellae lacking the factor O:9 antigen or non-Salmonella bacteria. The threshold sensitivity of the polymyxin-CEIA for S. enteritidis suspensions was ca. 10(6) cfu/ml. This combined enrichment culture and polymyxin-CEIA required less than 24 h to complete and detected as few as 1-2 S. enteritidis cfu inoculated into a whole egg. This procedure should facilitate the routine monitoring of S. enteritidis in large numbers of egg samples.

Antibody Specificity↗

PubMed1996

Salmonella detection by the polymyxin-cloth enzyme immunoassay using polyclonal and monoclonal detector antibodies.

Several commercially available O-antigen polyclonal antisera and a monoclonal antibody to the core region of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were examined as sources of detector antibodies in a polymyxin-cloth enzyme immunoassay (polymyxin-CEIA) for Salmonella. In this assay, polymyxin-coated polyester cloth captured the LPS antigens from Salmonella broth cultures, followed by immunoenzymatic detection of the captured LPS using specific antibodies. Pools of polyvalent antisera reacted with all of the Salmonella strains tested, but also gave cross-reactions with some non-Salmonella bacteria. On the other hand, the monoclonal antibody gave positive reactions with all of the Salmonella tested except serogroup O-strains, but did not react with any of the non-Salmonella bacteria. The monoclonal antibody supplemented with a single factor serogroup O:35 rabbit antiserum was able to detect the serogroup O-strains without causing any cross-reactions with the non-Salmonella bacteria. As an example of the applicability of this assay system, low levels of Salmonella cells spiked into various food samples were successfully detected after an overnight enrichment in broth.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Low-temperature washing of patients' clothing; effects of detergent with disinfectant and a tunnel drier on bacterial survival.

Patients' dresses were washed at 40 degrees C using an ordinary detergent for 1 week and a novel detergent with added 'Triclosan' for the following 2 weeks. The bacterial load on the finished laundry was acceptably low using either detergent. The killing of residual bacteria on washed clothing by drying in a tunnel finisher was demonstrated. This preliminary study did not show any benefits to be gained from the addition of 'Triclosan' to detergent for the low-temperature laundering of patients' clothing.

Bacteria↗