Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “CEREALS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

The status of trace elements in staple foods. II. Some effects of cereal and potato processing.

The effects of food processing on some cereal and potato products are discussed with respect to the status of 11 trace elements. The influences of milling, bread making and cooking of potatoes on the contents of trace elements are demonstrated. It is shown that these recently obtained results are quite representative for the former federal Republic of Germany (FRG) as compared with results published previously. Average intake levels of undesired elements such as cadmium and lead, as well as of essential elements such as calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium and zinc via consumption of cereal and potato products are calculated.

Edible Grain↗
PubMed1985

Determination of residual ethylene dibromide in cereals by glass capillary gas chromatography.

This study describes two methods for the quantitative determination of residual ethylene dibromide (1,2-dibromoethane) in cereals, especially wheat, and in dried fruit. The first method is based on a solvent-extraction technique; in the second a continuous micro steam-distillation--solvent-extraction apparatus is used. The quantitative determination of ethylene dibromide is performed by electron-capture gas chromatography using a glass capillary column coated with CPwax 51. The absolute detection limit for EDB is 0.5 pg and recoveries of 82 and 98% resp. are obtained for samples with EDB added in the range of 10 to 50 micrograms/kg. 75 samples of cereal products and 19 samples of dried fruit have been analysed with the solvent extraction method. For 22 samples the micro steam-distillation-solvent-extraction technique has been used.

Carcinogens↗
PubMed1979

[Hydrocyanic acid content in cerals and cereal products].

In the above paper for the first time a systematic study of the amount of hydrocyanic acid in grains and cereal products is reported. Among 24 analysed wheat, rye, maize and oats types, the presence of hydrocyanic acid could be identified in 19 cases in their Karyopses. Similar is the result with 28 among 31 analysed cereal products. The content of hydrocyanic acid lies between 0.1 and 45 microgram/100 gr dried mass.

Edible Grain↗
PubMed1997

Centromeric sites and cereal chromosome evolution.

Comparative genome analysis enables the sites of centromeres, telomeres and nucleolar organiser regions to be aligned with borders that define the sets of linked genes conserved across the cereal genomes. This provides a basis for studying cereal genome evolution.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1999

Phylogeny and transpositional activity of Ty1-copia group retrotransposons in cereal genomes.

The Ty1-copia group retrotransposon populations of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) have been characterised by degenerate PCR and sequence analysis of fragments of the reverse transcriptase genes. The barley population is comprised of a highly heterogeneous set of retrotransposons, together with a collection of sequences that are closely related to the BARE-1 element. Wheat also contains a highly diverse Ty1-copia retrotransposon population, together with a less prominent BARE-1 subgroup. These data have been combined with previously published Gramineae sequences to construct a composite phylogenetic tree for this class of retrotransposons in cereal grasses. The analysis indicates that the ancestral Gramineae genome contained a heterogeneous population of Ty1-copia group retrotransposons, the descendants of which have proliferated to differing degrees in present-day species. Lastly, the level of recent transpositional activity of two Ty1-copia elements has been estimated by measuring their insertional polymorphism within species. Both transposons are highly polymorphic within all species tested. These data suggest that transposition proficiency may be a common and evolutionarily stable feature of the Ty1-copia group retrotransposons of cereal grasses.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Insertional tagging of regulatory sequences in tritordeum; a hexaploid cereal species.

As an approach to isolate novel cereal promoters, promoterless uidA constructs and particle bombardment were used to transform tritordeum. Five of eight transgenic lines containing uidA sequences showed evidence of promoter tagging. Expression of uidA was detected in four lines as: constitutive expression, expression in short cells of the epidermis of the spikelets, expression in pollen grains and in cells of the epidermis of the spikelet, and expression in anther primordia and pollen grains. In the fifth line, the uidA was shown by RT-PCR to be transcribed, but no GUS activity was detected. The different patterns of uidA expression indicate that different regulatory sequences were tagged in each of these lines. Analysis of the progeny resulting from self-fertilisation of the primary tagged plants, indicate that the transgenes integrated at one or two loci and the patterns of expression were stably inherited. To our knowledge, this is the first report of promoter tagging in cereals by direct gene transfer.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Molecular identification and chromosomal localization of genes encoding Triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitor I-like proteins in cereals.

TAXI ( Triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitor) proteins are present in wheat flour and are known to inhibit glycosyl hydrolase family 11 endoxylanases, enzymes which are commonly applied in grain processing. Here, we describe the PCR-based molecular identification of genes encoding endoxylanase inhibitors HVXI and SCXI, the TAXI-like proteins from barley ( Hordeum vulgare) and rye ( Secale cereale) respectively. The HVXI coding sequence encodes a mature protein of 384 amino acids preceded by a 19 amino acid long signal sequence. SCXI-II/III has an open reading frame encoding a signal peptide of 21 amino acids and a mature protein of 375 amino acids. As for TAXI-I, no introns were detected in the untranslated regions and coding sequences identified. These newly identified sequences allowed us to perform a multiple sequence alignment with TAXI-I and similar proteins. Rice TAXI-type proteins clustered together with the cereal endoxylanase inhibitors. Dicotyledonous proteins with sequence similarity to TAXI-I, including the tomato xyloglucan-specific endoglucanase inhibiting protein, formed a different clade. The TAXI-type proteins may hence be part of a superfamily of proteins all involved in plant responses to biotic or abiotic stress and for which a function as glycosyl hydrolase inhibitors can be suggested. The chromosomal localization of the TAXI-I gene identified on wheat chromosome 3B, of the SCXI-II/III gene identified on rye chromosome 6R, and the presence of a cluster of TAXI-like genes on rice chromosome 1, allowed us to assign the location of TAXI-like genes to the wheat-rye translocation area 3BL/6RL characterized by RFLP markers XGlb33 and Xpsr454 and isozyme Est-5. In rice, RFLP marker C1310S corresponds to a TAXI-like protein encoding sequence.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Impact of Cre1, Cre8 and Cre3 genes on cereal cyst nematode resistance in wheat.

The cereal cyst nematode (CCN; Heterodera avenae), a root disease of cereal crops, is a major economic constraint in many wheat (Triticum aestivum)-growing areas of the world. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the Cre1, Cre8 and Cre3 genes on CCN resistance. A population of 92 doubled-haploid (DH) lines derived from a cross between wheat cvs. Frame and Silverstar as well as 1,851 wheat breeding lines were screened for CCN resistance at the Primary Industries Research Victoria (PIRVic). A second population of 9,470 wheat breeding lines was screened at the South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI). Cre3 had the largest impact on reducing the number of female cysts, followed by Cre1 and Cre8. There was no significant difference in number of cysts between DH lines with or without the Cre8 marker, suggesting that the marker is not perfectly linked to Cre8. The estimated heritabilities were 0.32 in the DH population, 0.48 in the PIRVic data set and 0.32 in the SARDI data set, which confirm that this is a trait of low heritability. The repeatability of CCN resistance improved with an increase in the number of plants assessed per line-up to ten. However, 85-88% of the improvement was achieved with the assessments of the first five plants.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

High transferability of bread wheat EST-derived SSRs to other cereals.

The increasing availability of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and related cereals provides a valuable resource of non-anonymous DNA molecular markers. In this study, 300 primer pairs were designed from 265 wheat ESTs that contain microsatellites in order to develop new markers for wheat. Their level of transferability in eight related species [Triticum durum, T. monococcum, Aegilops speltoides, Ae. tauschii, rye (Secale cereale), barley (Hordeum vulgare), Agropyron elongatum and rice (Oryza sativa)] was assessed. In total, 240 primer pairs (80%) gave an amplification product on wheat, and 177 were assigned to wheat chromosomes using aneuploid lines. Transferability to closely related Triticeae species ranged from 76.7% for Ae. tauschii to 90.4% for T. durum and was lower for more distant relatives such as barley (50.4%) or rice (28.3%). No clear putative function could be assigned to the genes from which the simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were developed, even though most of them were located inside ORFs. BLAST: analysis of the EST sequences against the 12 rice pseudo-molecules showed that the EST-SSRs are mainly located in the telomeric regions and that the wheat ESTs have the highest similarity to genes on rice chromosomes 2, 3 and 5. Interestingly, most of the SSRs giving an amplification product on barley or rice had a repeated motif similar to the one found in wheat, suggesting a common ancestral origin. Our results indicate that wheat EST-SSRs show a high level of transferability across distantly related species, thereby providing additional markers for comparative mapping and for following gene introgressions from wild species and carrying out evolutionary studies.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2006

Mapping of a novel QTL for resistance to cereal cyst nematode in wheat.

Cereal cyst nematode (CCN; Heterodera avenae Woll.) is a root pathogen of cereals that can cause severe yield losses in intolerant wheat cultivars. Loci for resistance to CCN, measured by a seedling bioassay, were identified by creating a genetic map based on a Trident/Molineux doubled haploid population of 182 lines. A novel locus accounting for up to 14% of the resistance to CCN was mapped to chromosome 1B of Molineux by association with microsatellite marker loci Xwmc719 and Xgwm140. This locus acts additively with the previously identified CCN resistance loci identified on chromosomes 6B (Cre8) and 2A (Cre5 on the VPM1 segment) in this population to explain 44% of the genetic variance for this major wheat pathogen.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Candidate gene identification of an aluminum-activated organic acid transporter gene at the Alt4 locus for aluminum tolerance in rye (Secale cereale L.).

Among cereal crops, rye is one of the most tolerant species to aluminum. A candidate gene approach was used to determine the likely molecular identity of an Al tolerance locus (Alt4). Using PCR primers designed from a wheat aluminum tolerance gene encoding an aluminum-activated malate transporter (TaALMT1), a rye gene (ScALMT1) was amplified, cloned and sequenced. Subsequently, the ScALMT1 gene of rye was found to be located on 7RS by PCR amplification using the wheat-rye addition lines. SNP polymorphisms for this gene were detected among the parents of three F(2) populations that segregate for the Alt4 locus. A map of the rye chromosome 7R, including the Alt4 locus ScALMT1 and several molecular markers, was constructed showing a complete co-segregation between Alt4 and ScALMT1. Furthermore, expression experiments were carried out to clarify the function of this candidate gene. Briefly, the ScALMT1 gene was found to be primarily expressed in the root apex and upregulated when aluminum was present in the medium. Five-fold differences in the expression were found between the Al tolerant and the Al non-tolerant genotypes. Additionally, much higher expression was detected in the rye genotypes than the moderately tolerant "Chinese Spring" wheat cultivar. These results suggest that the Alt4 locus encodes an aluminum-activated organic acid transporter gene that could be utilized to increase Al tolerance in Al sensitive plant species. Finally, TaALMT1 homologous sequences were identified in different grasses and in the dicotyledonous plant Phaseolus vulgaris. Our data support the hypothesis of the existence of a common mechanism of Al tolerance encoded by a gene located in the homoeologous group four of cereals.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1997

Ascorbic acid enhances hydroxyl radical formation in iron-fortified infant cereals and infant formulas.

UNLABELLED: Infant cereals and formulas are usually fortified with iron to prevent iron deficiency. To enhance iron bioavailability, supplemental ascorbic acid is recommended. Ascorbic acid is considered to be an antioxidant in vivo, but has pro-oxidant effects when exposed to non-protein-bound iron. We measured formation of free radicals in cereals and infant formulas after addition of ascorbic acid. The production of hydroxyl radicals was assessed by hydroxylation of salicylic acid to 2.5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHBA). Production of 2.5-DHBA increased with increasing ascorbic acid doses added. Addition of 0.8 mM ascorbic acid to breast milk produced less radicals (0.03 +/- 0.05 microM) than addition of ascorbic acid to low-iron formula (0.13 +/- 0.08 microM. P = 0.019), medium-iron formula (0.34 +/- 0.12 microM, P < 0.0001) or high-iron formula (0.44 +/- 0.08 microM. P < 0.0001). Even when iron content in breast milk was adjusted to a level comparable with that of formulas, production of 2,5-DHBA was lower. Breast milk seems to contain substances that reduce hydroxyl radical formation. CONCLUSION: Supplemental ascorbic acid causes hydroxyl radical formation in iron-fortified infant nutrients in vitro.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed2002

Cereal genes similar to Snf2 define a new subfamily that includes human and mouse genes.

Genes from the SNF2 family play important roles in transcriptional regulation, maintenance of chromosome integrity and DNA repair. This study describes the molecular cloning and characterization of cereal genes from this family. The predicted proteins exhibit a novel C-terminal domain that defines a new subfamily designated SNF2P that includes human and mouse proteins. Comparison between genomic and cDNA sequences showed that cereal Snf2P genes consisted of 17 exons, including one only 8 bp long. Two barley alleles differed by the presence of a 7.7-kb non-LTR retrotransposon in intron 6. An alternative annotation of the orthologous Arabidopsis gene would improve its similarity with the other members of the subfamily. Intron 2 was not spliced out in approximately half of the rice Snf2P mRNAs present in leaves, resulting in a premature stop codon. Transcripts from the barley and wheat Snf2P genes were found in apexes, leaves, sheaths, roots and spikes. The Snf2P genes exist as single copies on wheat chromosome arm 5A(m)L and in the colinear regions on barley chromosome arm 4HL and rice chromosome 3. High-density genetic mapping and RT-PCR suggest that Snf2P is not a candidate gene for the tightly linked vernalization gene Vrn2.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2005

Comparative analysis in cereals of a key proline catabolism gene.

Proline accumulation and catabolism play significant roles in adaptation to a variety of plant stresses including osmotic stress, drought, temperature, freezing, UV irradiation, heavy metals and pathogen infection. In this study, the gene Delta1 -pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P5CDH), which catalyzes the second step in the conversion of proline to glutamate, is characterized in a number of cereal species. P5CDH genes from hexaploid wheat, Triticum turgidum (durum wheat), Aegilops tauschii, Triticum monococcum, barley, maize and rice were shown to be conserved in terms of gene structure and sequence, present as a single copy per haploid, non-polyploid genome and located in evolutionarily conserved linkage groups. A wheat cDNA sequence was shown by yeast complementation to encode a functional P5CDH activity. A divergently-transcribed rab7 gene was identified immediately 5' of P5CDH in all grasses examined, except rice. The rab7/P5CDH intergenic region in these species, which presumably encompasses 5' regulatory elements of both genes, showed a distinct pattern of sequence evolution with sequences in juxtaposition to each ORF conserved between barley, wheat, A. tauschii and T. monococcum. More distal 5' sequence in this intergenic region showed a higher rate of divergence, with no homology observed between these regions in the wheat and barley genomes. Maize and rice showed no similarity in regions 5' of P5CDH when compared with wheat, barley, and each other, apart from a 22 bp region of conserved non-coding sequence (CNS) that is similar to a proline response element identified in the promoter of the Arabidopsis proline dehydrogenase gene. A palindromic motif similar to this cereal CNS was also identified 5' of the Arabidopsis AtP5CDH gene showing conservation of this sequence in monocot and dicot lineages.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Cytosine methylation and nucleolar dominance in cereal hybrids.

In wheat-rye hybrids the nucleolus organizer regions (NORs), the sites of ribosomal RNA genes, from rye are suppressed. Wheat and wheat-rye hybrid genetic stocks containing different numbers of wheat and rye nucleolus organizers, as well as addition lines and rye-barley hybrids, were used in Southern hybridization experiments to determine the cause of nucleolar dominance and suppression in cereal hybrids. Based on the use of restriction endonucleases that cleave near the ends of the spacer unit and an additional, methylation-sensitive enzyme, HpaII, which does not recognize the CCGG restriction site if the internal C is methylated, an indirect method of assaying NOR expression was established. The results indicated that cleavage by the HpaII enzyme of the rye NOR sequences, is reduced when major NORs from other cereals were present. The reduction in the number of rye rRNA genes containing an unmethylated CCGG site in the promoter was associated with the suppression of the rye nucleolus. These results are consistent with a model in which promoter and upstream regulatory repeats of ribosomal RNA genes compete for limited concentrations of regulatory proteins, and genes that are methylated at key binding sites fail to engage these regulatory proteins and thus remain inactive.

Cell Nucleolus↗
PubMed2005

A new versatile and robust mite trap for detection and monitoring of storage mites in the cereal and allied industries.

Storage mites are important primary pests but present methods for trapping them are either rudimentary or have several limitations. These prevent effective early detection or reliable monitoring of mites in the food, animal feed and associated industries. The BT Trap is the first trap designed specifically for the detection and monitoring of mite infestation. This trap is made up of a mixed food base lure held in a robust adjustable housing. It is user friendly, requires an exposure period of only 4 days and can be used in a dusty environment. The performance of the BT Trap was evaluated in the laboratory and the mean minimal capture rate of mites was 62%. In a comparative field trial, this trap detected significantly more mites than the bait bag or the fishmeal trap. The trap's performance was also assessed in four different types of premises. These were premises engaged in the production of cereal based dry pet food, specialist animal feed, traditional cheese, and in the finished cereal section of a large transit storage warehouse. A total of 17 genera or species of storage and predatory mites was detected in these four premises, with at least seven species detected in each of these premises. This study confirms that the BT Trap was able to function under the rigours of use in the field. It has demonstrated its potential as a useful tool for early detection and monitoring of mites in production premises. It also provided information that was vital for improving existing mite control measures and in implementing effective management strategies.

Acaridae↗
PubMed2005

Secale cereale inter-microsatellites (SCIMs): chromosomal location and genetic inheritance.

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to locate Sectale cereale (inter-simple sequence repeat ISSR) or Secale cereale inter-microsatellite (SCIM) markers using wheat-rye addition lines in order to develop a set of molecular markers distributed on the seven rye chromosomes. The number of SCIM markers located on 1R, 2R, 3R, 4R, 5R, 6R and 7R chromosomes were 4, 3, 12, 3, 2, 9 and 8, respectively. Therefore, a total of 41 new SCIMs were located on the seven rye chromosomes. The segregation of the 63 different SCIM markers in three different F2 was studied. The observed ISSR segregations were the 3:1 (50.7%), the 15:1 (12.7%) and the 1:1 (14.2%). The linkage analysis carried out indicated that seven of the segregating SCIMs were linked to chromosome 7R and two were linked to chromosome 4R. The use of the SCIM markers as a source of molecular markers that could be linked to interesting genes or other important agronomic traits is discussed.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2005

The evolution of the abscisic acid-response in land plants: comparative analysis of group 1 LEA gene expression in moss and cereals.

The moss Physcomitrella patens possesses a single copy of a Group 1 LEA gene, designated PpLEA-1. Sequence analysis of the PpLEA-1 gene reveals the gene to contain a single intron in a position conserved in all members of the Group 1 LEA gene family, but also to contain a premature termination codon within the first exon. Nevertheless, a PpLEA-1 transcript accumulates in moss tissues in response both to the imposition of osmotic stress, and to the plant growth regulator abscisic acid (ABA). This response appears to be mediated at the transcriptional level, and observation of the pattern of gene expression, reported by histochemical staining of plants expressing a PpLea-1::GUS transgene suggests that the promoter responds preferentially to ABA in protonemal filaments, whereas osmotic stress induces gene expression primarily in the gametophores. Quantitative analysis of promoter activity by transient expression in Physcomitrella protoplasts shows the PpLEA-1 promoter to be highly active in response to ABA and osmotic stress. ABA-mediated transgene expression from the PpLea-1 promoter occurs at a level similar to that driven by the highly active promoter of the wheat Group 1 LEA gene, E(m). Site-directed mutagenesis of the PpLEA-1 promoter indicates that ABA-inducibility is mediated via an ACGT-core motif similar to that seen in the ABA response elements of higher plant LEA genes. However, whereas the wheat E(m )promoter is active in moss tissues, the moss promoter is not reciprocally active in cereal cells: no activity, ABA-inducible or otherwise was detected in barley aleurone protoplasts transfected with the PpLEA-1::GUS construct. We propose that ABA activation of gene expression in moss cells represents an ancestral state, with only minimal requirements for promoter recognition, whereas cereal cells require the interaction of additional factors with ABA-responsive promoters.

Abscisic Acid↗