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At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

[Arthroscopic study of the elbow joint in dog cadavers].

PURPOSE: To study the arthroscopic technique of the elbow joint in dog cadavers. The possibility to see the intra articular structures, technical difficulties and complications which occurred during the procedure were analyzed. METHODS: ten dog's cadavers (twenty elbow joints) were examined. Both, arthroscopic and instrumental portals were performed on the medial site of joint at caudal and cranial positions, respectively. RESULTS: We could see the totality of the proposed structures. The main complications were cartilage iatrogenic lesion and periarticular infiltration. CONCLUSION: The elbow arthroscopy in dogs permits detailed intra-articular visualization. The arthroscopic and instrumental portals were simple to be done.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Internal mammary lymph nodes identification from isolated sternum of human cadaver].

PURPOSE: To identify the lymph nodes positioned along the internal mammary vessels in isolated sternum of human cadaver and to standardize the surgical approach to those nodes, in order to establish anatomical landmarks to be used with the current techniques of mammary gland sentinel lymph node detection. METHODS: Ten sternum plates removed from unclaimed cadavers were used in this study. Sternal plates were removed using bilateral incisions of the ribs at the midclavicular lines. The characterization of the internal mammary vessels and the anatomical integrity of the parietal pleura were indispensable requirements during the procedure. RESULTS: A total of 29 lymph nodes were removed from the 2nd (13) and the 3rd (16) intercostals spaces. Almost 50% of all nodes collected were located medially to the vessels. CONCLUSION: The approach used is a reliable surgical technique for removing lymph node from sternal plates. The model is therefore valuable for breast surgeons training in sentinel node biopsy, an important procedure for breast cancer patients.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1991

Verapamil improves the outcome after cadaver renal transplantation.

Because of their favorable effects on renal hemodynamics, calcium antagonists may have a major role in the prevention and management of certain types of acute renal dysfunction. In fact, verapamil (VP) was shown to prevent cyclosporin A (CsA)-induced decreases in RBF in mice and in cadaver renal transplant (CRT) recipients. The study presented here of 59 cadaver renal transplant patients evaluates the outcome from perioperative treatment with VP (N = 30) administered intraoperatively into the renal artery (10 mg) followed by oral administration of 120 mg every 8 to 12 h for 14 days versus no drug (N = 29). Early immunosuppression included azathioprine, corticosteroids, and antilymphocyte globulin with subsequent overlapping with CsA on days 5 and 6. Actuarial graft survival at 1 yr was different when the two groups were compared (P less than 0.05). Estimated graft survival at 1 yr for VP patients was 93.3 compared with 72.4% in control patients. The improved graft survival was most striking in repeat transplants with 90% graft survival at 1 yr for VP recipients versus 37.5% for controls. Compared with controls, VP recipients had significantly improved renal parenchymal diastolic blood flow velocities on the first day after surgery (7.8 versus 5.8 cm/s). By day 7, GFR were greater with VP (44 +/- 29 mL/min) versus controls (28 +/- 22 mL/min). Of VP patients, 67% (18 of 24) had GFR greater than 30 mL/min versus 33% (9 of 26) for control patients. Similarly, on the seventh day, 77% (21 of 30) of VP patients had serum creatinines less than 2.0 mg% versus 34% (10 of 29) for controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Kinematic behavior of the ankle following malleolar fracture repair in a high-fidelity cadaver model.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies involving axially loaded ankle cadaver specimens undergoing a passive range of motion after fracture have demonstrated rotatory instability patterns consisting of excessive external rotation during plantar flexion. The present study was designed to expand these studies by using a model in which ankle motion is controlled by physiologically accurate motor forces generated through phasic force-couples attached to the muscle-tendon units. METHODS: Eight right unembalmed cadaver feet were tested in a dynamic gait simulator that reproduces the sagittal kinematics of the tibia while applying physiological muscle forces to the tendons of the major extrinsic muscles of the foot. Six-degrees-of-freedom kinematics of the tibia and talus were measured with use of a VICON motion-analysis system. The experimental conditions included all combinations of lateral and medial injury to reproduce the clinical classifications of ankle fracture. Statistical analysis was performed with repeated-measures analyses of variance. RESULTS: The talus of the intact ankles demonstrated coupled external rotation and inversion relative to the tibia as the ankle plantar flexed. Osteotomy of the fibula, simulating a lateral ankle fracture, slightly but significantly increased external rotation and inversion of the talus (p < 0.001), whereas disruption of either the superficial or the deep deltoid ligament increased talar eversion (p < 0.003) and disruption of the deep deltoid ligament increased internal rotation (p < 0.0001). The aberrant motions were corrected by repair of the injured structure. CONCLUSIONS: The predominant coupled rotation of the talus is external rotation associated with plantar flexion. Following progressive ankle destabilization, talar external rotation and inversion increased. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The clinical decision-making process regarding the treatment of ankle fractures centers on determination of whether the injury is expected to result in abnormal motion, which is thought to predispose to the development of arthritis. The present study demonstrated a remarkable degree of ankle stability during stance phase even when there was severe disruption of medial and lateral structures. This finding suggests that a main determinant of clinical outcome after ankle fracture may be ankle motion during swing phase, when ankle stability is not augmented by the combination of axial loading and active motor control of motion. If swing-phase motion is abnormal, then the ankle may be in a vulnerable position at the point of heel-strike.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Sonography of plantar plates in cadavers: correlation with MRI and histology.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to describe the sonographic appearance of the lesser metatarsal plantar plates in cadavers and to correlate these findings with MRI and histology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six soft-embalmed cadaveric feet (74-92 years old; two male, one female) were imaged with sonography and MRI. Tear dimensions of the plantar plate were recorded in the long and short axes. Orthopedic surgeons directly inspected the plantar plates before removing samples for histologic correlation. One young fresh cadaver was imaged with sonography before histologic assessment. RESULTS: The normal plantar plate appearance on sonography was a slightly echoic, homogeneous, curved structure. At direct inspection, a tear was present in 23 (96%) of 24 of the lesser plantar plates in the soft-embalmed feet. This direct inspection correlated with sonography detecting 23 tears correctly and MRI, 22 tears. Both sonography and MRI falsely reported one tear, but MRI also failed to detect one tear. Histologically, the abnormal plantar plate showed loss of the normal dense regular tissue and replacement with vessels, hydropic tissue, and a mixture of loose connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue. CONCLUSION: Sonography, being noninvasive, shows promise as an imaging tool of the plantar plate. With ongoing research in this area we hope to determine the reliability and significance of such a technique in the evaluation of the plantar plate.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

MR imaging of the temporomandibular joint: a cadaver study of the value of coronal images.

Recent studies comparing cryosectional anatomy of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) to its MR appearance have shown that the assessment of disk displacement is inaccurate when based on the sagittal plane alone. This article describes the MR appearance of the normal and abnormal (positional and osseous changes) TMJ in the coronal plane and compares these findings with their cryosectional anatomy. Twenty-two TMJs from unselected frozen cadavers were embedded in paraffin. Coronal and sagittal MR imaging was performed; specimens were then cut in the same plane as the coronal images. Disk position by cryosection was normal in 14 cases and abnormal in eight cases. Coronal MR images alone correctly depicted the TMJ disk position in 17 cases (77%) (13 normal, four abnormal). Complementary sagittal images were necessary for diagnosing anterior displacement in two cases (9%). MR was inaccurate in three cases (14%) of severe degenerative joint disease. Bone condition was correctly diagnosed on the basis of coronal images alone in all cases. Our study shows that coronal MR imaging alone of the TMJ in cadavers accurately shows disk position in 77% of cases. Complementary sagittal images were of benefit in the diagnosis of an additional 9% with anterior displacement. Disk position was assessed inaccurately in either plane in patients with severe degenerative joint disease. For a full MR assessment of the TMJ for disk position and bone condition, we recommend imaging in both coronal and sagittal planes.

Cadaver↗
PubMed2006

Orbital decompression: cadaver study.

BACKGROUND: Patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy may need surgical treatment to alleviate ophthalmologic complications. The degree of reduction in proptosis following surgical intervention remains difficult to predict. OBJECTIVES: To elaborate a human model using cadaver orbits to study surgical management of Graves' ophthalmopathy. To evaluate quantitatively the contribution of each orbital wall decompression and their combinations in reduction in proptosis. To improve the ability to predict the degree of proptosis reduction according to the wall(s) chosen for decompression. METHODS: Artificial exophthalmos was created in 12 cadavers' orbits by injecting a polysaccharide gel in the peribulbar and retrobulbar tissues. Proptosis reduction was measured following successive orbital decompression. RESULTS: Decompression of one wall produced a nonstatistical significant reduction in proptosis. The combination of the medial and lateral walls significantly reduced the proptosis by a mean of 4.2 mm. Three-wall decompression gave a mean significant reduction of 6.6 mm, and when combined with the advancement of the lateral wall, it reduced proptosis by 12.5 mm. CONCLUSIONS: We created an experimental model for research and didactic purposes for surgical mangement of Graves' ophthalmopathy. With this model, to obtain 5 mm or more of proptosis reduction, three-wall decompression is required. Advancement of the lateral wall achieved a further reduction in proptosis. For a proptosis reduction of less than 5 mm, decompression of the medial and lateral walls is appropriate.

Cadaver↗
PubMed2006

Association between findings on palmarodorsal radiographic images and detection of a fracture in the proximal sesamoid bones of forelimbs obtained from cadavers of racing Thoroughbreds.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the distribution for limbs and bones in horses with fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones and relationships with findings on palmarodorsal radiographic images. SAMPLE POPULATION: Proximal sesamoid bones obtained from both forelimbs of cadavers of 328 racing Thoroughbreds. PROCEDURE: Osteophytes; large vascular channels; and fracture location, orientation, configuration, and margin distinctness were categorized by use of high-detail contact palmarodorsal radiographs. Distributions of findings were determined. Relationships between radiographic findings and fracture characteristics were examined by use of chi2 and logistic regression techniques. RESULTS: Fractures were detected in 136 (41.5%) horses. Biaxial fractures were evident in 109 (80%) horses with a fracture. Osteophytes and large vascular channels were evident in 266 (81%) and 325 (99%) horses, respectively. Medial bones typically had complete transverse or split transverse simple fractures, indistinct fracture margins, > 1 vascular channel that was > 1 mm in width, and osteophytes in abaxial wing and basilar middle or basilar abaxial locations. Lateral bones typically had an oblique fracture and distinct fracture margins. Odds of proximal sesamoid bone fracture were approximately 2 to 5 times higher in bones without radiographic evidence of osteophytes or large vascular channels, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Biaxial fractures of proximal sesamoid bones were common in cadavers of racing Thoroughbreds. Differences between medial and lateral bones for characteristics associated with fracture may relate to differences in fracture pathogeneses for these bones. Osteophytes and vascular channels were common findings; however, fractures were less likely to occur in bones with these features.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2003

Comparison of the retrobulbar and Peterson nerve block techniques via magnetic resonance imaging in bovine cadavers.

OBJECTIVE: To use magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to describe and compare the anatomic distribution of a lipid contrast medium injected via the retrobulbar and Peterson nerve block techniques in heads of bovine cadavers. DESIGN: Original study. SAMPLE: 5 grossly normal heads obtained from cattle at necropsy. PROCEDURE: Standardized techniques for the modified retrobulbar and Peterson nerve blocks were established. Each cadaver had 1 treatment performed on a randomly selected side of the head; the second treatment was performed on the alternate side of the head. Injections were performed with canola oil, which is an MR-positive contrast medium. Images of heads in the transverse and dorsal planes were obtained with a 3.0 Tesla short-bore MR system. RESULTS: The retrobulbar technique was characterized by widespread distribution of the contrast medium around the periorbital structures; further distribution of the medium was detected along the optic nerve and in the ethmoid turbinates and nasopharynx. After the Peterson nerve block technique, contrast medium was repeatedly located in the pterygopalatine fossa, but distribution to surrounding structures was minimal. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicate that the retrobulbar injection technique results in a greater distribution of contrast medium to the target nerves and surrounding structures, compared with that achieved via the Peterson nerve block technique. This may explain the previously reported clinical impression that the retrobulbar block is more reliable than the Peterson nerve block but is associated with a greater risk of complications.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Catheter-based dilation of the sinus ostia: initial safety and feasibility analysis in a cadaver model.

BACKGROUND: Over the past 20 years, many patients have benefited from endoscopic sinus surgery and its ability to relieve sinus obstruction. However, problems still occur with surgery, thereby leaving room for innovation. Recently, catheter-based technology has provided new options for treating cardiac, vascular, and urologic diseases. We speculated that catheter technology also might offer new treatment options for sinusitis patients. The purpose of this investigation was to explore the feasibility and safety of catheter-based technology to relieve sinus ostial obstruction. METHODS: Anatomic models and human cadaver specimens were used initially to design and iterate catheters to open sinus ostial drainage pathways. Thereafter, the safety of balloon-catheter dilation was evaluated in six human cadaver heads. CT scan obtained before and after catheter ostial dilation was analyzed for evidence of catheter-induced trauma. Dilated ostia also were examined by endoscopy and gross anatomic dissection for unwanted catheter-induced trauma. RESULTS: Catheters successfully dilated 31 of 31 ostia, including 9 maxillary, 11 sphenoid, and 11 frontal ostia/recesses. CT scan, endoscopy, and gross anatomic dissection revealed that such dilation did not cause trauma to surrounding structures such as the orbit or skull base. Mucosal trauma imparted by catheter dilation appeared to be less than that normally seen with standard endoscopic instruments. CONCLUSION: This initial study suggests that catheter technology can be used to dilate sinus ostia safely. Mucosal preservation and ease of use make catheters an attractive minimally invasive treatment strategy. Additional testing in patients is indicated to gain additional safety information and to explore the usefulness of catheter-based technology.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1981

Availability of cadaver kidneys for transplantation from brain-dead donors.

The number of potential donors of cadaver kidneys in Finland was estimated on the basis of the death certificates in 1975. Only patients who had died via one of the two main causes of brain death--subarachnoid haemorrhage and head injury--were included. Exclusions were made on grounds of age at death, quality of hospital, concomitant disease and survival time in hospital. After these exclusions, 209 patients could be regarded as potential donors of cadaver kidneys, a figure which in relation to the total mean population is 45 million and year. The cadaveric kidney potential, 90 kidneys per million population and year, is considered to be more than twice the demand.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Functional distal interphalangeal joint splinting for trigger finger in laborers: a review and cadaver investigation.

This two-part study evaluates the efficacy of functional distal interphalangeal joint (DIP) splinting for the treatment of trigger finger. Thirty-one fingers from 21 meat packing plant workers were treated with DIP splinting. A single corticosteroid injection was offered if triggering was stage 4 or greater. All workers returned to work immediately. Eighty-one percent of the digits were treated successfully (mean follow-up: 1 year). Treatment failure correlated with duration of symptoms and stage of triggering but did not correlate with age, race, sex, disease in multiple digits, or prior treatment. For the second part of the study, the effect of DIP splinting on flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendon excursion was studied in 16 fingers from 4 fresh cadavers. Excursion decreased 4.8 mm for the Stax splint and 4.2 mm for the dorsal Alumafoam splint. We conclude that DIP splinting provides a reliable and functional means of treating work-related trigger finger without lost time from work. Our cadaver investigation supports our theory that DIP splinting significantly decreases FDP excursion.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Cadaver testing to validate design criteria of an adult intraosseous infusion system.

INTRODUCTION: The FAST 1 intraosseous (IO) infusion system was designed to deliver fluids and medications into the adult sternum in the prehospital and battlefield environments. OBJECTIVE: To test the prototype in 106 cadavers and excised sterna and compare it with other IO devices. RESULTS: The insertion force was similar to that of other IO devices (mean, 8.5 kg; range, 2.3-19.6 kg). In 39 of 39 trials, the depth-control mechanism inserted the portal within 1.0 mm of a predetermined distance below the anterior surface of the cortical bone. If misplaced, underpenetration was more likely than overpenetration (mean displacement, -0.3 mm; SD, 0.5 mm). After release, the portal could not be advanced further into the manubrium. Marrow was accessed in 75 of 77 trials. Mean flow rates were 109 mL/min for normal saline solution and 102 mL/min for hypertonic saline/dextran, similar to the Cook Sur-Fast device. CONCLUSION: The cadaver and bench tests demonstrated the reliability and safety of the FAST 1 system at the design/prototype stage.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

The combined impact of donor age and acute rejection on long-term cadaver renal allograft survival.

BACKGROUND: Acute rejection (AR) is an important risk factor for long-term renal graft loss. Furthermore, donor age is also associated with graft outcome. We analyzed the combined effects of cadaver donor age and AR on long-term graft survival. METHODS: A retrospective review was made of 112 cadaver renal transplants at a single center. Only grafts functioning at least 3 months were included in this analysis. RESULTS: The 3-year survival of AR-free grafts was superior to that of grafts with AR (98% vs 67%, P < .001). Within the AR cohort donor age > 50 years (P < .05) had an additional negative impact on graft survival. The 3-year survival of an older donor graft with AR was 33% versus 82% for a younger donor graft with AR. CONCLUSIONS: AR was a significant predictor of long-term graft loss. Older donor kidneys with AR had poorer graft survival than did younger donor kidneys with AR.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1999

[Cadaver study of acetabular cup mobility in the healthy hip and prosthesis by monopodal pressure simulation ].

PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY: The purpose of this study was to quantify relative displacement of anterior and posterior horn of the acetabulum lunate surface using Omega strain gauges while increasing loads were applied to the hip joint. Measurement were performed on fresh cadaver bones in unipodal stance using experimental method before and after socket's implantation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: [corrected] Nine skeletons, from fresh non-embalmed cadavers, including pelvis, the three last lumbar vertebrae and both femurs were maintained in unipodal equilibrium using metallic cables for muscle passive simulation. Loads were applied up to 700 N. Specific extensometric Omega strain gauges were created and tested, with 5 mu of sensibility. Measurement of displacement between horns were studied on two sides of each pelvic before and after implantation of conventional and prototype cemented or press fit implants. RESULTS: Among 81 loads on 18 acetabulum healthy and implanted, displacement was significant in 58 cases with a spacing of horn of 7 to 140 mu with average 31.1 mu and non significant in 25 cases. On healthy acetabulum, spacing was variable from 12 to 140 mu (average 43.2 mu) in 18 of 26 loads. On implanted acetabulum by different sockets, spacing was variable from 7 to 100 mu (average 27.4 mu) in 40 of 55 loads. Displacement was function of rotation hip, smaller in internal rotation and larger in external rotation. Spacing of horns was reduced in oversize sockets. DISCUSSION: The data obtains by omega strain gauge suggest acetabular displacement is not univocal under load. There were a widening of the acetabular notch on load. This can be explained by the modification of primary incongruity of the two components of the hip joint because of acetabular deformation. Such results are in agreement with recently published data obtained about length of the transverse acetabular ligament.

Acetabulum↗
PubMed1999

Safety of the limited open technique of bone-transfixing threaded-pin placement for external fixation of distal radial fractures: a cadaver study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the safety of threaded-pin placement for fixation of distal radial fractures using a limited open approach. DESIGN: A cadaver study. METHODS: Four-millimetre Schanz threaded pins were inserted into the radius and 3-mm screw pins into the second metacarpal of 20 cadaver arms. Each threaded pin was inserted in the dorsoradial oblique plane through a limited open, 5- to 10-mm longitudinal incision. Open exploration of the threaded-pin sites was then carried out. OUTCOME MEASURES: Injury to nerves, muscles and tendons and the proximity of these structures to the threaded pins. RESULTS: There were no injuries to the extensor tendons, superficial radial or lateral antebrachial nerves of the forearm, or to the soft tissues overlying the metacarpal. The lateral antebrachial nerve was the closest nerve to the radial pins and a branch of the superficial radial nerve was closest to the metacarpal pins. The superficial radial nerve was not close to the radial pins. CONCLUSION: Limited open threaded-pin fixation of distal radial fractures in the dorsolateral plane appears to be safe.

Bone Nails↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Thermometry of cadavers].

The purpose of this study was to analyze the norm-setting documents on the order of thermometry, regulating the steps of physician during examination at the site where the cadaver was found and of medical expert during expert evaluations and to disclose the relationship between the depth to which the thermometer is inserted during measurements of rectal temperature and thermometry value. The following conclusions are made: 1) even at the same time of death, the data of rectal thermometry are in direct proportion to the depth to which the thermometer is inserted into the rectum; 2) some assumptions in the norm-setting documents regulating the order of cadaver thermometry are to be revised; and 3) thermometers and method of thermometry performed by medical specialists at the site of accident and by experts at thanatological departments of Bureaus of Forensic Medical Expert Evaluations are to be standardized.

Body Temperature↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Photoablative laser-grid trabeculectomy in glaucoma filtering surgery: histology and outflow facility measurements in porcine cadaver eyes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Mid-infrared laser technology opens new perspectives in experimental glaucoma surgery. The aim of the study was to determine the efficacy of grid-laser trabeculectomy to reduce aqueous outflow resistance sufficiently in perfused porcine cadaver eyes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five freshly enucleated porcine cadaver eyes were randomly assigned to either laser-grid trabeculectomy (LGT), conventional trabeculectomy (CT), or control. In all surgical cases a scleral flap was prepared in a standardized manner. In order to penetrate into the anterior chamber a 1 x 2 mm sclerectomy was performed in CT, and 10 transscleral ablation craters were created in LGT. An erbium:YAG laser (2.96 microm) was used for transscleral photoablation. Radiation was delivered in a single 6 mJ-pulse of 200 micros duration by means of an articulated zirconium fluoride optical fiber and a 200 microm quartz fiber-tip. Outflow facility was measured at a constant perfusion pressure. RESULTS: Laser-grid trabeculectomy (LGT) yielded reproducible ablation areas varying between 210-300 microm in diameter, with 90% being full-thickness penetrations. Collateral thermal damage was less than 30 microm. Outflow facility measurements revealed a statistically significant increase (mean +/- SD) from 0.255 +/- 0.096 microL/min/mm Hg in control eyes (n = 9) to 0.772 +/- 0.157 microL/min/mm Hg in the LGT group (n = 9), and 2.957 +/- 0.602 microL/min/mm in the CT group (n = 7). Flattening of the anterior chamber, folding of Descemet's membrane, and iris prolapse were only observed in the CT eyes but not in the GLT group. CONCLUSION: Application of the laser-grid trabeculectomy produces patent transscleral perforation with minimal collateral tissue damage and effects a significant reduction (67%) in outflow resistance without any postoperative hypotony-related complications.

Animals↗