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PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of Moradol (butorphanol tartrate) on immunity].

Two groups (with n = 5 in each group) were studied of essentially healthy volunteers by double-blind method. Those subjects in group 1 were administered placebo, those in group 2 received 0.1 mg/kg of moradole. In both groups, blood to be analysed was taken in fixed time intervals. An investigation designed to study immunological parameters involved correlation of results obtained before and after administration of moradole or placebo. Opioid agonists are endowed with marked immunity-inhibiting effect disappearing after the administration of naloxone. A hypothesis has been formed to the effect that those drug preparations endowed with agonist-antagonist activity toward opioid receptors fail to induce immunodepression, otherwise it is less pronounced than that of opioid agonists. The studies made allow a conclusion to be reached that administration of moradole is not associated with immunodepression.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Effect of xylazine, detomidine, and a combination of xylazine and butorphanol on equine duodenal motility.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect on equine duodenal motility of some analgesic agents commonly used to treat colic. ANIMALS: 4 healthy adult healthy horses--2 mares and 2 geldings--which were carrying an indwelling gastric cannula made of silastic rubber. One horse also carried 2 long-term indwelling bipolar electrodes that had been sutured onto the duodenum and jejunum. PROCEDURE: To ensure an empty stomach, solid food was withheld from horses for around 20 hours prior to an experiment. Using videoendoscopic guidance, an 8-F catheter with 3 small, discrete pressure sensors was passed through the gastric cannula and directed into the proximal portion of the duodenum. Deflection of the recording pen, to which the catheter was attached, indicated a motile event in that section. Drugs (treatment) were given into the jugular vein in a randomized block design, 1 treatment/experiment, after a 1-hour baseline recording. Treatments were: 2 ml of 0.9% NaCl, xylazine (XYL, 0.5 mg/kg of body weight), detomidine (DET, 0.0125 mg/kg), or a xylazine/butorphanol combination (XYB, 0.5/0.05 mg/kg). Each horse received each treatment twice. All positive pressure peaks > 5 mm of Hg recorded from the most proximal sensor on the catheter were counted in 15-minute blocks. Each mean 15-minute posttreatment value was compared with the baseline value for that specific treatment. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between baseline values. All treatments significantly (P < 0.05) reduced frequency of pressure peaks below their respective pretreatment values, but to variable degrees and durations. Comparatively, XYL had the least effect, with mild, though significant, reduction for only the first 30 posttreatment minutes; DET and XYB caused a significant marked reduction for 1 hour after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The profound suppressive effect of a routine dose of detomidine or xylazine/butorphanol combination on equine duodenal motility must be considered when using these agents for management of colic, especially when encouragement of intestinal motility is desirable.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed1998

Dopaminergic activity and the discriminative stimulus effects of mu opioids in pigeons: importance of training dose and attenuation by the D3 agonist (+/-)-7-OH-DPAT.

The present investigation examined the effects of several dopaminergic compounds in pigeons trained to discriminate either a 0.1 (low) or 5.6 (high) mg/kg dose of the mu opioid butorphanol from saline. Various dopamine (DA) re-uptake inhibitors, releasers, a D1 agonist, a D2 agonist and a D3 agonist engendered partial substitution (50-79% butorphanol responding) for the butorphanol stimulus in the low-dose group. In the high-dose group, with a few exceptions, these compounds produced predominately saline responding. In the low-dose group, the opioid antagonist naloxone antagonized the stimulus effects produced by butorphanol, but failed to attenuate the butorphanol-like discriminative stimulus effects produced by the DA re-uptake inhibitors mazindol and cocaine. The D1 antagonist (+)-SCH 23390 and the D2 antagonist raclopride failed to attenuate the stimulus effects produced by either the low or high training dose of butorphanol. Doses of mazindol and cocaine that engendered between 16% and 70% butorphanol responding failed to alter the butorphanol dose-effect curve in either the low- or high-dose group, indicating a less than additive interaction. In the high-dose group, the D3 agonist (+/-)-7-hydroxy-dipropylaminotetralin [(+/-)-7-OH-DPAT] attenuated butorphanol's stimulus effects in a dose-dependent manner along with the butorphanol-like stimulus effects produced by nalbuphine and morphine. The present findings indicate that direct and indirect DA agonists share similar stimulus effects with a low but not high training dose of butorphanol, and in the high-training dose group, activation of the D3 receptor by (+/-)-7-OHDPAT results in the attenuation of the discriminative stimulus effects of mu opioids.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of intravenous administration of meloxicam for perioperative pain management following stifle joint surgery in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To compare preoperative administration of meloxicam and butorphanol to perioperative administration of butorphanol alone for control of postoperative signs of pain in dogs. ANIMALS: 40 client-owned dogs scheduled for surgical repair of a cranial cruciate ligament rupture. PROCEDURE: Group-1 dogs received butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg, IV) and meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg, IV) just prior to surgery. Group-2 dogs received butorphanol just prior to surgery (0.2 mg/kg, IV) and at incision closure (0.1 mg/kg, IV). Pain assessment began 1 to 2 hours before surgery and from extubation until 24 hours after surgery by obtaining the following measurements: the visual analog scale (VAS) score, cumulative pain score (CPS), adjusted cumulative pain score, modified cumulative pain score, and the adjusted modified cumulative pain score (AMCPS). Serum cortisol concentration was measured between 12 to 24 and between 1 to 2 hours prior to surgery, and at 30 minutes, and 1, 2, 4, 8, 18, and 24 hours after extubation. RESULTS: No significant differences between treatment groups were observed in CPS or VAS score. At 8, 9, 10, and 11 hours after extubation, meloxicam-butorphanol-treated dogs had a significantly lower AMCPS, compared with butorphanol-alone-treated dogs. Total serum cortisol concentration (area under the curve) during the measurement period was significantly lower in meloxicam-butorphanol-treated dogs, compared with butorphanol-alone treated dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Preoperative single dose administration of meloxicam-butorphanol is equivalent to or slightly better than the administration of 2 perioperative doses of butorphanol for the control of postoperative signs of pain in dogs.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed2001

The influence of divalent cations on the analgesic effect of opioid and non-opioid drugs.

It is generally accepted that divalent cations are involved in the nociceptive pathway. The effect of systemic co-administration of magnesium sulfate and calcium channel blockers (nifedipine, verapamil) on the analgesic effect of opioid (mixed mu/kappa: butorphanol) and non-opioid drugs (paracetamol) was investigated. Albino mice and rats were used as experimental animals. Magnesium sulfate and calcium channel blockers were given i.p., 30 min before the administration of butorphanol tartrate and paracetamol. Analgesia was measured using "hot-plate" ( 52.5( composite function)C), "tail-flick" (radiant heat source), "writhing" (acetic acid, 1%, i.p.) and "tail-clip" tests. The pain threshold was evaluated before and after the administration (i.p.) of the different agents. The effect of the combined administration of different agents on behavior, blood pressure and heart rate, was also determined. Nifedipine (5 mg kg(-1), i.p.) and verapamil (10 mg kg(-1), i.p.) potentiated the analgesic effect of butorphanol tartrate (0.25-2 mg kg(-1), i.p.) in all tests (synergism) and enhanced analgesic effect of paracetamol (50-125 mg kg(-1), i.p.), only in acetic acid writhing and tail-clip tests. Magensium sulfate (2.5 mg kg(-1), i.p.) potentiated the analgesic effect of butorphanol, but not that of paracetamol. Co-administration of nifedipine and verapamil with either of butorphanol (0.25-2 mg kg(-1)) or paracetamol (50-125 mg kg(-1), i.p.) produced no significant effects on motor coordination, motor performance, locomotor activity, long-term memory or on the blood pressure and heart rate of experimental animals. Co-administration of magnesium sulfate, however, significantly induced sedation, inhibition of locomotor activity, motor performance and coordination, as well as impairing of long-term memory, as compared with butorphanol and paracetamol, administered alone. We conclude that the systemic co-administration of calcium channel blockers potentiated the analgesic effect of butorphanol against thermal, mechanical and chemical pain but enhanced that of paracetamol only against mechanical and chemical pain. Magensium sulfate enhanced the analgesic effect of butorphanol, but not that of paracetamol. These findings, merit further studies in animals and humans to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits of such interactions.

Acetaminophen↗