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PubMed1987

Prevalence and incidence of chronic bronchitis and farmer's lung with respect to socioeconomic factors.

This study was based on data provided by 9,483 farmers from a larger sample of 12,056 Finnish farmers. The data were gathered in two postal surveys (with a 3-year interval between surveys) conducted by the Social Insurance Institution of Finland. When age, sex, atopy, and smoking habits were controlled, neither the family structure nor the level of vocational education significantly affected the occurrence of either chronic bronchitis or farmer's lung. The prevalence of farmer's lung was smallest on farms with the largest area under cultivation; the difference in prevalence between the area categories was statistically significant. An opposite trend, although not statistically significant, was present in the incidence rate of but not in the prevalence of chronic bronchitis. The incidence of farmer's lung was largest (p less than 0.05) on the farms with the most intensive cattle raising. Other chronic diseases occurred more often among farmers with chronic bronchitis or farmer's lung than among farmers without respiratory symptoms. Our results imply that factors associated with farm work may be more involved in the occurrence of chronic bronchitis or farmer's lung among farmers, than the socioeconomic background per se.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[A double-blind comparative study on the efficacy of S6472, cefaclor, in the treatment of bacterial bronchitis].

Clinical efficacy and safety of S6472 (long active cefaclor (CCL)) and CCL were compared by a double-blind study using 248 patients with bacterial bronchitis. Patients were orally administered with either 375 mg of S6472 2 times or 250 mg of CCL 3 times daily for 7 days, and the following results were obtained. Clinical efficacy judged by a committee: The efficacy rates on acute bronchitis were 87.2% for S6472 and 82.6% for CCL, and the efficacy rates on chronic bronchitis were 70.3% for S 6472 and 64.7% for CCL. There was no significant difference between the 2 drugs in clinical efficacy. Clinical efficacy judged by doctors in charge: Results of the clinical efficacy judged by doctors in charge were similar to the efficacy judged by the committee. Bacteriological efficacy judged by the committee: Eradication rate for the S6472 group was 71.1% (32 of 45 patients) and that for the CCL group was 67.4% (29 of 43 patients). There was no significant difference between the 2 drugs in the bacteriological efficacy. Side effects and abnormal laboratory findings: Side effects were observed in 5 cases (4.2%) in the S6472 group and in 5 cases (4.0%) in the CCL group. These side effects, however, were not serious, and no remarkable abnormal laboratory values were observed. There was no significant difference between the 2 drugs in the incidence of side effects or abnormal laboratory findings. Clinical utility: When the clinical utility was expressed by the utility rate (very useful and useful), it was 79.5% in the S6472 group (117 patients) and 76.2% in the CCL group (122 patients) (judged by the committee). When the utility was judged by doctors in charge, it was 73.3% in S6472 group (120 patients) and 71.4% in CCL group (126 patients). From the above results, it has been concluded that S6472 taken twice daily is equivalent to CCL in effectiveness on bacterial bronchitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Pulmonary function tests in acute bronchitis: evidence for reversible airway obstruction.

Acute bronchitis is a common syndrome characterized by upper respiratory tract infection accompanied by productive cough in persons without chronic lung disease. As a first step in investigating the potential role of pulmonary airflow disturbances in acute bronchitis, 27 adult patients with acute bronchitis performed serial pulmonary function tests and daily peak flow measurements and completed daily symptom diaries. Eleven patients (40 percent) had a forced expiratory volume of the first second (FEV1) at entry less than 80 percent of predicted. Mean FEV1, forced midexpiratory flow rate (FEF25-75), and peak flow measures showed steady improvement over the five-week period. Differences between initial and final flow rates were statistically significant. These changes were particularly evident when two groups were created by stratifying by "abnormal" (FEV1 less than or equal to 80 percent predicted) and "normal" (FEV1 greater than 80 percent predicted) initial FEV1. Total duration of cough and subjective ratings of cough severity were not predicted by initial FEV1, but work absence was significantly higher in the abnormal group. The finding of reversible airway obstruction suggests a role for bronchospasm in many cases of acute bronchitis and calls for further research regarding proof of rapid reversibility and treatment with bronchodilators.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1986

Respiratory symptoms and occupational bronchitis in chromite ore miners, Sudan.

Prevalence of respiratory symptoms and chronic bronchitis was determined in a group of 122 subjects (77 exposed miners, 18 partially exposed, 27 controls) working at chromite ore mines in Sudan. The mean ages (+/- s.d.) of the three groups were 36.4 (+/- 7.8), 35.2 (+/- 6.8) and 34.6 (+/- 7.5) years respectively. Methods included a respiratory symptoms questionnaire based on the British Medical Research Council (MRC 1976) questionnaire on respiratory symptoms, determination of FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC%. The majority (66%) of the exposed subjects were non-smokers (NS) and 20 (77%) of the 'ever-smokers' (current and ex-smokers) were smokers of less than 15 cigarettes day-1. Respiratory symptoms (cough, phlegm, dyspnoea) were more frequent among the miners and so was chronic bronchitis. The prevalence of the latter was 26% among the miners compared to 11% and 7% among the partially exposed and the controls respectively. These differences could not be accounted for by cigarette smoking. Sixty-five per cent of the miners diagnosed as having asthma, chronic bronchitis or both were non-smokers. Although the values for the FEV1/FVC% remained normal or near the lower limits of the normal range, the mean value was significantly lower among the miners. It was concluded that the mine dust was the prime cause of the respiratory symptoms and chronic bronchitis among the miners.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Dyspnea in chronic bronchitis patients. A method for diagnosis and monitoring therapeutic efficacy].

The mechanisms of exercise-induced dyspnoea in chronic obstructive bronchitis are diverse and complex. Dyspnoea develops simultaneously with ventilatory obstruction and constitutes a major symptom in view of its frequency, prognostic value and functional repercussions. It is not the most common reason for seeking medical advice, but because ventilatory obstruction is of poor prognosis it should be systematically looked for by precise, directed questioning in all patients with chronic bronchitis. In some cases, the effects of drugs on dyspnoea can be evaluated by means of a clinical score, but such an evaluation requires a strictly controlled double-blind trial with separate assessments by the clinician and the patient. The effectiveness of almitrine bismesylate on exercise-induced dyspnoea in chronic bronchitis has been demonstrated by this method. A multicentre, drug versus placebo controlled trial conducted on 200 patients during 6 months has shown that almitrine bismesylate significantly lowered dyspnoea scores measured according to the Sadoul scale and that the symptomatic improvement observed correlated with the effects of the drug on blood gases. By promoting tissue oxygenation, almitrine bismesylate may antagonize one or several of the mechanisms underlying exercise-induced dyspnoea in chronic bronchitis patients who have reached the stage of respiratory failure.

Almitrine↗
PubMed1981

The evaluation of immune status in children with the past history of obstructive bronchitis.

Selected parametres reflecting cellular and humoral immunity were analyzed in 98, 10 year-old children, who had been hospitalized during first 2 years of life because of bronchitis. In this group, 46 children suffered from obstructive bronchitis and 52 from other types of bronchitis. Serum immunoglobulins, complement components, and antiproteolytic factor levels, T and B lymphocytes counts, leukocyte migration inhibition, and skin tests to PHA and Polyvaccine were compared and analyzed in relation to bronchial obstruction and allergic symptoms in early childhood. The results obtained did not show any significant difference when the group with obstructive type of bronchitis was compared to the rest of children studied. Some differences (increase of the percentage of EAC-FRC and decrease of the levels of the antiproteolytic factors) were noted in relation to allergic symptoms.

Asthma↗
PubMed1984

[Role of the hereditary factor in the genesis of chronic bronchitis].

Comparison of proband concordance of the phenotypic correlation coefficients according to the proneness to disease derived on analysis of the groups of mono- and dizygote twins born in 1930-1959 in the city of Yerevan presenting with chronic non-obstructive and chronic obstructive bronchitis revealed a substantial role of hereditary factors in the development of these patterns of chronic bronchitis. The inheritance coefficients calculated on the basis of the data obtained for chronic non-obstructive and chronic obstructive bronchitis point to the contribution of genetic factors to chronic bronchitis proneness among the population of the city of Yerevan.

Armenia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Frequency of chronic bronchitis in an intensely polluted urban zone. Preliminary results in children. Analysis of the implicated factors].

The starting point is that environment factors induce chronic bronchitis in adults and children and that the disease in adult is a consequence of respiratory tree susceptibility which might be better evidenced during childhood. The authors have studied a group of children aged 0--14 years in a highly air-poluted workers' quarter in the city of Baia-Mare. The frequence of chronic bronchitis was 10.3% with higher values in children below 5 years and over 10 years, the age group 5--9 years being a group with higher resistance to this disease. The figures are three times higher in boys than in girls, on possible endogenous factors. The girls could be, however, more subjected to "passive smoking" because of smokers presence in family and in bed room. The number of children in a family did not correlate with chronic bronchitis frequence. This frequence was significantly influenced by allergic and ear-nose-throat phenomena in the history, more evidently in 0--4 years and 10-14 years groups of age. These elements could be thus considered as risk factors. They also indicate the place to be acted upon in order to prevent chronic bronchitis in children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Evidence for the implication of environmental factors in the aetiology of chronic bronchitis.

The single most important harmful factor in the aetiology of bronchitis is cigarette smoking, however environmental factors play a significant, if smaller role. Morbidity and mortality due to bronchitis have been higher in Britain than other European countries and the regional variation also suggests environmental influences. There is a marked seasonal variation in the prevalence of bronchitis due to the independent influences of air temperature and air pollution. The relationship between air pollution and bronchitis has been confirmed for both children and adults, and a distinction is made between acute short term and chronic long term effects. In recent years attention has focused on pollution of the microclimate within buildings. Occupational and other social factors may also be of aetiological importance.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[Therapy of bronchitis in childhood with Eprazinone (author's transl)].

This study should demonstrate the efficiency of a new bronchosecretolytic substance, Eprazinone, in therapy of acute and chronic bronchitis with children. The following groups of children have been treated: 1) 10 children with acute bronchitis (aged 5-14 years); 2) 12 children with chronic bronchitis (aged 7-14 years). To objectivize the effect of the substance, exact laboratory- and check-up examinations have been done daily. The dose was 3 x 1 tablet/day for school children, for younger children 2 x 1 suppository daily. All children have been treated over 5-8 days. The results of the therapy with Eprazinone in both groups show that -Eprazinone is an efficient remedy to cure symptomatically chronic and acute bronchitis in children. It shows an excellent mucolytic activity.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1981

[Urinary excretion of hydroxyproline in chronic obstructive bronchitis].

The establishment of the hydroxyproline excretion in the urine is done in a normal collective of healthy persons, 68 patients with bronchitis in the compensated and 25 patients with bronchitis in the decompensated stage. The comparison of the mean value by means of the Scheffé-test results in significant differences between the normal collective and the patients with bronchitis in the stage of decompensation. Though an increase of the hydroxyproline excretion in the urine in chronic bronchitis with formation of an emphysema is a prognostically unfavourable prediction, this method cannot be recommended for a broader application in practice. The main reason for this is the danger of an incorrect interpretation on account of insufficient knowledge on the origin of hydroxyproline.

Bronchitis↗
PubMed1978

[Immunoglobulins (IgG, secretory-IgA) and function of parotid gland in children with cystic fibrosis, with bronchial asthma, and with chronic bronchitis (author's transl)].

The immunoglobulins IgG and IgA (Secretory-IgA) were determined in connection with the parameters of secretion in parotid saliva. Children with cystic fibrosis, with bronchial asthma and with chronic bronchitis were compared. No significant differences were found for the groups of cystic fibrosis, of bronchial asthma, and of chronic bronchitis in comparison to a control group in relation to flow rate and protein content in parotid saliva. The comparison of the groups of diseases showed striking differences only with regard to the output of the gland after stimulation. The output of the gland per minute for IgG was decreased for patients with bronchial asthma as well as for patients with cystic fibrosis. No differences were found for the patients with chronic bronchitis and for the control group. Also the output of the gland for secretory-IgA was decreased after stimulation in the groups of disease: bronchial asthma and cystic fibrosis. The concentration of immunoglobulins in serum no correlation with the concentration of immunoglobulins in saliva neither for IgA nor for IgG. A high content of IgG in serum of patients with cystic fibrosis was observed. The mean values of IgA in serum of patients with chronic bronchitis were found to be significantly decreased.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Comparison between pulmonary emphysema and chronic bronchitis: an assessment by selective alveolo-bronchography.

In order to elucidate the interrelationship between pulmonary emphysema and chronic bronchitis, 23 adult patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were examined during life by selective alveolo-bronchography. They were classified according to radiologic criteria as centrilobular or panlobular emphysema or chronic bronchitis and according to clinical criteria as A, B or X types. A and B clinical types proposed by Burrows and Fletcher were almost in agreement respectively with emphysema and chronic bronchitis based on x-ray criteria. However, no correlation between A-type and panlobular emphysema or between B-type and centrilobular emphysema were observed. Centrilobular emphysema was diagnosed in 4 patients who had no history of findings of bronchitis. This suggests that inflammation of airways is not necessarily a cause of centrilobular emphysema. As a result, selective alveolo-bronchography was thought to be useful method to diagnose the type and severity of emphysema.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

[Prevalence of post-tuberculous changes in the bronchopulmonary system in the patients with chronic bronchitis].

The prevalence of chronic nonspecific pulmonary diseases was studied in 1880 industrial workers from Russia. The diseases were reported in 26.5% of the examinees. Fluorograms of chronic bronchitis patients indicated residual posttuberculous bronchopulmonary changes in 28.5% of the cases (p < 0.01). By form the bronchitis depended on the variety of the posttuberculous alterations: 76.4% of the asthmatic bronchitis sufferers had minor residual posttuberculous changes (petrifaction of intrathoracic lymph nodes), those with irritative bronchitis had extended posttuberculous changes in 72.7%.

Asthma↗
PubMed1995

Nebulized bacteriostatic saline as a cause of bronchitis.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine whether nebulized bacteriostatic saline, which contains the preservative benzyl alcohol, is an irritant to the tracheobronchial mucosa in healthy adults. METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted with 10 healthy adults who inhaled 3 mL of either bacteriostatic saline or saline placebo by nebulizer four times a day for 2 weeks. Pulmonary function tests and bronchoscopy with biopsy were performed immediately before and after the 2-week nebulization period. RESULTS: Nine of 10 volunteers were compliant with the study protocol. Four of five volunteers who used nebulized bacteriostatic saline developed bronchitic symptoms and had bronchoscopic evidence of bronchitis. The fifth remained healthy. Four volunteers used nebulized saline (placebo). Two of these four became ill, one with a much more severe bronchitis than any of the bacteriostatic saline volunteers, and one with pharyngitis. Bronchoscopic biopsies showed a lymphocytic mucosal infiltrate in those who became ill while using nebulized bacteriostatic saline and a polymorphonuclear mucosal infiltrate in those who became ill while using nebulized saline placebo. CONCLUSIONS: Nebulization of bacteriostatic saline, containing benzyl alcohol as its preservative, causes bronchitis in healthy adults. Even nebulization of sterile saline may be associated with bronchitis and pharyngitis. Physicians who prescribe nebulized medications must pay close attention to the bronchodilator diluent.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Pro: antibiotics for chronic bronchitis with exacerbations.

Over the years, there has emerged a considerable body of evidence supporting the importance of antimicrobial therapy in exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. The following lines of evidence suggest that most acute exacerbations are caused by bacterial infection: (1) the individual with chronic bronchitis is susceptible to bacterial infection as a consequence of local damage from prolonged cigarette smoking; (2) subtle defects in the local immune system can be shown, including impaired particle transport, defective immunoglobulin A production, chronic mucous impaction, and defective neutrophil phagocytosis; (3) acute bronchitic exacerbations are associated with a proliferation of pathogenic bacteria in the lower respiratory tract, based on quantitative culture data obtained by bronchoscopy with a protected specimen brush; (4) viral respiratory infections, which were once linked to over 50% of purulent exacerbations, probably account for only a minority of bronchitic exacerbations; (5) some "culture negative" exacerbations may be caused by bacteria susceptible to antibiotics such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Chlamydia pneumoniae. There are also secondary effects of bacteria that are potentially amenable to antibiotic therapy. Bacteria that colonize the respiratory tract of chronic bronchitics cause direct damage to the respiratory epithelium. Lipooligosaccharide, a major component of the outer membrane of Haemophilus influenzae, is an endotoxin-like mediator of respiratory cell damage. The host inflammatory response to bacterial proliferation is ineffective and may be potentially harmful; the enzyme neutrophil elastase is released by the host during phagocytosis of bacteria and may lead to progressive airway damage. In addition, bacterial superinfections may complicate viral exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Clinical trials examining the efficacy of antibiotic therapy in mild to moderate exacerbations of chronic bronchitis have yielded conflicting results, caused in part to fundamental differences in study design. The major double-blinded and placebo-controlled studies suggest a trend in favor of antimicrobial therapy, although the effect is modest. For the individual patient, the risks of antimicrobial therapy are small compared with the potential benefits of returning to work earlier and avoiding the rare case of respiratory decompensation.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1994

Alterations in lung defense and unusual infections in chronic bronchitis.

Cigarette smoking is the primary irritant responsible for the syndrome of chronic bronchitis. In addition to the symptoms of cough and sputum production, smoking leads to structural changes and immunologic alterations that place the patient with chronic bronchitis at increased risk for tracheobronchial infections. This article reviews the modifications in lung defenses that occur as a result of chronic bronchitis. The uncommon infectious agents that are seen in chronic bronchitis are also discussed including clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.

Aspergillosis↗
PubMed1993

[The x-ray functional characteristics of chronic bronchitis].

A significant correlation has been established at comparison of fluorographic findings with respiratory mechanics in bronchitis chronic between the diaphragm height, its curvature in the lateral view and FEV for the 1st second. Less apparent correlation exists between residual lung capacity and the diaphragm height, forced expiration volume and the width of the pulmonary artery right branch. Tracheobronchial dyskinesia was diagnosed in 62.2% of bronchitis patients. Chronic nonobstructive bronchitis is characterized by a short-term (> 1 s) prolapse of the tracheal posterior wall and primary bronchi which lasts longer (1-3 s) in chronic obstructive bronchitis.

Adult↗