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PubMed1998

Body composition and androgen pattern in the early period of postmenopause.

Body composition is related to age, genetic factors, and hormonal patterns throughout life, Peak bone mass seems to be an important protective factor against osteoporosis, although diet and life-style (smoking, physical activity) are able to influence bone mass. While it is well known that estrogens exert a protective action against bone loss in postmenopausal women, the role of androgens is still not clear. Twenty-five women in the early postmenopausal period (age: 52.8 +/- 5.1 years) were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to assess the relationship between body composition (fat mass and lean mass), bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD) and androgen pattern. Waist/hip ratio was used to divide the study population in three groups: gynecoid (gluteo-femural fat distribution), android abdominal fat distribution), and intermediate. In all subjects an inverse significant correlations between estradiol and fat mass was found. In the abdominal fat distribution group significant correlations between estradiol and weight (inversely correlated), androstenedione and BMD, learn mass an BMC were found. The data show the important role of androgens (androstenedione, particularly) and lean body mass on the BMD and BMC, respectively, in the early period of postmenopause.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1987

Patterns of reciprocity in auditory thalamocortical and corticothalamic connections: study with horseradish peroxidase and autoradiographic methods in the rat medial geniculate body.

The patterns of reciprocity between retrogradely labeled thalamocortical cells of origin and anterogradely projecting corticothalamic axon terminals were studied in the subdivisions of the adult rat medial geniculate body following auditory cortical injections of mixtures of horseradish peroxidase and [3H]leucine. The labeling produced by each method was examined independently, both qualitatively and quantitatively, in adjacent series of tetramethylbenzidine-processed sections and in autoradiographs after 24-96 hour survivals. The distribution and number of labeled cells and axon terminals were assessed separately for each method and compared systematically throughout the rostro-caudal extent of the medial geniculate complex. The principal finding was that zones containing many retrogradely labeled neuronal somata are not completely coextensive with areas of heavy terminal labeling within the medial geniculate body, although there is a gross congruence of thalamocortical-corticothalamic projections. Conversely, we found many zones of autoradiographic silver grains without retrogradely labeled somata in the adjacent sections; in general, the autoradiographic zones of non-reciprocity were more extensive and marked than were retrograde zones of non-reciprocity. The rat medial geniculate complex could be subdivided on the basis of its neuronal organization, cytoarchitecture, fiber architecture, and thalamocortical and corticothalamic connections into three major parts: the ventral, dorsal, and medial divisions. This pattern of organization was comparable, though not identical, to that of the corresponding subdivisions in the cat medial geniculate body (Winer: Adv. Anat. Embryol. Cell Biol. 86:1-98, '85). While the retrograde labeling appeared to mark many of the different types of neurons in each of the three divisions, there were distinct local and quantitative and qualitative differences in the distribution of autoradiographic terminal labeling. The ventral division received the heaviest cortical input, the medial division the least labeling, while the dorsal division was intermediate. Thus, corticogeniculate projections to the ventral division often produced values 20-100 times above background (absolute values: 2,001-10,000 silver grains/14,400 micron2; background: less than 100 silver grains/14,400 micron2); the same projection to the dorsal division usually resulted in grain counts no more than 5-20 times above background (501-2,000/14,400 micron2), while in the medial division the number of silver grains rarely exceeded two to five times the background (201-500/14,400 micron2).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Pattern formation: fruiting body morphogenesis in Myxococcus xanthus.

When Myxococcus xanthus cells are exposed to starvation, they respond with dramatic behavioral changes. The expansive swarming behavior stops and the cells begin to aggregate into multicellular fruiting bodies. The cell-surface-associated C-signal has been identified as the signal that induces aggregation. Recently, several of the components in the C-signal transduction pathway have been identified and behavioral analyses are beginning to reveal how the C-signal modulates cell behavior. Together, these findings provide a framework for understanding how a cell-surface-associated morphogen induces pattern formation.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1988

[Amino acid pattern in the bodies and several organs of broilers fed different provisions with tryptophan and neutral amino acids].

Carcasses and organs of 36 broiler chicks originating from an extensive fattening experiment with differing proportions of tryptophan (0.65 and 0.93 g/16 g N) to the neutral amino acids (15.2, 18.3 and 22.0 g/16 g N) in feed were analyzed for amino acid contents. Aside from the whole carcasses, a selected muscle (M. fibularis longus), liver, small intestine, and brain were prepared from the animals and analyzed. The organ weights differed according to the live-weights with the exception of the brain, where no group differences were measured. The patterns of amino acids of carcasses and organs remained nearly constant with differing amino acid supply. The only remarkable effect was the increase of the proportions of proline and hydroxyproline in the carcass protein from 6.4 to 7.4 and from 1.6 to 1.8%, respectively, with the higher tryptophan supply indicating increasing proportions of connective tissue. No relationship between weight gain and collagen content (calculated from hydroxyproline content) could be detected. The frequently supposed antagonism between tryptophan and the neutral amino acids, especially at the border of blood and brain, caused no reduction in tryptophan content of brain with increasing supply of neutral amino acids. There was, however, a significant depression of the development of the animals and the other inner organs.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1989

Precursors of essential hypertension. The role of body fat distribution pattern.

Progression from normotension between 1964 and 1972 to essential hypertension by age 55 years was documented in 1,031 adult members of the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program (Northern California region) from computerized multiphasic health checkup records and medical record review. Each case was matched to a persistently normotensive control on age, sex, race, number, and dates of multiphasics. In 609 pairs with baseline measurements of subscapular and triceps skinfolds, mean interval from baseline to the case's first hypertensive multiphasic was 5.7 years, and mean age at onset of hypertension was 47 years. Baseline measures of body mass index, subscapular skinfold, and triceps skinfold were each predictive of development of hypertension (odds ratios 3.85, 3.75, and 2.29 respectively, comparing highest with lowest quintiles, p less than 0.0001 for each). When both skinfolds were included in the same model, subscapular skinfold was highly predictive and triceps skinfold was no longer related to risk. When the authors controlled for overall obesity (body mass index), subscapular skinfold remained highly predictive (p less than 0.0001). In 330 pairs who also had skinfold measurements at the hypertensive multiphasic, weight gain was a strong predictor of hypertension. Increase in subscapular skinfold conferred a small increase in risk in women only. The authors conclude that centrally deposited body fat increases risk for developing essential hypertension independent of the overall level of obesity, while peripherally deposited fat does not.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Patterns of growth and body proportions after total-body irradiation and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation during childhood.

Patterns of growth and body proportions were studied in 75 children receiving total-body irradiation (TBI) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) before onset of puberty. Of the 19 patients receiving GH, only data obtained before onset of GH were included. Thirty-two patients reached final height (FH). Median change in height SD score (SDS) between SCT and FH was -1.7 in boys and -1.1 in girls. Peak height velocity (PHV) was decreased in the majority of the patients (median PHV 5.7 cm/y in boys and 5.3 cm/y in girls), even though it occurred at appropriate ages. Changes in body proportions were analyzed by linear mixed-effects models. Decrease in sitting height SDS did not differ between boys and girls. In boys, decrease in leg length SDS was of comparable magnitude, whereas, in girls, decrease in leg length was less pronounced, leading to a significant decrease in SDS for sitting height/height ratio in girls only. The sex-specific effects of several variables on height SDS were analyzed by linear mixed-effects modeling, showing a slightly faster decrease in younger children and a more pronounced decrease during puberty in boys compared with girls. We conclude that 1) younger children are more susceptible to growth retardation after TBI and SCT, 2) pubertal growth is more compromised in boys, and 3) leg growth is relatively less affected in girls, possibly due to a high incidence of gonadal failure in girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Relationship of body fat distribution pattern to atherogenic risk factors in NIDDM. Preliminary results.

Because recent knowledge indicates that the distribution of fat deposits in men may be a better predictor of cardiovascular disease than the degree of obesity alone, some risk factors for atherosclerosis were evaluated in 51 middle-aged men with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Abdominal adiposity (waist/hip ratio, WHR) was related to parameters of metabolic control, lipid parameters, and known vascular complications in three different groups. In groups with abdominal obesity, mean annual hemoglobin A1 was significantly (P less than .01) higher than in patients without an abdominal fat distribution. Atherogenic index was significantly increased in the group with the highest WHR and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-chol) levels were significantly decreased in both groups with upper-body fat distribution. The frequency of peripheral vascular disease, coronary ischemic heart disease, and hypertension was most prominent in diabetic subjects with an abdominal fat mass distribution. A highly significant (P less than .001) correlation was present between WHR and HDL-chol and WHR and the total-cholesterol/HDL-chol ratio; this significant correlation remains after correction for body mass index. A similar correlation could be found between WHR and systolic and diastolic blood pressures. These results demonstrate an association of excess abdominal fat, even without manifest obesity, with worse diabetes metabolic control, cardiovascular complications, and blood lipid levels actually considered to play an important role in atherogenesis.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2002

[Working memory for movement patterns: a direct comparison of memory spans for body and hand movements in dual-task situations].

In this experiment, 36 participants engaged in one of three span tasks; digit span, body movement span, or hand movement span task, in which they were asked to remember visually presented sequences of digits, whole body movement patterns, or hand movement patterns, respectively. As in a standard memory span procedure, the items within each sequence were recalled in order. Participants were presented with increasingly longer sequences of the items, and span score was defined as the number of items in the longest sequence a participant could recall perfectly. The span tasks were tested under three concurrent task conditions; no concurrent task control, concurrent articulation task, and concurrent body-related movement task. The concurrent movement task interfered with performance on both body movement and hand movement span tasks, but not on the digit span task, while the concurrent articulation task interfered with performance on all of the three span tasks. It is suggested that memory for movement patterns, which is involved in the body and band movement spans, would be mediated by a common motor-processing system.

Hand↗
PubMed1981

Symmetrical replication patterns and sex chromatin bodies formation of an idic(X)(p22.3::p22.3) chromosome.

The morphologic and staining characteristics of the sex chromatin bodies and the DNA replication patterns were studied in a patient with a 45,X/46,X,idic(X)(p22.3::p22.3) karyotype and in a normal woman. The analysis showed a relatively high frequency of bipartite Barr bodies as well as some variation of the distance, staining intensity, and size relationship between their halves. Regarding the DNA replication studies, in 71% of the cells the abnormal X chromosome showed a synchronous pattern, and in the remaining 29%, in which a slight asynchrony was present, an almost equal proportion of early and late functional and nonfunctional centric halves was observed. Furthermore, the atypical chromosome had a quite similar replication pattern to the late replicating X chromosome of the normal woman, suggesting that its sequence of DNA sythesis was not altered.

Child↗
PubMed1989

Diagnostic body surface potential map patterns in left ventricular hypertrophy during PQRST.

Body surface potential maps were recorded from 117 thoracic sites and 3 limb electrodes in 173 normal subjects older than 30 years of age and 122 patients with clinically "pure" left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy. Typical LV hypertrophy map patterns were identified at successive instants during the PQRST waveform by removing from sequential LV hypertrophy maps the corresponding normal variability range at each electrode site. The presence in individual patients of 1 or more patterns typical in time and location of LV hypertrophy allowed retrospective assignment to the LV hypertrophy group. The most consistent discriminant patterns were excessive negative voltages in the anterior torso with reciprocal excess of positive voltages in the upper right chest during the second half of the P wave, excessive negative voltages in the lower right anterior torso at mid-QRS and excessive negative voltages in the left precordium with reciprocal excess of positive voltages in the upper right chest throughout ST-T. Best classification results were achieved with ST-T features, followed by features from the P wave, the QRS waveform and the PR segment. Cumulative use of ST-T and P features yielded a specificity of 94% with a sensitivity of 88%. Little improvement was obtained by the addition of QRS and PR information. The discriminant map criteria were applied to body surface potential maps from 169 new subjects (77 normal subjects ages 20 to 30 years and 92 patients with complicated LV hypertrophy). Little modification in specificity (93%) and sensitivity (90%) was observed. The performance of commonly used standard lead criteria was also tested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2004

Basal forebrain atrophy is a distinctive pattern in dementia with Lewy bodies.

We determined brain atrophy patterns in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease using voxel-based morphometry, an indirect volumetry. Ten patients with dementia with Lewy bodies, 10 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 10 controls were included. All groups were matched for age; sex and global differences in voxel intensities were included as confounding covariates. We observed basal forebrain atrophy discriminating dementia with Lewy bodies from Alzheimer's disease. Compared to controls, atrophy of lateral prefrontal cortex and left premotor cortex was seen in dementia with Lewy bodies whereas atrophy of the medial temporal cortex, posterior parietal cortex, thalamus and temporo-occipital areas was observed in Alzheimer's disease. Atrophy of insular cortex was found in both patient groups.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Exogenous FGF-4 can suppress anterior development in the mouse embryo during neurulation and early organogenesis.

Members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family of peptide growth factors are widely expressed in the germ layer derivatives during gastrulation and early organogenesis of the mouse. We have investigated the effect of administering recombinant FGF-4 in the late-primitive streak stage embryo to test if the patterning of the body plan may be influenced by this growth factor. Shortly after FGF treatment the embryonic tissues up-regulated the expression of Brachyury and the RTK signaling regulator Spry2, suggesting that FGF signaling was activated as an immediate response to exogenous FGF. Concomitantly, Hesx1 expression was suppressed in the prospective anterior region of the embryo. After 24 h of in vitro development, embryos displayed a dosage-related suppression of forebrain morphogenesis, disruption of the midbrain-hindbrain partition, and inhibition of the differentiation of the embryonic mesoderm. Overall, development of the anterior-posterior axis in the late gastrula is sensitive to the delivery of exogenous FGF-4. The early response associated with the expression of Spry2 suggests that the later phenotype observed could be primarily related to an inhibition of the FGF signaling pathway.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed1986

Growth patterns of rat body, brain, and cerebellum in fetal alcohol syndrome.

Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were offered protein- and vitamin-enriched, nutritionally balanced, liquid ethanol diet, providing 35% of calories as ethanol, beginning on day 6 of gestation. Control animals were pair-fed identical liquid diet except that maltose-dextrins were substituted for ethanol. At birth the pups of both ethanol exposed and pair-fed mothers were surrogate-fostered by normal dams. Plasma concentrations of ethanol and thyroxine were determined in dams of experimental and control groups. Thyroxine concentrations were significantly reduced in ethanol-fed dams compared with pair-fed. Pups of both groups were killed at 0-1, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 postnatal days. The crown-rump, crown-tail lengths, and weights of body, brain, and cerebellum were significantly reduced in ethanol-exposed pups compared with controls at all time sequences studied.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Quantitative measurement of human physiological age by profiling of body fluids and pattern recognition.

Quantitative correlations with human age are demonstrated for 60 substances from a group of 200 substances measured in the urine of 235 men. Simplified pattern recognition calculations are used to combine these correlations into patterns of human age and to demonstrate their utility for the quantitative measurement of human physiological age and aging rate. The empirical use of these techniques for the extension of human life-span and diminution of human suffering from degenerative diseases is discussed. Current experimental limitations of this method are demonstrated and evaluated. The application of these techniques can form the basis for a significant advance in the quality of human life.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Nodal stability determines signaling range.

Secreted TGFbeta proteins of the Nodal family pattern the vertebrate body axes and induce mesoderm and endoderm . Nodal proteins can act as morphogens , but the mechanisms regulating their activity and signaling range are poorly understood. In particular, it has been unclear how inefficient processing or rapid turnover of the Nodal protein influences autocrine and paracrine signaling properties . Here, we evaluate the role of Nodal processing and stability in tissue culture and zebrafish embryos. Removal of the pro domain potentiates autocrine signaling but reduces Nodal stability and signaling range. Insertion of an N-glycosylation site present in several related TGFbeta proteins increases the stability of mature Nodal. The stabilized form of Nodal acts at a longer range than the wild-type form. These results suggest that increased proteolytic maturation of Nodal potentiates autocrine signaling, whereas increased Nodal stability extends paracrine signaling.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

An LDL-receptor-related protein mediates Wnt signalling in mice.

Wnt genes comprise a large family of secreted polypeptides that are expressed in spatially and tissue-restricted patterns during vertebrate embryonic development. Mutational analysis in mice has shown the importance of Wnts in controlling diverse developmental processes such as patterning of the body axis, central nervous system and limbs, and the regulation of inductive events during organogenesis. Although many components of the Wnt signalling pathway have been identified, little is known about how Wnts and their cognate Frizzled receptors signal to downstream effector molecules. Here we present evidence that a new member of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-receptor-related protein family, LRP6 (ref. 3), is critical for Wnt signalling in mice. Embryos homozygous for an insertion mutation in the LRP6 gene exhibit developmental defects that are a striking composite of those caused by mutations in individual Wnt genes. Furthermore, we show a genetic enhancement of a Wnt mutant phenotype in mice lacking one functional copy of LRP6. Together, our results support a broad role for LRP6 in the transduction of several Wnt signals in mammals.

Animals↗