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At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Modification of the Mycobacterium bovis extracellular protein MPB70 with fluorescein for rapid detection of specific serum antibodies by fluorescence polarization.

The principle of fluorescence polarization described by Perrin (F. Perrin, J. Phys. Radium 7:390-401, 1926) was applied to the development of a novel assay that used fluorescein-labeled Mycobacterium bovis secretory protein MPB70 for rapid detection of anti-MPB70 antibodies in selected sera from three M. bovis-infected species (elk, Ilama, and bison). Labeling of purified MPB70 with fluorescein isothiocyanate resulted in the incorporation of 0.96 +/- 0.08 (mean +/- standard deviation; n = 3) fluorescein group per MPB70 molecule. The labeled protein fluoresced strongly with an emission maximum at 518 nm when excited with light of a wavelength near 493 nm, and its immunoreactivity with anti-MPB70 monoclonal antibody 4C3/17 was not altered by modification with fluorescein. The fluorescence polarization assay protocol was optimized for analysis of serum samples by incorporating into the assay buffer 0.05% lithium dodecyl sulfate, which prevents the occurrence of some nonspecific interactions. Sera from M. bovis-infected animals, selected on the basis of exhibiting the presence of anti-MPB70 antibodies, as detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), reacted with fluorescein-labeled MPB70, resulting in an increase in polarization of up to 330 milli-polarization units, in contrast to the values for noninfected sera (167 to 178 mP), which were close to that obtained in the absence of specific antibodies (164.7 +/- 3.3 mP; n = 6). These results demonstrated the feasibility of using fluorescein-labeled MPB70 to detect anti-MPB70 antibodies by fluorescence polarization and suggested that the assay described here can be an alternative to ELISA or other antibody assay systems. The advantages of this original methodology and its general applicability to the diagnosis of infectious diseases are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibody in sheep and other ruminants to a conserved epitope of malignant catarrhal fever virus.

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a severe, usually fatal, acute systemic disease syndrome of certain domestic and wild ruminants caused by members of the family Gammaherpesvirinae. Two distinct but closely related viruses cause clinically indistinguishable syndromes: one that is indigenous to the widebeest and the other that apparently is indigenous to domestic sheep. Neither the pathogenesis nor the epidemiology of sheep-associated MCF (SA-MCF) is understood, primarily because of a lack of adequate detection methods for the etiologic agent or antibody against it. No acceptably documented isolates of SA-MCF virus have been reported, and existing antibody assays suffer from significant cross-reactivity with other viruses. As a basis for a specific serologic assay, an attempt was made to identify an epitope conserved among all isolates of MCF viruses, by using a monoclonal antibody (MAb) produced against a previously reported U.S. isolate of MCF virus. A MAb (15-A) which bound a conserved epitope present on all four isolates of MCF virus examined was found. MAb 15-A did not react with eight common sheep and goat viruses or five common bovine viruses. Immunoprecipitation revealed that the 15-A epitope was located on the viral glycoprotein complex, with molecular masses of 115, 110, 105, 78, and 45 kDa. Sera from experimentally and naturally infected animals which yielded a similar glycoprotein complex immunoprecipitation pattern competed with MAb 15-A for its epitope. A competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on MAb 15-A was therefore developed. The assay detected antibody in inapparently infected sheep and in cattle, deer, and bison with clinical MCF. Of the 149 serum samples from sheep associated with MCF outbreaks, 88 (55%) were seropositive by competitive inhibition ELISA.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Rapid and sensitive detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in bovine milk and feces by a combination of immunomagnetic bead separation-conventional PCR and real-time PCR.

Immunomagnetic bead separation coupled with bead beating and real-time PCR was found to be a very effective procedure for the isolation, separation, and detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from milk and/or fecal samples from cattle and American bison. Samples were spiked with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis organisms, which bound to immunomagnetic beads and were subsequently lysed by bead beating; then protein and cellular contaminants were removed by phenol-chloroform-isopropanol extraction prior to DNA precipitation. DNA purified by this sequence of procedures was then analyzed by conventional and real-time IS900-based PCR in order to detect M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in feces and milk. By use of this simple and rapid technique, 10 or fewer M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis organisms were consistently detected in milk (2-ml) and fecal (200-mg) samples, making this sensitive procedure very useful and cost-effective for the diagnosis of clinical and subclinical Johne's disease (paratuberculosis) compared to bacteriological culture, which is constrained by time, labor, and expense under diagnostic laboratory conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Case of the month: Buffalo chest: a case of bilateral pneumothoraces due to pleuropleural communication.

Simultaneous spontaneous bilateral pneumothoraces, the presentation of separate right and left pneumothoraces together, is a rare event. The pleural cavities in humans are separated completely and the only previous reports of pleuropleural communication have been associated with major invasive thoracic procedures, specifically mediastinal surgery. The term "buffalo chest" has been coined for the condition on the basis that the buffalo or bison has a single pleural cavity, one of the few mammals to do so. We present the case of a woman with a past history of a single right sided spontaneous pneumothorax but no major thoracic surgery, who presented to the emergency department with a second spontaneous right pneumothorax that was under tension. After thoracostomy, she was found to have bilateral pneumothoraces which resolved with a unilateral chest drain demonstrating pleuropleural communication. We believe this to be the first reported case of such a presentation in the literature. The case demonstrates an unusual emergency presentation of a rare anatomical anomaly.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Genomic fingerprinting and development of a dendrogram for Brucella spp. isolated from seals, porpoises, and dolphins.

Genomic DNA from reference strains and biovars of the genus Brucella was analyzed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Fingerprints were compared to estimate genetic relatedness among the strains and to obtain information on evolutionary relationships. Electrophoresis of DNA digested with the restriction endonuclease XbaI produced fragment profiles for the reference type strains that distinguished these strains to the level of species. Included in this study were strains isolated from marine mammals. The PFGE profiles from these strains were compared with those obtained from the reference strains and biovars. Isolates from dolphins had similar profiles that were distinct from profiles of Brucella isolates from seals and porpoises. Distance matrix analyses were used to produce a dendrogram. Biovars of B. abortus were clustered together in the dendrogram; similar clusters were shown for biovars of B. melitensis and for biovars of B. suis. Brucella ovis, B. canis, and B. neotomae differed from each other and from B. abortus, B. melitensis, and B. suis. The relationship between B. abortus strain RB51 and other Brucella biovars was compared because this strain has replaced B. abortus strain 19 for use as a live vaccine in cattle and possibly in bison and elk. These results support the current taxonomy of Brucella species and the designation of an additional genomic group(s) of Brucella. The PFGE analysis in conjunction with distance matrix analysis was a useful tool for calculating genetic relatedness among the Brucella species.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Brucella 'HOOF-Prints': strain typing by multi-locus analysis of variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs).

BACKGROUND: Currently, there are very few tools available for subtyping Brucella isolates for epidemiological trace-back. Subtyping is difficult because of the genetic homogeneity within the genus. Sequencing of the genomes from three Brucella species has facilitated the search for DNA sequence variability. Recently, hypervariability among short tandem repeat sequences has been exploited for strain-typing of several bacterial pathogens. RESULTS: An eight-base pair tandem repeat sequence was discovered in nine genomic loci of the B. abortus genome. Eight loci were hypervariable among the three Brucella species. A PCR-based method was developed to identify the number of repeat units (alleles) at each locus, generating strain-specific fingerprints. None of the loci exhibited species- or biovar-specific alleles. Sometimes, a species or biovar contained a specific allele at one or more loci, but the allele also occurred in other species or biovars. The technique successfully differentiated the type strains for all Brucella species and biovars, among unrelated B. abortus biovar 1 field isolates in cattle, and among B. abortus strains isolated from bison and elk. Isolates from the same herd or from short-term in vitro passage exhibited little or no variability in fingerprint pattern. Sometimes, isolates from an animal would have multiple alleles at a locus, possibly from mixed infections in enzootic areas, residual disease from incomplete depopulation of an infected herd or molecular evolution within the strain. Therefore, a mixed population or a pool of colonies from each animal and/or tissue was tested. CONCLUSION: This paper describes a new method for fingerprinting Brucella isolates based on multi-locus characterization of a variable number, eight-base pair, tandem repeat. We have named this technique "HOOF-Prints" for Hypervariable Octameric Oligonucleotide Finger-Prints. The technique is highly discriminatory among Brucella species, among previously characterized Brucella strains, and among unrelated field isolates that could not be differentiated by classical methods. The method is rapid and the results are reproducible. HOOF-Printing will be most useful as a follow-up test after identification by established methods since we did not find species-specific or biovar-specific alleles. Nonetheless, this technology provides a significant advancement in brucellosis epidemiology, and consequently, will help to eliminate this disease worldwide.

Alleles↗
PubMed1982

Mechanism of entry and development of Trypanosoma dionisii in non-phagocytic cells.

Cultures of 'buffalo' (bison) lung (BL) cells were infected with epimastigotes or trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) dionisii derived from cultures in vitro, fixed after various periods of incubation at 37 degrees C and examined by light or electron microscopy. Few if any epimastigotes entered the BL cells, but many trypomastigotes did so; they adhered to the cell surface within 2 h and then appeared to sink into furrows on the cell surface until engulfed in parasitophorous vacuoles. Cytochalasin D (5-10 micrograms ml-1) completely, but reversibly, inhibited entry of trypomastigotes without affecting parasite motility. It was concluded that entry depended on the interaction of stage-specific components on the trypomastigote's surface with receptors on the BL cells, and that this interaction induced active uptake of the protozoa by a phagocytic process not involving pseudopod formation. Soon after entry of the trypomastigotes into BL cells, the membranes of the parasitophorous vacuoles disintegrated and the parasites, which were now lying free in the cytoplasm of the host cell, transformed into amastigotes (micromastigotes) during the next 24-48 h. Replication then occurred, followed by transformation, beginning after 3 days, through a transitional promastigote phase to small intracellular trypomastigotes at 7 days. The promastigotes had a characteristic curved protrusion extending from the lip of the flagellar pocket (or reservoir) into the host cell's cytoplasm. Trypomastigotes, released into the supernatant medium by rupture of the plasma membranes of the BL cells after 8 days, could re-invade other cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

A practitioner's primer on foot-and-mouth disease.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is caused by an RNA virus of the genus Aphthovirus; 7 immunologically distinct serotypes of the virus have been identified. Susceptible species are mainly domestic and wild even-toed ungulates, such as cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, bison, and deer. All body fluids of infected animals can contain the virus and are considered infective. The primary mode of transmission is animal-to-animal transmission through inhalation or ingestion of aerosols containing the virus. The virus can also be spread mechanically by contaminated organic debris and fomites and can survive for 48 hours on human oral and nasal mucosa and be spread to uninfected animals in this manner. There is a rapid progression of clinical signs after an animal becomes infected, and the virus spreads rapidly throughout a herd. Clinical signs include excessive salivation; fever; vesicles and erosions of the oral and nasal mucosa, coronary band, interdigital area, and teats; lameness; sloughing of claws; reluctance to move; anorexia; mastitis; decreased milk production; and abortion or weak newborns. In mature animals, FMD has high morbidity and low mortality rates. Infected animals can become inapparent carriers of the virus.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contributions of paleorheumatology to understanding contemporary disease.

As paleopathology has evolved from observational speculation to analysis of testable hypotheses, so too has recognition of its contribution to vertebrate paleontology. In the presence of significant structural and density variation (between matrix and osseous structures), x-rays provide an additional perspective of osseous response to stress and disease. As film techniques are time and cost expensive, fluoroscopy has proven a valuable alternative. Radiologic techniques also allow non-invasive "sectioning" of specimens, illustrating significant internal detail. The object can be "split" on a plane and the two portions rotated to "open" the image. This three-dimensional approach now can be applied to other forms of sequential data to their facilitate 3-dimensional representation graphically or with solid representations. Antigen and microstructure may be well preserved in fossils. Molecular preservation with retention of helical structure and sensitivity to collagenase has been demonstrated in 10,000 year old collagen. Antigen has been extracted from 100 million year old bone and documented, in situ, in 11,000 year old bone. If the appropriate site in the tissue is assessed, if antigen is still present, and if the appropriate antisera is utilized, fixation of the antibody to the specimen can be detected. Minute amounts of DNA can be amplified and analyzed. Recovery of DNA from a 40,000 year old mammoth, 17,000 year old bison and from 25 million year old insects provides opportunity for cloning and independent assessment of relationships. Implications of available technology focuses direction for development of collaborative approaches.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Thiamin, riboflavin, and alpha-tocopherol content of exotic meats and loss due to gamma radiation.

Changes in thiamin, riboflavin, and alpha-tocopherol concentrations due to gamma irradiation were followed in alligator, caiman, bison, and ostrich (exotic) meats. The proximate composition showed that the exotic meats generally had lower fat content than domestic animal meats and that the thiamin content of the reptiles was lower. The changes in the vitamins due to irradiation were similar to those previously observed for domestic species. The results indicate that the loss of vitamins in these species is negligible insofar as the American diet is concerned, and that the concept of "chemiclearance" is applicable to exotic meats.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

[Large grazers in the Dutch wetland "de Oostvaardersplassen." Reaction to the "Guide to Large Grazers" of the State Secretary for Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries].

The recently published 'Guidelines large herbivores'from the Secretary of State Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries are commented upon. These Guidelines pay insufficient attention to the welfare of the animals used. Only the management of domestic animals is discussed while the management of the deer, which form an integral part of the system is left open. The name of the Veterinary Guidance Committee Nature is questioned since it suggest an independent contribution of specialised veterinary knowledge on the various health and welfare issues, but in reality a broad representation of different governmental and public organizations is present. The view points of this so-called veterinary committee seem to disagree with those of the Dutch veterinary community as formulated by the Royal Netherlands Veterinary Association. Independent of the species of animals used for the management of the area a plea is held for active control of the population - 'looking through the eyes of the wolve' - to dampen large fluctuations in population size and prevent unnecessary suffering through starvation. Since the domesticated animals used to have to comply with the strict veterinary regulations when intended for human consumption the suggestion is made to investigate the the possibility of using only truly wild animals like deer, European bison and wild boar for the management of the wetland. When wild animals are used culled animals can be used for human consumption and this prevents that every year numerous cadavers of cattle and horse have to be collected from the area and incinerated.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2000

Comparative quantitative ultrastructural study of pinealocytes in eight mammalian species.

OBJECTIVES: The studies related to quantitative ultrastructural features of mammalian pinealocytes, especially in comparative aspects, are relatively rare. Quantitative ultrastructural studies in many mammalian species are lacking. Because of the existence of differences in diurnal melatonin profiles in various species it seemed interesting to compare the ultrastructure of pinealocytes in various mammalian species, both laboratory and domestic animals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The pineal glands of the following mammalian species have been examined: mouse, rat, Syrian hamster, gerbil, sheep, horse, pig and European bison. For each species 4 adult animals (2 males and 2 females) were used. Cross-sectional areas of the pinealocyte and its nucleus and the relative volumes of the following cytoplasmic organelles were analyzed: mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, granular endoplasmic reticulum, and lipid droplets. The relative volumes of membrane-bound bodies (MBB) in the pig pinealocytes, pigment granules in the horse pinealocytes, and calcareous concretions in the gerbil pineal gland were also analyzed. In addition, numerical density of dense-core vesicles and "synaptic" ribbons was estimated. RESULTS: Ultrastructure of pinealocytes in examined species shows many common features, and existing differences are of quantitative nature only. The observed qualitative differences include MBB in the pig, abundance of pigment granules in the horse, and calcareous concretions in the gerbil. Relative volumes or the numbers of some cell structures (mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lipid droplets, dense-core vesicles and "synaptic" ribbons) show distinct interspecie differences, whereas those of other cell structures (granular endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes) are similar in all studied species. CONCLUSIONS: The ultrastructural features of pinealocytes in all examined species confirm earlier suggestions of high activity of these cells. No distinct correlation has been found between the type of melatonin secretion and ultrastructural patterns of pinealocytes. It should be stressed, however, that the ultrastructure of pinealocytes in the present study was studied during the daytime, whereas differences in melatonin secretion are observed at night.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1975

The sweat glands and hair follicles of different species of bovidae.

Measurements were made of hairs and sweat glands in the skins of a number of different Bovidae. The principal differences between the Bovinae and the one member of the Cephalophinae (the duiker) studied were in the dimensions of the skin and its component organs and in hair density; secondary hairs were not present, although in the American bison small primary follicles which appeared to provide a woolly undercoat were seen. In contrast, secondary hair follicles were found in the skins of all the Caprinae, Antilopinae and most of the Hippotraginae studied. The sweat glands of the Bovidae varied in shape from simple sacs as seen in the oryx to the coiled tubes of the wildebeest, and different markedly in size, the largest being found in the wisent.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Genetic diversity of serum proteins in three subpopulations of the Maria Gond tribe of Madhya Pradesh, India.

The phenotype and allele frequency distribution of group specific component (GC), transferrin (TF), alpha-1-antitrypsin (PI) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) was determined by isoelectric focusing of plasma samples from three subpopulations (Bison Horn Maria of the Kuakonda and Tokapal Block, and Abuj Maria of the Abujmar Hills of the Orchha block) of the Maria Gond tribe of Madhya Pradesh, India. A considerable level of allele frequency variation was observed in these subpopulations, which highlighted social and geographical isolation among them. The average heterozygosity for these IEF subtype systems was high (29-39%) and the gene diversity among these subpopulation groups was of low to moderate range (1.4%). The overall analysis showed that these polymorphisms are useful anthropological markers for micro-evolutionary and genetic structure studies.

Apolipoproteins E↗
PubMed1978

Animal model of depression. III. Mechanism of action of tetrabenazine.

A study was undertaken to gain an understanding of the biochemical mechanism whereby tetrabenazine (TBZ) produces a sedative effect on the locomotor activity of rats. Rats injected with L-5-hydroxytryptophan (L-5-HTP, 30 mg/kg), the immediate precursor of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), showed the characteristic bison appearance, pitosis, and catalepsy normally observed after injecting TBZ (30 mg/kg). The treatment of rats with low doses of L-5-HTP (9 mg/kg) plus TBZ (2 mg/kg) significantly decreased locomotor activity, whereas low doses of either one of these drugs given alone had no significant effect on locomotor activity. The level of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) was elevated in the brain of rats sacrificed 3 hr after treatment with low doses of either L-5-HTP or TBZ alone. Treatment of rats with p-chlorophenylalanine to inhibit the synthesis of 5-HT had an inhibitory effect on the duration of sedation following an injection of TBZ (30 mg/kg). The results of the biochemical and pharmacological studies as reflected by changes in locomotor activity were interpreted to indicate that the sedative action of TBZ was due to an excess of functional 5-HT.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗
PubMed2004

Bovine tuberculosis: an old disease but a new threat to Africa.

Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a disease characterised by progressive development of specific granulomatous lesions or tubercles in lung tissue, lymph nodes or other organs. Mycobacterium bovis is the causative agent of the disease. Bovine species, including bison and buffaloes, are susceptible to the disease, but nearly all warm-blooded animals can be affected. All species are not equally susceptible to the disease; some are spill-over (end) hosts and others maintenance hosts. In Africa, bovine TB primarily affects cattle; however, infection in other farm and domestic animals, such as sheep, goats, pigs, dogs and cats, is not uncommon. Wild ruminants and carnivores are also affected and are the natural reservoirs of the infectious agent in the wild. Man is also susceptible to the disease, the highest risk groups being individuals with concomitant HIV/AIDS infection. In Africa, human TB is widely known to be caused by M. tuberculosis; however, an unknown proportion of cases are due to M. bovis. This infection in humans is under-reported as a result of the diagnostic limitations of many laboratories in distinguishing M. bovis from M. tuberculosis. None of the national reports submitted to the OIE and WHO by African member states mention the importance of M. bovis in human TB cases. Consumption of unpasteurised milk and poorly heat-treated meat and close contact with infected animals represent the main sources of infection for humans. This review attempts to examine the impact of bovine TB on the health of animals and humans.

Africa↗
PubMed2004

Molecular genetic data at two tetranucleotide repeat loci (D12S66 and D12S67) in two Indian tribal populations.

Molecular genetic polymorphism study was undertaken in two tribal population groups of India at two tetranucleotide repeat loci on chromosome 12 (D12S66 and D12S67). The two tribal groups studied were Bison Horn Maria and Muria, belonging to Bastar district of Madhya Pradesh in Central India. For this study, 75 random, unrelated individuals were analyzed for D12S66 locus, whereas 76 individuals were analyzed for D12S67 locus.

DNA Fingerprinting↗
PubMed2004

STR polymorphism among two tribal populations of India.

Two tribal populations of India, Bison Horn Maria and Muria from Bastar district of Madhya Pradesh in Central India were studied for DNA polymorphisms at tetranucleotide short tandem repeat (STR) loci (F13A01 and HUMvWA). A total of 63 random adult individuals for F13A01 locus and 53 samples for HUMvWA were analyzed in the present study.

DNA Fingerprinting↗