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PubMed1974

Health centres assessed by patients.

This study consists of a postal questionnaire sent to patients attached to four practices in a health centre during the third year of operation after various exploratory studies and a series of group discussions. The study showed that about three out of four patients preferred health centre-practice to non health-centre practice. The appointment system as a cause of dissatisfaction with the health-centre concept is discussed. The doctor-patient relationship, privacy and confidentiality, and representation of patients on health-centre management committees were studied and are discussed.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1999

A model of parental representations, second individuation, and psychological adjustment in late adolescence.

This study examined the role that mental representations and the second individuation process play in adjustment during late adolescence. Participants between the ages of 18 and 22 were used to test a theoretical model exploring the various relationships among the following latent variables: Parental Representations, Psychological Differentiation, Psychological Dependence, Positive Adjustment, and Maladjustment. The results indicated that the quality of parental representations facilitates the second individuation process, which in turn facilitates psychological adjustment in late adolescence. Furthermore, the results indicated that the second individuation process mediates the influence that the quality of parental representations have on psychological adjustment in late adolescence. These findings are discussed in light of previous research in this area, and clinical implications and suggestions for future research are offered.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

The basic traumatic situation in the analytical relationship.

The author attempts to develop a concept of psychic trauma which would comply with the nucleus of this Freudian notion, that is, an excess of excitations that cannot be processed by the mental apparatus, but which would also consider the functions and the crucial role of objects in the constitution of the psychism and in traumatic conditions, as well as taking into account the methodological positioning according to which the analytical relationship is the sole possible locus of observation, inference and intervention by the psychoanalyst. He considers as a basic or minimal traumatic psychoanalytical situation that in which a magnitude or quality of emotions exceeds the capacity for containment of the psychoanalytical pair, to the point of generating a period or area of dementalisation in the psyche of one or both of the participants, of requiring analytical work on the matter and promoting a significant positive or negative change in the relationship. Availing himself of Bion's theory about the alpha function and the metapsychological conceptions of Freud and Green concerning psychic representations, he presents two theoretical formulations relating to this traumatic situation, utilising them according to the 'altered focus' model proposed by Bion. He presents three clinical examples to illustrate the concept and the relevant theoretical formulations.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

On the assessment of self- and object representations from the Rorschach: a review of the research and commentary.

While the research on the use of the Rorschach to assess object relations has been comprehensively reviewed in 1990 by Fishler, Sperling, and Carr and by Stricker and Healey, the research on the use of the Rorschach to assess object representations has not. This was the purpose of this paper. Research on the structure and content of Rorschach-derived object representations were examined. This research indicates that severity of clinical manifestation of psychopathology is accompanied by severity of distortion in the structure of Rorschach percepts and their perceived malevolence. Issues raised by this research and the kinds of research still needed were discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

Mother-father relationship, object relations and premature contractions.

Mother-father relationship during pregnancy and its influence on obstetric complications, such as premature contractions, has been little investigated, but seems to be far more important than has been acknowledged so far. From a psychoanalytic and psychodynamic perspective three case studies are used to illustrate the ongoing dynamics. First the fetus is identified with an object of the past and/or the present. To ward off threatening object representations the pregnant woman needs a third person, the father. If he is unavailable for her she is in danger of rejecting the child. Results are discussed also in relation to the medical support system.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Measurement accuracy of the mandibular kinesiograph--a computerized study.

Today's high-technology electronic and computer techniques have been applied to the long-standing problem of tracking mandibular movement and skeletal relation in research and diagnosis of mandibular function/dysfunction. The measurement established that within an area known as "clinical space" where most diagnostic data is derived, the linearity and quantitative accuracy ranged from error of 0 mm at intercuspation to 0.5 mm at worst error. This order of accuracy provides data that is qualitatively and quantitatively useful for research and diagnosis without the need for further correction. Computer processing further reduces the worst anywhere within the clinical space to 0.1 mm. Geometric skewing of the trace patterns that occur while taking data at mouth openings beyond clinical space (though not pronounced enough to affect the qualitative usefulness of the data) is readily corrected by computer processing. A microcomputer attached to the K5-R corrects the skew in real-time so that the data are displayed to an accuracy within 1.5% of exact values or a worst-case error less than 0.5 mm for a 30 mm vertical opening. When tested against a computer-controlled electronic measuring system, the accuracy and linearity parameters of the trace patterns confirmed the validity of the MKG recordings as precise representations of mandibular movement at the incisor point.

Computers↗
PubMed1988

Isolation and characterization of stable nuclear matrix preparations and associated DNA from avian erythroblasts.

A novel procedure for isolation of nuclear matrices from chicken erythroblast cells was elaborated. The influence of variations in the isolation procedure on structural integrity and morphology of nuclear matrices as well as on properties of the nuclear matrix-associated DNA fractions was investigated. The incubation of isolated nuclei in the presence of Cu2+ ions provided significant stabilization of the nuclear matrix. Copper treatment of nuclei did not affect the properties of the nuclear skeleton-associated DNA fraction. In both copper-stabilized as well as unstabilized nuclei, nuclear matrix-attached DNA was digested to the same extent with nucleolytic enzymes, and could be totally removed from nuclear matrices by 2 M NaCl-2 M urea treatment. The fine morphology of the nuclear matrix did not change after extraction of nuclear skeleton-associated DNA fragments. In the presence or absence of copper ions, matrix DNA was found to be qualitatively different compared with total DNA, in particular with respect to the representation of specific repetitive sequences of the chicken beta globin gene domain.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Object representations in descriptions of significant others: a methodological study.

The aim of this methodological study was to extend Blatt, Wein, Chevron, and Quinlan's (1979) coding system for assessing levels of mental representations of others. Blatt devised a system for scoring spontaneous descriptions of parental figures on a scale that spanned five levels of object differentiation. A single level score was assigned. In this study a procedure was developed to generate scores for each of five representational levels, for two object descriptions, for each subject. The new procedure was based on the assumption that in each individual, all levels of differentiation are maintained albeit in varying proportions. The new coding method was tested in a contrast study in which the responses of a cohort of borderline patients were compared with those of a cohort of nonpsychiatric subjects. As predicted, all subjects were assigned scores at all five representational levels; however, the borderlines had a higher proportion of content units in the lower, least differentiated levels of object representation, and the nonpsychiatric subjects had higher scores at the more differentiated, conceptually complex levels. Results of the psychometric properties of the coding method are discussed. Work in progress to refine the method is outlined.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Trauma and the developmental process. Excerpts from an analysis of an adopted child.

The adopted child faces a complex developmental task. Having a vital need for a parent, he has to deal with the traumatic loss of one set of parents and at the same time has to allow new, alien adults to become his parents. Some implications of this life situation on the developing representations of self and other and on self-other relations are explored in the three-year course of psychoanalysis of a five-and-a-half-year-old boy.

Adoption↗
PubMed1994

The classification of delusional misidentification syndromes.

The delusional misidentification syndromes are characterized by a belief in duplicates and replacements. They can be classified as forms of reduplication expressed in the modalities of person, place, time and event, objects, parts of the body and the self. Common features are selectivity, coexistence of forms, intact recognition and faulty identification, depersonalization, and symbolic representation of the patient's feelings, experiences and problems. A neural substrate of altered connectivity of multimodal cortical association areas and paralimbic and limbic structures resulting in a cognitive-perceptual-affective dissonance is suggested.

Brain↗
PubMed2006

Young adults in psychoanalytic psychotherapy: patient characteristics and therapy outcome.

The aims of this naturalistic study are to present patient characteristics and analyse various outcome measures at termination for psychoanalytic psychotherapies with young adults. Patients (n = 134) between 18 and 25 years were included, of whom 92 received individual and 42 group therapy. One third had a self-reported personality disorder. The patients were considerably more troubled than Swedish norm groups at intake and they showed improvement on all outcome measures during therapy. However, the post therapy means did not fully reach the norm group means. The largest positive changes (pre- versus post-therapy) were with respect to the patients' overall health and functioning. Changes were more moderate in self-reported symptoms, self-concept, and self-representation, while changes in interpersonal problems and object representations were small. The results of this study are discussed in the context of advantages and disadvantages of naturalistic versus randomized controlled study designs.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Databases, models, and algorithms for functional genomics: a bioinformatics perspective.

A variety of patterns have been observed on the DNA and protein sequences that serve as control points for gene expression and cellular functions. Owing to the vital role of such patterns discovered on biological sequences, they are generally cataloged and maintained within internationally shared databases. Furthermore,the variability in a family of observed patterns is often represented using computational models in order to facilitate their search within an uncharacterized biological sequence. As the biological data is comprised of a mosaic of sequence-levels motifs, it is significant to unravel the synergies of macromolecular coordination utilized in cell-specific differential synthesis of proteins. This article provides an overview of the various pattern representation methodologies and the surveys the pattern databases available for use to the molecular biologists. Our aim is to describe the principles behind the computational modeling and analysis techniques utilized in bioinformatics research, with the objective of providing insight necessary to better understand and effectively utilize the available databases and analysis tools. We also provide a detailed review of DNA sequence level patterns responsible for structural conformations within the Scaffold or Matrix Attachment Regions (S/MARs).

Animals↗
PubMed1996

An adopted analysand's transference of a 'hole-object'.

The author describes the vicissitudes of the transference and countertransference in cases where the internal object transferred by the patient on to the analyst is experienced by the former as non-existent. A case history involving a 'hole-object' of this kind is presented, the patient concerned having been adopted at the age of six months and having the fantasy that she did not exist before her adoption. The hole-object is created by the patient to defend against psychic suffering and aggressive drives towards the object. A careful distinction is made between the hole-object, which is defined in terms of its non-existence, and the absent object, the 'psychic hole', the melancholic object and the bad-breast feeling, all of which exist or have existed at some time. The author describes the 'double transference', in which she represented both the idealised albeit well cathected adoptive parents and the disavowed, abandoning biological parents; in the latter case indifference took the place of love and hate in the transference. The analyst in this situation must in the author's view interpret his transference role as a hole-object so as to confer existence on this object and make it representable, and for this purpose a vital role falls to the countertransference. The split between the abandoning and the adopting aspects of the parents can then be resolved, giving rise to a single identificatory parental image.

Adoption↗
PubMed2005

Obsessive compulsive disorder: a review of possible specific internal representations within a broader cognitive theory.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is one of the most incapacitating of anxiety disorders, and is rated as a leading cause of disability by the World Health Organization (1996). Current cognitive models of OCD have focused on beliefs and management strategies involved in the development, maintenance, and exacerbation of OCD. However, despite evidence of their association to psychopathology, few researchers have applied the idea of underlying cognitive-affective structures, such as perceptions about the self and world, as operating in individuals with obsessive-compulsive thoughts and behaviors. This paper critically engages with current cognitive, developmental, and attachment research associated with views about the self and world. It is argued that consideration of such underlying cognitive-affective vulnerabilities may lead to a broader understanding of the development and maintenance of OCD. Consistent with previous theoretical work (e.g. ), we also argue that early experiences of parenting lead to the development of a dysfunctional self-structure and world-view relevant to OCD. Thus, this paper aims to extend the focus of current OCD research by exploring the possible role of a broader range of underlying vulnerability structures in the development and maintenance of OCD-related dysfunctional beliefs and symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Quenching by acrylamide and temperature of a fluorescent probe attached to the active site of ribonuclease.

The fluorescence properties of ribonuclease labelled at its active site with N-(iodoacetylamino)-ethyl-5-naphthylamine-1-sulfonic acid have been studied at different temperatures and in the presence of acrylamide. The rate constant for the quenching of the fluorescence of labelled ribonuclease by acrylamide is apparently not limited by the "accessibility" of the probe: similar values are obtained for the native and denatured states of the protein. Instead, acrylamide seems to be a rather inefficient quencher of this fluorescent group [acetamidoamino)ethyl-5-naphthylamine-1-sulfonic acid), as shown by non-linear Stern-Volmer representations, biphasic decay kinetics, and a low value of the rate constant. The fluorescence intensity of the native state of the labelled protein is highly sensitive to temperature and exhibits a 20% decrease for an increase of temperature of from 10 degrees C to 30 degrees C, independent of solvent viscosity. This thermal quenching is specific for the native conformation and disappears when the protein is unfolded. When the fluorescence lifetime of the label is shortened by addition of acrylamide, the effect of temperature becomes identical for native and unfolded structures. This suggests that the cause of the thermal quenching is the presence of conformational fluctuations within the native protein which apparently take place in the time range from 35 to 200 ns.

Acrylamide↗
PubMed1995

An ego-psychological approach to the Rorschach.

This presentation is an extension and amplification of the ego-psychological assessment of Rorschach data initiated in 1946 by Rapaport, Gill, and Schafer whose focus was on the quality of the perception of reality and the assessment of defence. A more contemporary view of ego psychology not only includes an expanded view of defence but also of the nature of self- and object representations and the nature of object relations. An assessment of the synthesizing function of the ego was also discussed. The present purpose was to present a comprehensive assessment of Rorschach data from the point of view of contemporary ego psychology.

Defense Mechanisms↗
PubMed1986

Identification and its vicissitudes as observed in children: a developmental approach.

In the last thirty-five years, theories derived from observational studies on normally developing infants and toddlers as well as on children with severe pathology have augmented Freud's original contribution to the theory of identification. Mahler's formulations, in particular, are used in this paper to demonstrate the importance for identification of the mutual interaction between mother (or caregiver) and even the very young infant, and to delineate the gradual process by which are achieved intrapsychic self and object-representations. The thread of identification is followed from earliest mirroring of the young infant to post-oedipal ego identifications. I present aspects of the treatment of a borderline adopted boy to demonstrate problems in identification which occurs in part because his two primary caregivers competed to such a degree for possession of him, each demanding loyalty to herself and to herself alone, that his identity and identifications were confused, in fact duplicated. This white child had as his alter-ego, really as part of his self-representation, a black half of the self, personified as a black boy whom he fantasized to be his twin.

Adoption↗
PubMed1997

High-resolution comparative hybridization to combed DNA fibers.

Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) has proven to be a comprehensive new tool to detect genetic imbalances in genomic DNA. However, the resolution of this method carried out on normal human metaphase spreads is limited to low copy number gains and losses of > or = 10 Mb. An improved resolution allowing the detection of copy number representations of single genes would strongly enhance the applicability of CGH as a diagnostic and research tool. This goal may be achieved when metaphase chromosomes are replaced by an array of target DNAs representing the genes of interest. To explore the feasibility of such a development in a model system we used cosmid MA2B3, which encompasses about 35 kb in the vicinity of exon 48 of the human dystrophin gene. Linearized cosmid fibers were attached to a glass surface and aligned in parallel by "molecular combing". Two-color fluorescence in situ suppression hybridization was performed on these cosmid fibers with probe mixtures containing different ratios (ranging from 1:2 to 4:1) of biotin- and digoxigenin-labeled MA2B3 cosmid DNAs. For each mixture fluorescence ratios were determined for 40-50 individual combed DNA molecules. In two series comprising a total of 651 molecules the median fluorescence ratio measurements revealed a linear relationship with the chosen probe ratios. Our study demonstrates that fluorescence ratio measurements on single DNA molecules can be performed successfully.

Biotin↗