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PubMed2002

Eating disturbances in female prisoners: the role of anger.

Women in prison have high levels of impulsive damaging behaviours, including disordered eating. In addition, they display pathological levels of the emotional precursors that have been associated with eating disorders, particularly anger. The present study examines levels of disordered eating behaviours in female prisoners, and whether those behaviours are associated with anger. The sample consisted of 91 sentenced women at a medium-sized prison in the UK. The women completed an interview-based screening tool for eating disorders, alongside a standardised measure of anger. Using the established cut-off on the measure concerned, 25% of the women were at risk for an eating disorder. This prevalence rate is exactly twice that observed in a non-eating-disordered community sample, using the same measure. Furthermore, different facets of anger were associated with different aspects of eating psychopathology. The most plausible explanation for this association appears to be that many women enter prison with high levels of anger-driven impulsivity, and that the constraints of the prison environment result in a focus on eating behaviours. Future research directions are discussed.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1997

Relationship between scores on anger measures and PTSD symptomatology, employment, and compensation-seeking status in combat veterans.

The interrelationship between the theoretically related constructs of anger and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms was examined in a group of 42 combat veterans with PTSD using a multimeasure assessment strategy. Scores on several anger measures were found to be quite high in this sample and were significantly correlated with PTSD symptomatology. Furthermore, anger measures were found to be related to employment status independent of PTSD severity, but were not related to disability compensation-seeking status. Clinicians are advised to be aware of the potential implications for physical health and interpersonal functioning, and to incorporate anger management strategies into treatment plans for this population.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Differences in anger, hostility, and interpersonal aggressiveness in Type A and Type B adolescents.

This study investigated self-reported anger, hostility, interpersonal aggressiveness, and self-confidence in 19 Type A and 11 Type B adolescent boys ages 15 and 16. It was hypothesized that Type As would report greater trait anger and aggressiveness, less confidence in interpersonal relating, and would endorse a pattern of expression of anger and aggressiveness that would differ from Type Bs. No significant differences were found between Type As and Type Bs on measures of global anger and aggressiveness, and no significant relationship between interpersonal hostility and self-confidence was demonstrated. Type As, however, were found to be more likely than Type Bs to report that they lose their temper and that they act in physically aggressive, verbally aggressive, and passive aggressive ways. Results were discussed in terms of the similarity of this pattern in Type A adolescent boys to that described for adult Type A men.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Treating anger in psychotherapy: introduction and cases.

Although client anger is a ubiquitous presenting problem for psychotherapy and a challenging in-session phenomenon for the psychotherapist, it has been oddly neglected by the clinical community. This article introduces an issue of In Session devoted to the conceptualization and treatment of anger in psychotherapy from multiple theoretical perspectives. The authors generate consensual definitions of anger, aggression, and hostility and then provide two case vignettes that the contributors address in their subsequent articles. Both technical diversity and strategic convergence, it is suggested, are required to enhance the effective treatment of anger disorders.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Reactions to anger and anxiety-provoking events: psychopathic and nonpsychopathic groups compared.

A psychopathic offender group (N = 17) and a nonpsychopathic, non-offender control group (N = 15) were presented with descriptions of anxiety and anger-provoking situations (derived from a pilot study) together with a series of questions designed to evaluate their cognitive appraisal and anticipated reactions of self and other to the situation. The psychopathic group rated the anxiety situations as more anxiety-, fear-, and threat-inducing than did the control group, while the reverse was true for the anger situations. Both sets of scenarios were seen as more anger-inducing by the psychopathic group. There was little difference between the groups in anticipated reactions of self and others. Implications of the results for cognitive interventions aimed at anger management are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

The relation of ANS and HPA activation to infant anger and sadness response to goal blockage.

This study examined the relation of anger and sadness to heart rate and cortisol in 4-month-old infants' (n = 56) response to a goal blockage. The blockage occurred during a contingency learning procedure where infants' response no longer produced a learned interesting event. Anger and sadness were the major emotional expressions to the blockage. The two emotional expressions were differentially related to heart rate and cortisol. Anger was related to increased heart rate, but not cortisol, whereas sadness was related to increased cortisol, but not heart rate. Along with other work, the present results support the view that infant anger in response to goal blockage involves autonomic as opposed to adrenocortical activation as a consequence of an expectation of control over the event. In contrast, sadness in response to goal blockage involves adrenocortical as opposed to autonomic activation stemming from the absence of an expectation of control.

Affect↗

PubMed2002

Relationship of perceived parenting practices to anger regulation and coping strategies in African-American adolescents.

This study examined the relationship of perceived parenting practices to anger and coping in a sample of 70 African-American adolescents. Regression analyses reveled that perceptions of parental strictness were negatively related to anger temperament, anger-out, and avoidance (all p<0.05), and was positively associated with engaging in demanding activities (p<0.02). Additionally, perceptions of parental involvement were positively related to seeking diversions (p<0.04), and perceptions of parental autonomy granting were negatively related to anger-out (p<0.02). These findings highlight the potential importance of the perceived parent-adolescent relationship for African-American adolescents.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Genetic analysis of anger: genetic dominance or competitive sibling interaction.

The knowledge of the causes and development of anger is still scarce. Previous studies on the sources of variance on Type A Behavior Pattern (TABP) related measures found variable heritability estimates ranging from 0.12 to 0.68, and large differences between MZ and DZ correlations. Some authors considered dominance genetic effects, competitive sibling interaction and sex differences as possible mechanisms to explain the results, but most studies lacked power. The present study uses a large sample of more than 2,500 families, with longitudinal data from MZ and DZ pairs as well as their parents, to disentangle the sources of variance on anger. Model Fitting results showed that the sources of variance differ across sexes. For males 23% of the variance is due to additive genetic effects, and 26% to dominance genetic effects. For females 34% of the variance is due to additive genetic effects, and no dominance effects are found. There was no consistent evidence to confirm the presence of competitive sibling interaction as an alternative explanation for the low correlations in DZ males. The focus of research on the prediction of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk through psychological characteristics has recently changed from the multidimensional TABP to its emotional component: Anger. Understanding the sources of individual differences on anger can help to clarify the mechanisms that link it with CHD and its possible implications for treatment and prevention.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

The role of anger in the consciousness development of peace activists: where physiology and history intersect.

The focus of this paper concerns the role of anger in the development of consciousness in peace activists. By looking at this from 3 perspectives we can see an intersection of physiology and history. Looked at most closely, anger is a physiological event that recurs in the life of an individual. From a broader perspective, anger plays a critical role and a particular step in the development of consciousness. And from the broadest perspective, we may see how individual peace activists play a role in history by helping to resolve those contradictions (such as the present one between war and peace) by which history jerks its way forward. To put the proposition most carefully, it will be argued that anger is the personal fuel in the social motor that resolves the institutional contradictions that arise in the course of history. The materials on which this paper is based come from two sources. First is the study I have conducted in recent years on the development of consciousness in peace activists. Wishing to contribute my scientific skills to the peace movement, I have analyzed autobiographies of famous peace activists and oral histories of contemporary activists in Connecticut where I live. Since results from both the autobiographies and the oral histories are similar for present purposes, I will not make any distinction between them. The second source of material is the work that I and other researchers have conducted for many years on the brain mechanisms, behavioral complexities and evolutionary trends of aggressive behavior in rats, cats and monkeys. This material has been extensively published and is referred to in the bibliography (Adams, 1979, 1980).

Aggression↗

PubMed1996

Triggers of myocardial ischemia during daily life in patients with coronary artery disease: physical and mental activities, anger and smoking.

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the potency of physical and mental activities and emotions (anger and anxiety) and smoking and other substance use as proximate triggers of ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease during daily life. BACKGROUND: Myocardial ischemia occurs during a wide variety of activities in patients with coronary artery disease, but frequency and relative potency of physical and mental activities, smoking and use of caffeine and alcohol as triggers of ischemia during daily life have not been established. METHODS: Patients (n = 63) with coronary artery disease and evidence of out-of-hospital ischemia kept a validated structured diary of physical and mental activities and psychologic states while undergoing ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring for 24 to 48 h. RESULTS: Ischemia occurred most frequently during moderately intense physical and mental activities. Patients spent the largest proportion of time engaged in low intensity physical and mental activities (p < 0.05), but the likelihood of ischemia was greatest during intense physical (p < 0.0001) and stressful mental activities (p < 0.03). The percentage of time in ischemia was elevated and approximately equivalent for high intensity physical and high intensity mental activities (5%) compared with 0.2% when patients were engaged in low intensity activities. Strenuous physical activity (e.g., effortful walking, p < 0.05) and the experience of intense anger were potent ischemic triggers, and heart rates at onset of ischemia increased with the intensity of physical and mental activity and with anger. Among smokers, ischemia was more than five times as likely when patients smoked than when they did not (during 24% vs. 5% of diary entries, p < 0.0001). Coffee and alcohol consumption were also related to ischemia (p < 0.05), but this association disappeared after controlling for concurrent cigarette smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Triggers of ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease during daily life include not only strenuous exercise, but also activities involving low levels of exertion, such as anger and smoking. Mental activities appear to be as potent as physical activities in triggering daily life ischemia. Coffee and alcohol consumption are related to ischemia only by virtue of their associations with smoking.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2004

Anger expression, coping, and substance use in adolescent offenders.

The present study examined anger expression and avoidant coping and their relationship to substance use and use-related consequences in a sample of 270 incarcerated adolescents. Outwardly expressed anger was significantly associated with both alcohol and marijuana use and use-related consequences. Avoidant coping was also significantly associated with all outcome variables. There were no significant interactions between anger expression (outward or inward) and avoidant coping. Collectively, results suggest that expression of anger and avoidant coping are independent risk factors for substance use and use-related consequences across two classes of drugs in adolescent offenders.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Anger and depression in cocaine addiction: association with the orbitofrontal cortex.

The high prevalence of anger, impulsivity and violence in cocaine addiction implicates chronic cocaine use in the compromise of higher-order inhibitory control neurocognitive processes. We used the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) anger content scale as a personality measure of inhibitory control and examined its association with glucose metabolism in the lateral orbitofrontal gyrus (LOFG) at rest as measured by positron emission tomography with 2-deoxy-2[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose (PET (18)FDG) in 17 recently abstinent cocaine-dependent subjects and 16 comparison subjects. Three additional variables--the MMPI-2 depression content scale, metabolism in the medial orbitofrontal gyrus (MOFG) and the anterior cingulate (AC) gyrus--were inspected. When level of education was statistically controlled for, the LOFG was significantly associated with anger within the cocaine group. No other region was associated with anger within the cocaine-dependent group, and the LOFG did not correlate with depression within any of the study groups. The present study confirms earlier reports in demonstrating a positive association between relative metabolism at rest in the LOFG and cognitive-behavioral and personality measures of inhibitory control in drug addiction: the higher the metabolism, the better the inhibitory control.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Anger and aggression among drivers in three European countries.

Recent reports of 'road rage' in the British media give the impression that driver aggression is escalating. In order to understand this phenomenon we need to know what it is about driving that provokes motorists to feel anger and then to go on to express that anger in the form of aggression. A postal questionnaire survey of more than 2500 drivers was carried out in three European countries: Britain, Finland and the Netherlands. The study had three main aims: (a) to discover how angry, if at all, a range of situations on the road make drivers, (b) to find out how many drivers are likely to react aggressively to those situations, and (c) to investigate individual and/or cultural differences in terms of anger and/or aggressive responses among motorists. Results indicate that the same types of behaviour provoke anger and aggression in all three countries, and that traffic density may play a role.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Mood, eating attitudes, and anger in obese women with and without Binge Eating Disorder.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the anger levels and their management in obese patients. METHODS: A total of 103 obese women [51 with Binge Eating Disorder (BED) and 52 without BED] were included in the study and compared to 93 healthy controls. They were assessed with the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2). RESULTS: The BDI score is higher in obese subjects than in controls and obese binge eaters have higher levels of depression than obese patients without BED. Differences among the three groups can be found in almost all subscales of the EDI-2, even after controlling for the variable depression (BDI). For STAXI, the only difference among the three groups, which remains significant after controlling for depression, is the tendency to express anger outside (AX-OUT), which is higher in obese binge eaters. The correlation study highlights the importance of impulsivity in the group of obese binge eaters, whereas in obese patients without BED, the tendency toward anger suppression (AX-IN) is seen. DISCUSSION: Obese patients with BED might be considered a subgroup deserving greater psychiatric interest, both for the greater severity of the eating disorder and for the comorbidity with subthreshold depressive symptoms and with borderline personality traits. In obese patients without BED, eating behavior seems more correlated to the psychological functioning typical of psychosomatic disorders. Implications for treatment are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Parenting stress and anger expression as predictors of child abuse potential.

To explore one potential pathway to physical child abuse, the present investigation used hierarchical regression analysis using measures of parenting stress and anger expression to jointly predict child abuse potential. The Parenting Stress Index, State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, and the Child Abuse Potential Inventory were administered to two different samples of New Zealand parents. As expected, both studies revealed parenting stress and anger expression and were individually positively correlated with child abuse potential: the major finding involved the strong point contribution of parenting stress and anger expression in predicting Child Abuse Potential Inventory scores. Application of findings for intervention and prevention are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Readiness for anger management: clinical and theoretical issues.

Anger management methods are a common and successful feature of contemporary cognitive behavioral therapy. Meta-analyses and narrative reviews of the outcome of anger management have been broadly supportive of the view that it is an effective approach. We argue in this paper that an important impediment to the future success of anger management is the failure to fully address the issue of treatment readiness. We discuss distinctive features of anger that make readiness a more important issue than it is for other problem emotions and affects. Relevant theoretical models of readiness are discussed and we review the components of a lack of readiness, including difficulties in establishing a therapeutic alliance. Progress in this area requires greater attention to the measurement and analysis of readiness, to its inclusion as an independent variable in outcome studies and to its clinical modification when readiness is low.

Affect↗

PubMed1996

Life-threatening cardiovascular consequences of anger in patients with coronary heart disease.

Anger is the affective state most commonly associated with myocardial ischemia and life-threatening arrhythmias. The scope of the problem is sizeable-at least 36,000 (2.4% of 1.5 million) heart attacks are precipitated annually in the United States by anger. The lethal cardiovascular consequences in ischemic heart disease are attributable to the unique physiology of this state, which activates high-gain central neurocircuitry and the sympathetic nervous system, leading to acute sinus tachycardia, hypertension, impaired myocardial perfusion, and a high degree of cardiac electrical instability. Exciting new tools have emerged from the fields of epidemiology, behavioral medicine, and cardiovascular physiology that offer considerable promise in accelerating our understanding of the pathophysiology of anger and in developing means to sever the link between anger and its life-threatening consequences.

Anger↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Extrapunitive and intropunitive anger of HIV caregivers: nursing implications.

The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate the anger of individuals who have provided direct patient care to loved ones who are living with or who have died from AIDS. The sample consisted of eight individuals who are currently involved in an AIDS service organization in northeast Tennessee. Data were collected using semistructured taped interviews. At the beginning of the study, two group interviews were conducted. Subsequently, each of the participants was interviewed privately. Extrapunitive and intropunitive anger were predominant themes in each of the interviews. Participants also reported ways of coping with their anger. Nurses can suggest these strategies to other caregivers who are experiencing anger. Recommendations for additional nursing interventions are offered.

Adaptation, Psychological↗