Atmospheric input of elements to forest ecosystems: a method of estimation using artificial foliage placed above rain collectors.
Usefulness of a method of artificial foliage was tested for estimation of total ionic inputs from the atmosphere to forest ecosystems, as well as of processes relevant to ionic fluxes through tree canopies: uptake, leaching, passive flow. The studies were performed in Norway spruce and European beech stands in Karkonosze Mountains (Poland), in 1995-97. Artificial leaves of increasing leaf area index: 0, 2, 6 and 12 m(2) m(-2 )were placed above standard rain collectors. It has been found that total atmospheric fluxes of H(+), NH(4)(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Pb(2+), NO(3)(-) and SO(4)(2-) rose as surface area of the foliage increased. This was especially true for nitrate, sulphate and ammonium. No such relationship was found for K(+), Na(+), Zn(2+), Cd(2+), Cu(2+) and PO(4)(3-). The increase in anion fluxes exceeded that in neutralising cations (NH(4)(+), Na(+), K(+), Mg(2+), Ca(2+)) and led to progressive rainwater acidification with the increase in the foliage area. An analysis of net canopy exchange (atmospheric input-throughfall flux) has shown that SO(4)(2-), PO(4)(3-), Na(+), Ca(2+) and Cu(2+) flowed passively through the tree crowns; NH(4)(+), NO(3)(-), Zn(2+), Cd(2+) and occasionally Pb(2+) were efficiently absorbed, whereas K(+) was leached from the canopies. Beech was more effective in modifying ionic pool from the atmosphere than spruce. This related to H(+) (greater absorption) and Mg(2+) (greater leaching). It has been demonstrated that the results concerning trends in net canopy exchange and produced by the simple method of artificial foliage are comparable to more sophisticated techniques of the measurements. This proves the method to be useful.