Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “ARM”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Differences in autonomic modulation of heart rate during arm and leg exercise.

Heart rate (HR) is higher during dynamic arm exercise than during leg exercise at equal oxygen consumption levels, but the physiological background for this difference is not completely understood. The vagally mediated beat-to-beat R-R interval fluctuation decreases until the level of approximately 50% of maximal oxygen consumption during an incremental bicycle exercise, but the vagal responses to arm exercise are not well known. Changes in autonomic modulation of HR were compared during arm and leg exercise by measuring beat-to-beat R-R interval variability from a Poincaré plot normalized for the average R-R interval (SD1n), a measure of vagal activity, in 14 healthy male subjects (age 20 +/- 4 years) who performed graded bicycle and arm cranking tests until exhaustion. Seven of the subjects also performed the dynamic arm and leg tests after beta-adrenergic blockade (propranolol 0.2 mg kg-1 i.v.). More rapid reduction occurred in SD1n during the low-intensity level of dynamic arm exercise than during dynamic leg exercise without beta-blockade (e.g. 11 +/- 6 vs. 20 +/- 10 at the oxygen consumption level of 1.2 l min-1; P < 0.001) and with beta-blockade (e.g. 13 +/- 4 vs. 25 +/- 10 at the level of 1.0 l min-1; P < 0.05), and the mean HR was significantly higher during submaximal arm work than during leg work in both cases (e.g. during beta-blockade 81 +/- 12 vs. 74 +/- 6 beats min-1 at the level of 1.0 l min-1; P < 0.05). These data show that dynamic arm exercise results in more rapid withdrawal of vagal outflow than dynamic leg exercise.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1999

[Can 3D volumetric analysis of the fetal upper arm and thigh improve conventional 2D weight estimates?].

AIM: To determine the usefulness of three-dimensional ultrasound volumetry of fetal thigh and upper arm in predicting weight at delivery. METHOD: Inclusion criteria to our prospective study were single-ton pregnancies with a planned or expected delivery within 96 hours of enrollment. In 74 patients (formula-finding group) standard fetal biometry, followed by measurement of thigh and upper arm volumes by three-dimensional ultrasound, was performed. Subsequently, our new 3D-formulas were tested in a prospective validation group of 52 patients. RESULTS: Both upper arm and thigh volumes correlated well with birth weight (r2 = 0.95, respectively, p < 0.0001). The best result, however, was achieved by a combination of standard 2D-measurements with the volumetric data of upper arm and thigh (r2 = 0.98, p < 0.0001). With use of polynomial regression analysis we obtained two best-fit formulas: BIRTH WEIGHT: -263.8 +13.7269 x Arm Volume +7.16575 x Thigh Volume +148.2 x ATD. Birth weight: -1288.7 +51.9502 x Arm Volume -0.252 x Arm Volume 2 -2.1766 x Thigh Volume +0.0321 x Thigh Volume 2 +36.2509 x GA -0.7526 x GA2 +654.3 x BIP -36.6136 x BIP2 -381.8 x ATD +24.0927 x ATD2. CONCLUSION: Three-dimensional volumetry of the fetal thigh and upper arm may improve prediction of birth weight. Further larger studies are needed to validate our results.

Arm↗
PubMed1999

Thermoregulatory and physiological responses of wheelchair athletes to prolonged arm crank and wheelchair exercise.

Seven wheelchair athletes participated in this study. On separate occasions all athletes performed 60 min of arm crank ergometry and wheelchair ergometry at 60% of the ergometer specific VO2peak in cool conditions (21.5+/-1.3 degrees C; 54.2+/-6.3% relative humidity, 21.2+/-1.9 degrees C; 55.5+/-11.9% relative humidity, respectively). The order of testing was randomised. Aural and skin temperatures were continually measured throughout the 60 min test. Expired air was collected at 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min during the exercise period. Oxygen consumption was similar for both trials (1.09+/-0.21 and 1.16+/-0.331 x min-(-1), for the ACE and WCE trials, respectively). Heat storage was calculated at these time-points. Aural temperature was elevated from rest between 25 to 45 min of wheelchair ergometry (0.5+/-0.3 degrees C; P < 0.05) when compared to between 20 min of exercise and 5 min of recovery (0.6+/-0.3 degrees C; P<0.05) during the arm crank ergometry trial. On the cessation of arm crank ergometry, heat storage was elevated above values observed at 5 min of exercise (P < 0.05). On the cessation of wheelchair ergometry, heat storage was not elevated above values at 5 minutes of exercise. Upper arm skin temperature was cooler during wheelchair ergometry when compared to arm crank ergometry (P<0.05). All other skin temperature responses were similar during both exercise modes. The efficiency of arm crank ergometry was greater than wheelchair ergometry throughout the exercise period (18.5+/-3.5 % and 8.9+/-3.7% at 60 minutes of exercise, respectively; P < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that although ACE demonstrates greater efficiency than WCE prolonged arm crank ergometry elicited greater thermal and physiological strain when compared with prolonged wheelchair ergometry. The lower thermal strain during WCE was suggested to be related to the propulsion biomechanics which may result in some degree of local cooling, and consequently heat dissipation, when compared to ACE. Due to the greater thermal strain during arm crank ergometry, it is recommended that for studies examining the exercise responses of wheelchair users wheel-chair ergometry should be employed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Activation of blood platelets in response to maximal isometric exercise of the dominant arm.

Isometric exercise is a popular form of physical activity for many people. Only few studies exist on the effects of this type of exercise on the hemostatic system. Eleven male healthy subjects (21-42 years) of varying fitness levels were investigated before, immediately after and 10 min after strenuous isometric exercise of the dominant arm. Blood samples were drawn by repetitive puncture from both the exercising and the contralateral arm. The following variables were studied: Prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time as group tests for the plasmatic coagulation system; platelet count as well as p-selectin expression for the platelet system; tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) activity and antigen for the fibrinolytic system. The partial thromboplastin time was shortened immediately after maximal isometric exercise of the dominant arm, the prothrombin time remained unchanged. No change was found in the platelet count, but a marked p-selectin expression was observed immediately after maximal isometric exercise of the dominant arm (p < 0.05) and even in the resting contralateral arm. Values returned to baseline after 10 min. There was a slight increase of t-PA antigen concentration and white blood cell count at maximal isometric contraction which did not occur in the resting arm, although changes over the 3 time points were significant in both arms. Maximal isometric exercise leads to platelet activation in both arms, a slight aPTT decrease and t-PA antigen increase in local blood stream. As compensatory fibrinolytic changes do not occur, it is an open question whether isometric exercise increases the potential risk of thromboembolism.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Repetitive sensorimotor training for arm and hand in a patient with locked-in syndrome.

The locked-in syndrome is characterized by quadriplegia, preserved consciousness and inability to respond to the outside world. In recent years, the repetitive execution of identical movements has been demonstrated to be crucial for the recovery of arm and hand function in stroke patients. The present study aimed at investigating the efficiency of repetitive training in a patient suffering from locked-in syndrome due to an occlusion of the basilar artery. Seven months after the brainstem lesion and after a 15-week period of standard inpatient therapy, the repetitive training was applied to the (most affected) right upper extremity in addition to usual therapy. After 42 weeks of the repetitive training for the right arm, it was applied to the left arm. The ranges of active motion as well as functional motor capacity and muscle tone were regularly assessed. During those phases when the repetitive sensorimotor training was applied to the right or left arm, the ranges of active motion, muscle strength and functional motor capacity of the trained arm increased significantly accompanied by a continuous normalization of muscle tone in the flexor muscle groups. Since the prominent functional improvements of the right and left arms were observed during those phases when the repetitive training was applied, these effects were likely to be due to the training rather than to the standard rehabilitation program or extraneous influences. The repetitive sensorimotor training, therefore, appears to be appropriate to improve motor function of the arm and hand and to accelerate the time course of recovery even in patients with almost complete central paralysis of both arms.

Arm↗
PubMed2002

Bilateral arm power imbalance in swim bench exercise to exhaustion.

We examined the supposition that swimmers may exhibit an imbalance in bilateral arm power output during simulated swimming exercise. Ten competitive front crawl swimmers (5 males, 5 females; age 20.5+/-2.3 years; height 1.74+/-0.09 m; body mass 72.0+/-16.7 kg; 400 m freestyle swim time 278+/-20.5 s; mean +/- s) performed four incremental (10 W x min(-1)) swim ramp tests on a computer-interfaced biokinetic swim bench ergometer. External power output from each arm was measured continuously to exhaustion. The results showed that, throughout the course of the simulated swim, external power output clearly favoured the left arm (F1,9 = 12.5, P= 0.006). This was especially evident in the final 30 s to exhaustion, when 54.0+/-3.87% of external power output was derived from the left arm versus 46.0+/-3.87% from the right arm. The disparity in external power output was further highlighted when the participants were grouped into unilateral and bilateral breathers. Unilateral breathers (n = 5) produced 57.1+/-2.62% of external power output from the left armversus 42.9+/-2.62% from the right arm (P= 0.001). Bilateral breathers (n = 5) exhibited a more balanced external power output of 51.0+/-1.82% from the left arm and 49.0+/-1.82% from the right arm (P = 0.177). Evidence of power imbalance in the simulated swimming stroke may have important implications for optimizing swim performance. The observed power imbalance may be reduced when a bilateral breathing technique is adopted.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The energetics and benefit of an arm swing in submaximal and maximal vertical jump performance.

The aims of this study were to investigate the energy build-up and dissipation mechanisms associated with using an arm swing in submaximal and maximal vertical jumping and to establish the energy benefit of this arm swing. Twenty adult males were asked to perform a series of submaximal and maximal vertical jumps while using an arm swing. Force, motion and electromyographic data were recorded during each performance and used to compute a range of kinematic and kinetic variables, including ankle, knee, hip, shoulder and elbow joint powers and work done. It was found that the energy benefit of using an arm swing appears to be closely related to the maximum kinetic energy of the arms during their downswing, and increases as jump height increases. As jump height increases, energy in the arms is built up by a greater range of motion at the shoulder and greater effort of the shoulder and elbow muscles but, as jump height approaches maximum, these sources are supplemented by energy supplied by the trunk due to its earlier extension in the movement. The kinetic energy developed by the arms is used to increase their potential energy at take-off but also to store and return energy from the lower limbs and to "pull" on the rest of the body. These latter two mechanisms become more important as jump height increases with the pull being the more important of the two. We conclude that an arm swing contributes to jump performance in submaximal as well as maximal jumping but the energy generation and dissipation sources change as performance approaches maximum.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Effects of previous dynamic arm exercise on power output during repeated maximal sprint cycling.

This study examined the effects of elevating blood lactate concentration by arm exercise on subsequent performance during repeated 30 s sprints with the legs. Eight male students performed two 30 s cycle ergometer sprints separated by 6 min of recovery, on two occasions. On one occasion the subjects performed only the two 30 s cycle ergometer sprints ('legs'), while on the other occasion 5 min of heavy arm cranking preceded the two sprints ('arms and legs'). Blood lactate concentration was determined from capillary samples at rest, after a standardized warm-up and 3 and 5 min following each exercise bout. In the 'legs' condition, the peak power output (PPO) and mean power output (MPO) in the second sprint were 92% (P < 0.05) and 85% (P < 0.01) of the values attained during the first sprint, respectively. Prior arm exercise, which increased blood lactate to 11.0 +/- 0.6 mM, had no effect on PPO and MPO during the first cycle ergometer sprint (approximately 4% drop, N.S.). However, in the second sprint after prior arm exercise, PPO was 10% lower than the PPO attained during the corresponding sprint in the 'legs' condition (sprint 2 'arms and legs' 963 +/- 42 W, sprint 2 'legs' 1074 +/- 60 W, P < 0.05), while MPO was better maintained (sprint 2 'arms and legs' 517 +/- 17 W, sprint 2 'legs' 549 +/- 24 W, N.S.). The rate of blood lactate accumulation after both cycle ergometer sprints was considerably decreased (by approximately 50%) when blood lactate levels were pre-elevated by arm crank exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Segmental and kinetic contributions in vertical jumps performed with and without an arm swing.

To determine the contributions of the motions of the body segments to the vertical ground reaction force (Fz), the joint torques produced by the leg muscles, and the time course of vertical velocity generation during a vertical jump, 15 men were videotaped performing countermovement vertical jumps from a force plate with and without an arm swing. Linear kinematic, Fz, and joint torque data were computed and compared using repeated measures analysis of variance. Maximum jump height was significantly larger in the arm swing jumps compared to the no arm swing jumps and was due to both a higher height of the center of mass (CM) at takeoff (54%) and a larger vertical velocity of the CM at takeoff (46%). The net vertical impulse created during the propulsive phase of the arm swing jumps was greater due to a trend of an increased duration (0.021 s) of the propulsive phase and not to larger average values of Fz. In the arm swing jumps, the arm motion resulted in the arms making a larger maximal contribution to Fz during the middle of the propulsive phase and decreased the negative contribution of the trunk-head and thigh to Fz late in the propulsive phase. Last, the arm swing decreased the extensor torques at the hip (13%), knee (10%), and ankle (10%) early in the propulsive phase but augmented these same extensor torques later in the propulsive phase.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Effects of Ergorest arm supports on muscle strain and wrist positions during the use of the mouse and keyboard in work with visual display units: a work site intervention.

The effects of Ergorest arm supports on wrist angles and musculoskeletal strain in the neck-shoulder-arm region and electrical activity in the shoulder and arm muscles were studied during typing or the use of the mouse in work with a visual display unit (VDU). Twenty-one women were randomized into 3 groups (1 arm support, 2 arm supports, and control). Measurements were carried out before and after the 6-week intervention. The wrist extension of the mouse hand, the muscle activity of the trapezius muscle, and the subjective discomfort ratings indicated that 2 arm supports were better than 1 in work with a mouse. The Ergorest arm support alleviates muscle and joint strain in VDU work when used for both arms.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Differences in stroke phases, arm-leg coordination and velocity fluctuation due to event, gender and performance level in breaststroke.

The purpose of this study was to analyse stroke phases, arm-leg coordination and trunk motion fluctuation during breaststroke in elite male and female 50, 100 and 200 m events at the 9th FINA World Swimming Championships, Fukuoka 2001. Four phases of the arm stroke and three phases of the leg kick as well as phases of simultaneous arm and leg propulsion and recovery were identified from video of swimmers' motions below the surface. The duration of each phase was expressed as a proportion of the whole stroke cycle. Three measures of the arm-leg coordination, percent simultaneous arm-leg recovery time (%SRT), percent arm lag time (%ALT) and percent simultaneous arm-leg propulsion time (%SPT) were calculated. Mean mid-pool swimming hip velocity (V), stroke rate (SR) and stroke length (SL) were also calculated. In addition, the intra-cycle hip velocity of the swimmers was obtained by cinematographic analysis. The SR decreased and SL increased significantly as the event distance increased. For the arm-leg coordination the %ALT, %SPT and %SRT indicated significant differences between event, gender and performance level. In particular, for increasing event distance and for the higher performing swimmer the lower the %SPT and the higher the %SRT. In addition, the range of the intra-cycle hip velocity fluctuation in the lower performing group was greater than the higher performing group. The non-propulsive phase seems to be a key factor for better performance. The breaststroke swimmers must avoid rapid deceleration during the non-propulsive phase by adopting a low resistance posture and stroking technique.

Arm↗
PubMed2006

Clinical and immunological comparison of smallpox vaccine administered to the outer versus the inner upper arms of vaccinia-naive adults.

BACKGROUND: Current recommendations direct health care providers to administer smallpox vaccine to the upper outer arm. However, concerns about cosmetically bothersome scarring, accidental contact transmission, interference by body tattoos, and even malignant transformation suggest evaluation of alternate vaccination sites is warranted. METHODS: We randomized 20 vaccinia-naive adults to undergo smallpox vaccination on the outer (n = 10) or inner (n = 10) upper arm. Evaluations included major reaction ("take") rates and vaccination site cultures on postvaccination day 7, determination of serum vaccinia-specific neutralizing antibody titers on days 0 (prevaccination) and 21, and determination of adverse events. RESULTS: On postvaccination day 7, a total of 18 participants (9 per group) had major reactions, 17 of whom had culture evidence of viable vaccinia. The inner and outer arm groups had similar major reaction mean sizes (P = .17), but the amount of erythema (in square centimeters) was smaller in the inner arm group (P = .05). At day 21, all participants had higher titers of vaccinia-specific neutralizing antibodies, compared with at day 0, and the geometric mean titer values of the 2 vaccine groups were similar (P = .45). Adverse event rates were similar. CONCLUSION: The comparable clinical, immunological, and tolerability outcomes between smallpox vaccine applied to the conventional upper outer arm site versus the upper inner arm, coupled with modestly less vaccine-site erythema on the inner arm, indicate that the inner arm may be a suitable alternate vaccination site.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Blood glucose concentrations of arm and finger during dynamic glucose conditions.

We set out to determine the physiological difference between the capillary blood of the arm and finger with the greatest possible accuracy using the HemoCue B-glucose analyzer on subjects undergoing a meal tolerance test (MTT) or oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). MTT study was performed on 50 subjects who drank a liquid meal (Ensure, 40 g of carbohydrates) and who were tested on the arm and finger every 30 min for up to 4 h. OGTT study was performed on 12 subjects who drank a 100-g glucose solution (Glucola) and were tested on the arm and finger every 15 min during the first hour and thereafter every 30 min for up to 3 h. Average percent glucose difference between arm and finger reached a maximal value about 1 h following glucose load, with arm glucose being about 5% lower than that of finger. At other times, average differences were less than this. At the greatest rate of glucose change (>2 mg/dL-min), mean percent bias was found to be about 6%. Despite these measurable differences, when arm results were plotted on the Clarke error grid against finger values, >97% of the data were within zone A (rest in zone B). Thus, physiological differences between arm and finger were clinically insignificant. Our studies with HemoCue confirmed the existence of measurable physiological glucose differences between arm and finger following a glucose challenge, but these differences were found to be clinically insignificant even in those subjects in whom they were measurable.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Upper arm anthropometric indicators of nutritional status.

The growth in arm muscle area and arm fat area of preschool children from rural Guatemala is compared to that of a standard from the U.S.A. It was found that although the Guatemalan children have reduced arm muscle and fat areas, the relative reduction in arm fat area was greater than in arm muscle area. Further, the upper arm cross-sectional area of Guatemalan children had proportionately more muscle than fat when compared to that of U.S.A. children. Lastly, for the same body weight, Guatemalan children had a similar arm muscle area but a clearly smaller arm fat area than North American children. It is concluded that these findings suggest that energy rather than protein is the main nutritional problem in these Guatemalan children.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Shoulder and arm problems after radiotherapy for primary breast cancer.

There is little, if any, difference in disease-free or overall survival for patients with stage I and II breast cancer treated by either breast conservation therapy or mastectomy. With either treatment, there may be cosmetic and functional problems related to arm edema, limited shoulder motion, and shoulder pain. The extent to which factors such as surgery, radiotherapy, systemic therapy, and patient characteristics affect development of arm edema, limited shoulder motion, and shoulder pain is not well documented. We undertook a prospective study of arm edema, limited shoulder motion, and shoulder pain in every patient (N = 331) seen during a 6-month period for follow-up after radiotherapy postlumpectomy or mastectomy for primary breast cancer. Local treatment included lumpectomy and breast irradiation with (n = 232) or without (n = 97) axillary dissection. Ten other women underwent mastectomy and postoperative radiotherapy. Doses to each region treated were 50 Gy in 25 fractions. The operative area was treated with an additional 1,000 Gy in approximately 60% of patients. Twelve patients received axillary irradiation without axillary dissection, and 11 patients received supraclavicular irradiation. Chemotherapy with or without tamoxifen was used in 71 patients and tamoxifen alone was used in 150 patients. One hundred ten patients did not receive any adjuvant therapy. Ipsilateral arm edema occurred in 20 women (6.0%), limited ipsilateral shoulder motion in 5 (1.5%), and ipsilateral shoulder pain in 5 (1.5%). Edema was mild (1+) in 15 patients and moderate (2+) in five patients. Multivariate analysis revealed that the risk of arm edema was significantly increased in black women (p = 0.005, 4/18 versus 16/313 whites) and with mastectomy (p = 0.048, 2/10 versus 18/321 with lumpectomy). There is a low incidence of arm edema, decreased range of motion of the ipsilateral shoulder, and shoulder-arm pain in patients undergoing postlumpectomy or postmastectomy radiotherapy. The risk of arm edema is increased in black women and in patients after mastectomy as opposed to lumpectomy.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Inaccuracy of wrist-cuff oscillometric blood pressure devices: an arm position artefact?

BACKGROUND: Despite the increasing popularity of wrist-cuff blood pressure (BP) devices, their accuracy has not been established and international guidelines do not support their use. Because arm position influences BP measurement, it is possible that conflicting reports on wrist-cuff device accuracy reflects diverse arm positions. METHOD: This study compared BP measured by two oscillometric devices, the upper arm-cuff OMRON HEM 705 CP and the OMRON R6 oscillometric wrist-cuff device. In the former BP was measured with the arm in two supported positions, dependent on a table (manufacturer's instructions) and horizontal (mid sternum), while the latter followed the manufacturer's instructions. RESULTS: In contrast to the dependent arm where BP was significantly higher (P<0.05), the horizontal arm position with the arm-cuff produced a mean systolic and diastolic BP comparable to the wrist-cuff device where the wrist was at heart level being respectively, 137+/-29/80+/-16 and 134+/-27/77+/-16 mmHg. A close relationship over a wide BP range was also confirmed by least squares, least product linear regression and Bland-Altman analysis. CONCLUSION: This study supports the use of wrist-cuff monitors for self/home use and underlines the need for a more precise definition for arm position when using all BP devices -- mercury and oscillometric.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Use of medial arm skin as a free flap.

BACKGROUND: Free transfer of the medial arm flap has not gained popularity despite the hidden donor-site scar as well as the hairless and elastic skin. This may be because of variations in vascular anatomy, leading to confusion during dissection of the flap. METHODS: In five preserved cadaver arms, the vascular pattern of medial arm skin was examined. Twenty-two upper extremity angiograms were examined, and 12 free medial arm flaps were elevated for various defects in 12 patients. RESULTS: In cadaver and clinical dissections, the authors found that blood supply to the flap is multiple: from the superior ulnar collateral artery, the direct cutaneous artery, or both. A superficial brachial artery may also be present, which was observed in four angiograms and two clinical cases (15 percent). Dissections showed that the medial arm skin may be elevated based on the superficial brachial artery, direct cutaneous artery, or superior ulnar collateral artery. A neurosensory flap may be obtained by including the medial brachial cutaneous nerve of the arm. CONCLUSIONS: A medial arm free flap is a plausible reconstructive option with good knowledge of the anatomical variations, as the defect on the medial arm is cosmetically more acceptable and has a better color match for head and neck reconstructions.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Arm position and blood pressure: an audit.

Although arm position significantly alters blood pressure, this aspect of clinical behaviour has not been evaluated. Consequently, an audit of arm position preference involving 182 clinicians including physicians, general practitioners and nurses was performed. A marked variation in standing and sitting arm position preference, both between and within the three groups, was recorded, although approximately two-thirds of clinicians preferred the same arm position in the standing and sitting position. In particular, only 8 and 4% of clinicians chose the horizontal arm position in sitting and standing subjects, respectively. Choosing the dependent arm is a behaviour likely to lead to the overdiagnosis of hypertension and inappropriate treatment of hypertension because the dependent arm falsely elevates both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. These results should encourage national and international organizations to reaffirm the importance of the horizontal arm in the measurement of blood pressure.

Arm↗