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PubMed1987

Immunoreactivity for calcitonin gene-related peptide in neuroepithelial bodies of the newborn cat.

Immunoreactivity for calcitonin gene-related peptide is demonstrated for the first time in neuroepithelial bodies in the lung of newborn cats after Bouin fixation and embedding in paraffin. The intense staining clearly identifies these bodies at the level of bronchioli and alveoli. Occasionally, single neuroepithelial endocrine cells, displaying immunoreactivity for calcitonin gene-related peptide are observed. In the kitten lung, identification and localization of neuroepithelial bodies after immunocytochemical staining for calcitonin gene-related peptide are superior to the analysis based on other techniques, i.e., the argyrophilic reaction, periodic acid Schiff-lead hematoxylin method, and immunocytochemical staining for serotonin. The serial-section technique revealed that in neuroepithelial bodies of the newborn kitten lung, immunoreactivity for calcitonin gene-related peptide coexists with immunoreactivity for serotonin in individual cells. The functional significance of the calcitonin gene-related peptide in neuroepithelial bodies remains to be elucidated.

APUD Cells↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Morphological aspects of endocrine cells in human fetal gastrointestinal mucosa. Microscopical, electronmicroscopical and immunohistochemical studies.

This paper describes the morphological features and distribution of endocrine cells in the human fetal gastrointestinal mucosa between the 8-9th and the 36th the weeks of gestation. We used techniques of argentic impregnation, techniques with chromogranine and neuron specific enolase, electronmicroscopical techniques and immunohistochemical techniques as well (PAP and ABC) with antibodies for G cells, EG cells, D cells, S cells CCK (I) cells and EC cells. The first argyrophilic and/or argentaffin cells appear in the fetal gut of 8-9 weeks old. We describe the appearance, distribution, morphology of the identified endocrine cells with immunohistochemical techniques and we discuss the possible morphofunctional interrelations between them, but also with the neighbouring structures like lymphoid tissue in ileum, colon and appendix in embryofetal period.

APUD Cells↗
PubMed1990

Immunocytochemical and autoradiographic studies of the endocrine cells interacting with GABA in the rat stomach.

There are now increasing evidences suggesting that GABA is able of direct interaction with certain endocrine cells. In the present study, highly specific anti-GABA-glutaraldehyde antibodies and 3H-GABA uptake were used at the light and electron microscope levels to investigate the occurrence of cells containing endogenous GABA or taking up exogenous GABA in the mucosal antrum and corpus of the rat stomach. Only certain endocrine cell types of both regions were immunostained or grain-labelled. However, the morphology of their secretory granules did not allow to identify the nature of their hormone with certainty but suggested that somatostatin-like cells could interact with GABA. The combination of gastrin and somatostatin immunodetection with 3H-GABA uptake autoradiography at the light microscope level, revealed that a subpopulation of somatostatin-like cells and other still unidentified endocrine cells are able to take up GABA, while the gastrin-like cells are not. These results reinforce the hypothesis that certain endocrine cell types of the diffuse endocrine system of the digestive tract are able to directly interact with GABA.

APUD Cells↗
PubMed1982

Dynamics of the neuroendocrine cell--regulatory peptide system in the lung. Specific overview and new results.

We assessed the changes in argyrophil neuroendocrine (NE) cell numbers, intensity of 5-HT fluorescence, and arterial medial thickness in the lungs of neonatal rabbits under various oxygen treatments. NE cell numbers and 5-HT fluorescence in normoxic rabbits increased from 12 hr before to 1 day after birth, and NE cells declined thereafter to the 10th day. In acute hypoxic (520 mm Hg for 2-2.5 hr) 5-day-old rabbits, 5-HT fluorescence was decreased, whereas NE cell numbers and medial thickness were unchanged. Neonates hypoxic from birth had higher NE cell numbers and increased medial thickness at 3 and 5 days, whereas 5-HT fluorescence was decreased compared with that in normoxic controls. These chronically hypoxic neonates showed a dramatic drop in argyrophil NE cell numbers to below normal when they were exposed to normoxia for 1 hr, but cell numbers and medial thickness returned to normal at 4 and 24 hr, respectively. We also tested the effect of acute and chronic hyperoxia: 100% O2 for 2-2.5 hr caused a significant drop in detectable NE cell numbers, whereas 40% O2 in N2 caused no change; chronic 40% O2 in N2 caused a fivefold increase in argyrophil NE cells by day 5, and medial thickness was below normal; 5-HT fluorescence decreased in acute 100% and chronic 40% hyperoxia and was elevated in acute 40% O2.

APUD Cells↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Methionine-enkephalin immunoreactivity in Merkel cell dense-core granules of nude mice sinus hair. A post-embedding immunogold electron-microscopic study.

The ultra-immunocytochemical technique applied in the present study revealed the occurrence of methionine-enkephalin (met-enkephalin)-like substance in the dense-core granules of Merkel cells of nude mice sinus hair. Incubation of ultra-thin sections of sinus hair with met-enkephalin antisera conjugated with gold particles showed specific association of gold particles on the dense-core granules of the Merkel cells. Gold particles were heavily and specifically located on the dense-core granules as well as in the adjacent cytoplasm. Dense-core granules of degenerating Merkel cells also exhibit met-enkephalin immunoreactivity. The nerve terminals associated with the Merkel cell did not show met-enkephalin immunoreactivity. Therefore, it is concluded that a met-enkephalin-like substance is present and stored in nude mice Merkel cell dense-core granules and it might act as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator which could be involved in the functioning of the cell. Non-osmicated tissue should be used to locate this substance because of the possibility of cross-linkage of the amino acid sequence with osmium tetroxide.

APUD Cells↗
PubMed1979

The endocrine cells of the rectum of adult ox.

In order to identify the endocrine cell types in various parts of the Ruminant gut, we have applied ultrastructural, both morphological and cytochemical, techniques, in parallel to the histochemical ones, to study the rectal mucosa of the adult Ox. In these studies we show that: "EC" cells, of the intestinal type, contain predominantly pleiomorphic granules, which are very electron dense and heavily reactive to "Masson" and "Grimelius" methods; "L" cells are recognizable by their numerous granules, which are fairly homogeneous in shape and osmiophilia. They do not react with "Masson" and are weak or negative to Grimelius s reaction. These granules occur near to others that are less dense, unreactive to "Masson", and that contain an argyrophilic matrix, with an eccentric electron dense core, which does not react with silver; "F-like" cells contain granules which are variable in shape, size and osmiophilia. They are unreactive to "Masson" and weak or unreactive to Grimelius silver; "H" cells contain few, small and uniformly osmiophilic granules. These are unreactive to "Masson" and uniformly reactive to "Grimelius". Our data suggest that the morphology, frequency and distribution of the cell types we have identified in the mucosa of the bovine rectum correspond with those reported in large intestine and rectum of Monogastrics, as by other authors described.

APUD Cells↗
PubMed1979

The endocrine cells of the rectum of adult ox.

In order to identify the endocrine cell types in various parts of the Ruminant gut, we have applied ultrastructural, both morphological and cytochemical, techniques, in parallel to the histochemical ones, to study the rectal mucosa of the adult Ox. In these studies we show that: "EC" cells, of the intestinal type, contain predominantly pleiomorphic granules, which are very electron dense and heavily reactive to "Masson" and "Grimelius" methods; "L" cells are recognizable by their numerous granules, which are fairly homogeneous in shape and osmiophilia. They do not react with "Masson" and are weak or negative to Grimelius's reaction. These granules occur near to others that are less dense, unreactive to "Masson", and that contain an argyrophilic matrix, with an eccentric electron dense core, which does not react with silver; "F-like" cells contain granules which are variable in shape, size and osmiophilia. They are unreactive to "Masson" and weak or unreactive to Grimelius silver; "H" cells contain few, small and uniformly osmiophilic granules. These are unreactive to "Masson" and uniformly reactive to "Grimelius". Our data suggest that the morphology, frequency and distribution of the cell types we have identified in the mucosa of the bovine rectum correspond with those reported in large intestine and rectum of Monogastrics, as by other authors described.

APUD Cells↗
PubMed1976

An improved method for staining cells of the endocrine polypeptide (APUD) series by masked metachromasia: application of the principle of 'fixation by excluded volume'.

Masked metachromasia is demonstrated by staining with a metachromatic basic dye, after acid hydrolysis of suitably fixed tissue. We report that the addition of 20% Carbowax 20M (an inert polyer, mol. wt. about 20,000) to the hydrolysis mixture improved the reaction. The improved method gives increased metachromasia , greater tolerance to variations in hydrolysis conditions, and demonstrates a greater proportion of cells--presumably due to a lower threshold of sensitivity. Lower molecular weight polymers (Carbowax 1000, Carbowax 6000) are less effective.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Are intestinal endocrine cells affected in Hirschsprung's disease? An immunohistochemical study with anti-Leu 7 monoclonal antibody.

Specimens from 15 cases of Hirschsprung's disease and 22 control cases of normal guts were studied by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method with with anti-Leu 7 (Leu 7) monoclonal antibody (MAb). In the normal human gut, some satellite cells in the enteric plexuses and a few nerve fibers and ganglion cells in the intestinal wall were stained with Leu 7 MAb, while endocrine cells in the intestinal mucosa showed consistent and intense cytoplasmic Leu 7 positivity. In Hirschsprung's disease, the number of Leu 7-positive endocrine cells was significantly low. The mean value of the number of Leu 7-positive endocrine cells per one microscopic field (X300 magnification) was 4.6 +/- 0.6 (+/- SE) in controls and 0.7 +/- 0.3 (+/- SE) in Hirschsprung's disease (P less than .001 by Student's t test). Our findings suggest that the development of endocrine cells in the intestinal mucosa may be closely related to the development of ganglion cells in the enteric plexuses, and that the anti-Leu 7 MAb may be useful for the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease when biopsy specimens are limited to the mucosa only.

APUD Cells↗
PubMed1993

Segi's cap: group formation of gut endocrine cells at the tip of the villi in human embryonal intestine.

Large groups of basal-granulated (entero-endocrine) cells occur on the top of villi in the duodenum and upper jejunum of the human fetus older than five months of gestation. This structure was discovered and described by Segi(1935), hence named Segi's cap. By the immunocytochemical technique, somatostatin-, gastrin- and motilin-producing cells were demonstrated. By electron microscopy, EC, D and S cells were identified in the cap. There were autonomic nerves in the lamina propria adjacent to Segi's cap. No intraepithelial lymphocytes were found in the villi with Segi's cap.

APUD Cells↗
PubMed1997

Innervation of the adrenal cortex, its physiological relevance, with primary focus on the noradrenergic transmission.

The current knowledge of the catecholaminergic innervation of the mammalian adrenal cortex is summarized, and macro- and microscopic neuromorphology, including the central nervous system connections of the adrenal cortex, is briefly discussed. Morphological and functional data on the catecholaminergic (i.e., noradrenergic) innervation of the adrenal cortex are reviewed. Experimental data suggest that in addition to the regulation of adrenal blood flow, the noradrenergic innervation has a primary influence on zona glomerulosa cells possibly via beta 1 adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors (DA2 subtype via inhibiting T-type Ca2+ channels) It is concluded that the local, modulatory effect of noradrenergic nerve fibres, terminating in the close vicinity of the zona glomerulosa cells, on the systemic renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and other peptide cascade may be influenced by neuropeptides, particularly neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal peptide.

APUD Cells↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Endocrine cells of the gastric mucosa in patients with duodenal ulcer after vagotomy].

Bioptates of the stomach mucous membrane (SMM) have been investigated in 169 patients suffering from duodenal ulcer (DU). According to the nocturnal gastric secretion test among them there are "hypersecretors" and persons with moderate elevation of acid formation. In conformity with the efficiency of the operative treatment among the patients examined, groups are defined: those with recurrent disease and those recovered after vagotomy. The DU endocrine apparatus undergoes both qualitative and quantitative alterations after vagotomy. When recovery after vagotomy takes place, the number of endocrine cells only slightly exceeds these parameters in the patients with a moderately manifested acid production. These alterations are adaptive. The recurrence of DU in patients with moderately manifested acid production before the operation can be explained by hyperplasia of G-cells. A high degree of hyperplasia of all elements of the endocrine apparatus in the "hypersecretors" can be one of the causes of the DU recurrence. The data about the state of G-, Ec- and EcL-cells before and after vagotomy can be used at prognostication the results of surgical treatment of patients with DU.

APUD Cells↗
PubMed1987

[Radiation pathomorphology of the APUD system].

Complex histological, histochemical, immunological and electron-microscopic studies made it possible to receive new data on functional morphology of the endocrine cells of the APUD system in norm, radiation exposure and tumor growth. The data obtained are being discussed and analysed and optimal methods of optimization of radiation and chemotherapy of malignant tumors are being developed.

APUD Cells↗
PubMed2001

Ultrastructure of the rat duodenal endocrine cells after prolonged irradiation.

We propose classification of duodenal endocrine cells of intact rats based on ultrastructural signs of secretory granules and subdivided these cells into 10 basic types. The effect of long-term irradiation in a total dose of 2.5 Gy on ultrastructural organization of duodenal apudocytes was studied. Irradiation induced nonspecific changes of cell organelles in apudocytes. Differences in the ultrastructural disorganization were detected between different types of apudocyte populations and between different types of endocrine cells. Under conditions of adaptation to radiation apudocytes released the secretory product not only through molecular extrusion and exocytosis, but also via degranulation.

APUD Cells↗
PubMed1991

[Peripheral small cell carcinoma, atypical and typical lung carcinoids (morphologic features, cell oncogene expression, DNA histospectrophotometry)].

Morphogenetic and molecular-biological features of the lung peripheral tumours (small-cell carcinoma, atypical and typical carcinoid) were studied on the surgical material from 68 patients. Spectrum of histologic, histochemical, immunohistochemical (immunohistochemistry of oncoproteins c-fos, c-myc, c-ras, c-sis and c-src) methods, DNA histospectrophotometry by plug-method, electron microscopy, semithin section morphometry, statistical and correlation analysis were used. Small-cell carcinoma is shown to be a heterogeneous group of tumours that includes tumours with endocrine cell differentiation, endocrine and epidermoid and/or glandular, undifferentiated cell carcinoma. Lymphocyte-like carcinoma and intermediate cell carcinoma with endocrine cell differentiation are distinguished from other types of lung carcinoma by their low, sometimes diploid DNA content that does not correlate with its malignancy as well as by a low level of expression of cell oncogenes c-fos, c-ras, c-sis. Small-cell carcinoma with endocrine cell differentiation, atypical and typical lung carcinoids represent a unique histogenetic group of endocrine lung tumours that differ from each other by the degree of anaplasia.

APUD Cells↗
PubMed1984

Somatostatin and/or somatostatin-like immunoreactive endocrine-paracrine cells in the human prostate gland.

We demonstrated the presence of somatostatin and/or somatostatin-like immunoreactive (SSLI) endocrine-paracrine (EP) cells for the first time in the human prostate gland. Specimens from 26 prostates removed at radical cystectomies were studied using the unlabeled-antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. The SSLI cells were located predominantly in the prostatic ducts in widely scattered clusters and were mostly of the closed type. Some SSLI cells had processes that were prominent, suggesting a paracrine role. The SSLI cells were always associated with aggregates of numerous argyrophil cells. The finding of SSLI cells in the prostate gland (particularly in association with other EP cells) is circumstantial evidence that other polypeptide hormones are present. The SSLI and other prostatic EP cells may play major roles in the pathophysiology of the prostate gland and have an effect on such diverse conditions as infertility, nodular prostatic hyperplasia, and prostatic carcinoma.

APUD Cells↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Helicobacter pylori, endocrine cells of the gastric mucosa, and their function in duodenal ulcer].

Antral biopsies of 33 duodenal ulcer patients (15 with hypergastrinemia, group 1 and 18 with normal fasting serum gastrin, group 2) and also 13 healthy volunteers were studied for D- and G-cell density and HP-status. Basal acid output (BAO), maximal acid output (MAO) and serum somatostatin were also evaluated. G- and D-cell density was measured by PAP-immunostaining technique. Serum gastrin and somatostatin levels were studied by radioimmunoassay. HP-status was evaluated histologically with the use of semiquantitative enhanced method. Both groups of patients had decreased D-cell density compared with control (p < 0.05). Patients from group 1 had significantly increased BAO, MAO, G-cell density, index of infective load of HP, index of adherence of HP, comparing with group 2 (p < 0.05), and decreased serum somatostatin level and D-cell density compared with group 2. There were no significant differences found in serum somatostatin level, BAO, G-cell density, serum gastrin level between group 2 and control (p > 0.05). Hyperfunction of G-cells arose from impaired paracrine secretion of somatostatin, that strongly associated with increased index of infective load and increased index of adherence of HP to epitheliocytes of gastric antrum.

APUD Cells↗