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PubMed2001

Isolation and expression analysis of gibberellin 20-oxidase homologous gene in apple.

To characterize the gibberellin (GA) 20-oxidase gene in apple, the genomic and cDNA clone from "Fuji" apple (accession no. AB037114) was isolated. The deduced amino acid sequence of this cDNA showed 71% and 66% identity to those of GA 20-oxidase cloned from French bean and Arabidopsis, respectively. The transcript of this gene was detected mainly in immature seeds between 1-3 months after full bloom. These results suggested that this apple GA 20-oxidase gene might be involved in GA biosynthesis in developing apple seed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Identification of hydrolyzed inulin syrup and high-fructose corn syrup in apple juice by capillary gas chromatography: PVM 4:1999.

A peer-verified, gas chromatographic (GC) method is presented for the identification of hydrolyzed inulin syrup (HIS) and high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) in apple juice. The procedure involves determining the Brix value of the apple juice or apple juice concentrate and preparing a dilution of the test sample to 5.5 degrees Brix. A 100 microL aliquot of the 5.5 degrees Brix test solution is then freeze-dried in a GC autosampler vial. The sugars in the freeze-dried residue are converted to trimethylsilyl derivatives, by the addition of an appropriate silylation reagent, and the vial is heated at 75 degrees C for 30 min. After derivatization, the solution is introduced into a gas chromatograph where the analytes are separated on a 30 m, 0.25 mm id DB-5 column. The method can use hydrogen, helium, or nitrogen as the carrier gas. The analytes and marker compounds are measured by use of a flame ionization detecone of the 2 syrups at 2 levels. Dilution was ascertained by the presence of retrograde sugar markers found in the 2 sugar syrups. All 3 laboratories involved in the study were able to identify the correct diluent in the blind, randomly coded, apple juice test portions. The levels of dilution in the test portions were 0, 6.9% (HIS), 16.0% (HIS), 8.1% (HFCS), and 17.0% (HFCS). No false positive results were reported. Quantitative conclusions can be drawn when the same syrup is used for dilution and as a reference standard.

Beverages↗
PubMed1975

Trimming as a means of removing patulin from fungus-rotted apples.

Penicillium expansum 1071, 1172, NRLL 973, and Penicillium patulum ATCC 24550 were inoculated into Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, and McIntosh apples. The decayed tissue was trimmed from the sound tissue, each fraction was weighed, and the patulin concentration in the juice was assayed by thin layer chromatography. The quantity of patulin in the whole apples and in decayed tissues was calculated and these values were used to determine the percentage of total patulin removed by trimming. The patulin content ranged from 140 to 4880 mug/apple. Trimming removed 93-99% of the total patulin, regardless of incubation temperature, fungus strain, or apple variety. Trimming of defective tissue from fungus-rotted apples could substantially reduce the patulin concentration.

Food Contamination↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Phytoalexin activity in apples as an indication of their resistance to phytopathogenic microorganisms].

Phytoalexin activity of various apple varieties was measured during their storage at subcryoscopic (-2.3 degrees C) and supracryoscopic (-1.3 degrees C) temperatures. More resistant late winter apple varieties Renet Simitrenko and Renet Champagne showed higher phyto-alexin activity than the autumn-winter strain Calville Snowy. By the end of storage the phytoalexin activity decreased independently on the storage conditions. However, the apples that were kepat at supracryoscopic temperature retained a hight phytoalexin activity. The apples which were kept at -2.3 degrees C showed no phytoalexin activity.

Climate↗
PubMed2002

[Phylogeny of the Malus (apple tree) species, inferred from its morphological traits and molecular DNA analysis].

Some debated issues of the genus Malus (apple) taxonomy were examined using a variety of species from the collection of the Maikop Experimental Station, Vavilon Research Institute of Plant Industry (Krasnodar krai). Phylogenetic relationships among these species were studied using traditional analysis of morphological traits, RAPD, and complete sequencing of the 5'-internal transcribed spacer (ITS1), 5.8S rRNA, 3'-internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) (constituting a cluster of the rRNA genes), and the terminal fragment of the matK gene encoding chloroplast maturase. The results showed that the Sorbomalus section was polyphyletic; the American apple M. fusca was closely related to the species contributing to the East Asian center of the genus origin, and the American species M. angustifolia, M. coronaria, and M. ioensis were closely related to the M. trilobata relict species, whose assignment to the genus Malus is debated by some authors. Molecular analysis of the species relationships showed that the Middle Asian apple M. sieversii is the species from which apple domestication started.

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Alkaline phosphatase positive lymphocytes (APPL) in man.

APPL are located in human lymph nodes in almost the same sites as in the laboratory rodents studied up to date. This means that their echotaxis is almost identical and may be an old phylogenetic heritage. But APPL may be found in man until puberty only; thereafter they disappear from all the lymphatic organs. At the age of 40 their depletion is perfected. This evolution of APPL is parallelized by thymus involution. Therefore we may strengthen the conclusion that APPL belong to the T-dependent lymphocytes and that all lymphocytes which really have visited the thymus acquire the enzymatic marker.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Role of a protein inhibitor of polygalacturonase in ripening of apples and their resistance of infection with Monilia fructigena, the causative agent of fruit rot].

We investigated the dynamics of the activity of the polygalacturonidase inhibitor protein (PGIP) in apple fruits of six varieties differing in ripening time and correlated it with the degree of damage by the causative agent of fruit rot, Monilia fructigena. The apple varieties studied differed significantly in PGIP activity and degree of damage by Monilia fructigena. The rate of dissemination over fruit tissues was inversely related to PGIP activity. The resistance of apples to M. fructigena increased with ripening. The simultaneous increase in PGIP activity suggests its important role in the reduction of apple damage by fruit rot.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2003

The influence of methyl jasmonate and beta-glucosidase on induction of apple tree resistance mechanisms to two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urncae Koch.).

The objective of the research was to determine the influence of methyl jasmonate (JA-Me) and beta-glucosidase on the mechanisms of apple tree resistance to T. urticae like antibiosis and non-preference. The experiments were conducted on leaves of Close and Jester apple cultivars in laboratory conditions. Leaves were treated with: 1. solution of 0.1% JA-Me in 0.05% Triton X-100 (by spraying); 2. beta-glucosidase dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer at pH 6 (by petiole); 3. 0.05% solution of the Triton X-100 (by spraying); 4. 0.1 M citrate buffer at pH 6 (by petiole); 5. non-treated leaves. In the no-choice test, application of JA-Me on leaves of apple trees caused reducing of number of eggs laid up during three days of the experiment. In the choice test, which was carried out for determination of non-preference mechanism of resistance, there was not significant differences between number of mites on leaves treated with JA-Me compared to leaves treated with beta-glucosidase, and to non-treated leaves after 24 hours from solutions application. However, at the same experiment, females of T. urticae laid the least number of eggs on leaves treated with JA-Me. Analysis conducted using liquid chromatography method, revealed higher level of phenolic compounds on leaves treated with JA-Me compared to check and leaves treated with beta-glucosidase. Thus, it appears that JA-Me may be regarded as elicitor of induced resistance of apple tree to two-spotted spider mite.

Acetates↗
PubMed2003

Reduction of the pH-values of whole saliva after the intake of apple juice containing beverages in children and adults.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to compare changes in salivary pH after intake of apple juice and its various dilutions with mineral water, in children and adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 15 children (mean age 4.4+/-0.9 years), and 15 adults (mean age 30+/-2.4 years) participated in this study. Carbonated mineral water, apple juice and its various dilutions with carbonated mineral water were tested. The pH-value of unstimulated whole saliva was measured at the same time of day. The pH-value was measured again immediately after intake of a beverage, and 5, 10, 15 and 25 min later. The flow rate and buffering capacity of stimulated saliva, and the buffering capacity, calcium and phosphorus contents of the beverages were measured. The statistical evaluation of the data was performed employing the Wilcoxon test for paired samples. RESULTS: The mean base value of the pH of whole saliva was 7.0+/-0.2 (children), and 6.8+/-0.3 (adults). The differences in the flow rates of stimulated saliva in children and adults were statistically significant (p = 0.0003). The intake of mineral water led to a statistically significant rise in the salivary pH-value (p < 0.05). Undiluted and diluted apple juice caused a reduction in the salivary pH-values. Within the first 10 min the changes of pH in saliva only differed significantly between mineral water and the other beverages (p < 0.01). In the pH range of 5.8 - 7.0, mineral water had a weak buffering capacity, while undiluted apple juice had a high buffering capacity. CONCLUSIONS: With regard to dental and general health, only mineral water can be recommended for children.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Species composition of leaf beetle assemblages in the canopies of apple and pear orchards in Hungary and Great Britain (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).

The species richness and species composition of Coleoptera assemblages were investigated in the canopies of apple and pear orchards in Hungary and in the apple orchards in Great Britain. The investigations were carried out in Hungary (Nagykovácsi: 3 plots, Kecskemét: 5 plots, Sárospatak: 4 plots) between 1990-94, and in Great Britain in Kent (East Malling, Marden and Robertsbridge) in 2001 and 2002. Former investigations in Hungary revealed that the diversity of Coleoptera assemblages in the canopy of apple and pear orchard were surprisingly high. As a result of our investigations it was found that altogether 324 species, almost 3% of the Hungarian beetle fauna were represented: 253 species in apple orchards and 188 species in pear orchards. Similar results were obtained in the investigations carried out in Great Britain between 2001-2002. In Hungary, the majority of the species belonged to the families Curculionidae, Chrysomelidae and Coccinelidae. The proportion of leaf beetles varied between 15 and 20%. The most common leaf beetle species in the canopy of the commercial orchards were Phyllotreta vittula, Phyllotreta atra, Phyllotreta nigripes, Oulemta melanopus, and Aphthona euphorbiae. In the abandoned orchards the most common species were Luperus xanthopoda, Smaragdina salicina and Orsodacne liieola. In Great Britain 44 leaf beetle species were found in the canopies of the investigated orchards. The species with higher abundance were Aphthona euphorbiae. Chaetocnema concinna and Longitarsus parvulus. We concluded, that leaf beetles give high part of the orchard canopy biodiversity and sometimes occur with high species richness and abundance. However, the reasons of their occurrence and their potential role are poorly known.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Suppression of apple polyphenol oxidase by double-stranded RNA (RNAi)].

Antisense and sense gene fragments (710 base pairs) of apple polyphenol oxidase (APPO) gene were obtained by RT-PCR amplification, using the total RNAs isolated from ripen apple fruit as the template. These two fragments were ligated with a 1000 bp spacer, YYT (crtW+crtY fusion) gene, which is relative to carotenoid synthesization in subcocci. The full-length 2446 bp-target gene was then inserted into plant binary vector pYPX145 to generate the recombinant plasmid pYF7704, which carried the expression unit, of APPO dsRNA. pYF7704 was transformed to apple (Malus x domestica) var. Red Fuji via agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated leaf disc transformation. With the selection of Karamycin and GUS detection assays, transgenic shoots of A PPO dsRNA were obtained. The results of FQ-RT-PCR indicated that APPO mRNA level was suppressed to 91.69% in transgenic shoots compared to wide shoots. The data suggested that dsRNAi technology on apple polyphenol oxidase is feasible to be utilized in transgenic shoots.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens↗
PubMed1992

Glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to orange and apple compared with white bread in non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects.

To study the postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses to exchangeable amounts of simple and complex carbohydrates, eight non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects consumed 227 g apple, 280 g orange or 50 g white bread on three separate days. The mean postprandial blood glucose response area to white bread (404 +/- 95 mM x 240 min) was significantly higher compared with orange (131 +/- 34 mM x 240 min; P less than 0.05) and apple (157 +/- 57 mM x 240 min; P less than 0.05). Thr glycaemic indices of the fruits were identical: 44 +/- 13 (orange) and 40 +/- 11 (apple). The low glycaemic response to orange and apple may be ascribed to the high content of fructose which is rapidly cleared and metabolized by the liver, without elevating the blood glucose.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed2005

The use of common elder Sambucus nigra to promote Aphidophagous syrphids in apple orchards.

Elder shrubs (Sambucus nigra L.) were planted in an experimental apple orchard as bordering hedgerow with the objective of rearing syrphids (Diptera: Syrphidae) and consequently enhancing the biological control of the rosy apple aphid Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini). The inoculative introduction of the specific elder aphid Aphis sambuci L. (Homoptera: Aphididae) in late March 2002 and again in 2003 led to the complete hedgerow turning into an early and productive alternative prey reservoir for indigenous syrphids. The species Scaeva pyrastri (L.), S. selenetica (Meigen), Syrphus ribesii (L.), S. vitripennis Meigen, Epistrophe eligans (Harris), E. nitidicollis (Meigen), Platycheirus scutatus (Meigen), Eupeodes corollae (F.), Meligramma triangulifera (Zetterstedt) and Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer) developed on the elder hedgerow during the spring 2002 taking advantage of the aphid infestation. The season 2003 was characterised by a quite different species abundance pattern as, contrary to the previous year when both monovoltine and polyvoltine species were equally represented, the monovoltine syrphids (Epistrophe spp.) represented the dominant group exploiting the elder aphids. A parallel analysis showed that the faeces of the first adult syrphids observed ovipositing on the elder hedgerow in spring contained digested pollen of mainly apple. Our observations indicate the possibility of establishing a local population of monovoltine syrphids in apple orchards by managing an aphid-infested elder hedgerow, without any additional pollen or nectar producing plants.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Fungicide residues in pears, apples and grapes after post harvest treatments by thermonebulization.

In the context of trials conducted in cold store, in order to investigate efficacy of fruit protection applying agrochemicals, the fate during the storage of two active ingredients (a.i.): pyrimethanil and imazalil, have been studied. The experimental trials were done on eight varieties of apples and pears and two of grapes. Only field use of named pesticides was already authorised on fruits and maximum residue limits (MRL) fixed. In the present biennial experimentation (apples and pears in the first year; grapes in the second one). Two fungicides formulations were applied and treatments have been executed by thermonebulization technique. The storage cell, had a volume of 110 m3 filled up with the fruits until 80% of its capacity. Each fruit variety constituted one thesis of 4 replicates. For each trial, only one treatment was performed at the beginning of conservation period (72 days for pears and apples, and 57 days for grapes). In order to estimate fungicides persistence, residues determinations have been carried out. From results obtained especially on grape, not homogenous residues distribution on treated commodities was observed. For all theses, residue level has not evidenced statistically significant decrement as function of time, behaviour not as observed in field tests. The following average values of residues have been determined: in apples and pears, 0.7 mg/kg of imazalil much lower than 5 mg/kg (RML fixed for field use), and 1.2 mg/kg of pyrimethanil little higher than 1 mg/kg (RML fixed for field use); in grapes 0.5 mg/kg pyrimethanil much lower than 3 mg/kg (RML fixed for field use).

Consumer Product Safety↗
PubMed2005

Selection of antagonists of postharvest apple parasites: Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea.

The objectives of this study were to constitute a collection of pathogenic agents of economic importance which cause losses of apple fruits after harvest namely Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum and to select in vivo efficient antagonistic strains able to protect fruits against both pathogens at 5 degrees C (P. expansum) and 25 degrees C (P. expansum & B. cinerea). Twenty strains of P. expansum and ten strains of B. cinerea have been isolated from infected apple fruits. Potential antagonistic micro-organisms (thirty three isolates) belonging to yeast, bacteria and fungi have been isolated from apple surface. Six of them (strains Ach1-1, Ach2-1, Ach2-2 belonging to Aureobasidium pullulans (De Bary) Arnaud, and strains 1112-3, 1113-10 and 1113-5 belonging to Aureobasidium pullulans (de Bary) Am. v. pullulans) showed a high level of protection (more than 80%) at 25 degrees C. once inoculated with P. expansum or B. cinerea for 5 days. The highest level of protection against P. expansum (96%) was observed with the application of Ach 2-1. Six days after inoculation of B. cinerea, strains Ach 2-2 and Ach 2-1 insured 100% and 96% of protection, respectively. At lower temperature (5 degrees C), first symptoms of P. expansum appeared 13 days after its inoculation. Percentages of protection observed after apple treatment with one of the six antagonistic strains were ranged from 78% to 94% 20 days after P. expansum inoculation. Strains labelled Ach showed a protective level higher than 90% against this pathogen, followed by strain 1113-10 (90%), strain 1113-5 (89%) and strain 1112-3 (82%). At 26 days post-inoculation, levels of protection decreased but remained higher than 60% (more than 80% with strain Ach2-2 and strain 1113-5, 75% with strain Ach2-1 and 1113-10, 72% with ach1-1, 61% for the other strains). Strain Ach2-2 and 1113-10 were retained as the best antagonists for the subsequent studies.

Antibiosis↗
PubMed2006

Potentiation of apple procyanidin-triggered apoptosis by the polyamine oxidase inactivator MDL 72527 in human colon cancer-derived metastatic cells.

Apple procyanidins have chemopreventive properties in a model of colon cancer, they affect intracellular signalling pathways, and trigger apoptosis in a human adenocarcinoma-derived metastatic cell line (SW620). In the present study we investigated relationships between procyanidin-induced alterations in polyamine metabolism and apoptotic effects. Apple procyanidins diminish the activities of ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase, key enzymes of polyamine biosynthesis, and they induce spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase, which initiates retroconversion of poly-amines. As a consequence of the enzymatic changes polyamine concentrations are diminished, and N(1)-acetyl-polyamines accumulate in SW620 cells. In contrast with expectations MDL 72527, an inactivator of polyamine oxidase (PAO), improved the anti-proliferative effect of procyanidins, and caused an increase of the proportion of apoptotic cells, although it prevented the formation of hydrogen peroxide and 3-acetamidopropanal, the cytotoxic products of PAO-catalysed degradation of N(1)-acetylspermidine and N1-acetylspermine. Addition of 500 microM N1-acetylspermidine to the culture medium in the presence of procyanidins mimicked the effect of MDL 72527. Therefore we presume that the enhanced procyanidin-triggered apoptosis by MDL 72527 is mediated by the accumulation of N(1)-acetyl-polyamines. The observation that apple procyanidins enhance polyamine catabolism and reduce polyamine biosynthesis activity similar to known inducers of SSAT, without sharing their toxicity, and the potentiation of these effects by low concentrations of MDL 72527 suggests apple procyanidins for chemopreventive and therapeutic interventions.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed2006

[Discrimination of varieties of apple using near infrared spectra based on principal component analysis and artificial neural network model].

A new method for the discrimination of varieties of apple by means of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was developed. First, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to compress thousands of spectral data into several variables and describe the body of spectra, the analysis suggested that the cumulate reliabilities of PC1 and PC2 (the first two principle components) were more than 98%, and the 2-dimentional plot was drawn with the scores of PC1 and PC2. It appeared to provide the best clustering of the varieties of apple. The loading plot was drawn with PC1 and PC2 through the whole wavelength region. The fingerprint spectra, which were sensitive to the variety of apple, were obtained from the loading plot. The fingerprint spectra were applied as ANN-BP inputs. Seventy five samples from three varieties were selected randomly, then they were used to build discrimination model. This model was used to predict the varieties of 15 unknown samples; the distinguishing rate of 100% was achieved. This model is reliable and practicable. So the present paper could offer a new approach to the fast discrimination of varieties of apple.

Malus↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gas chromatographic determination of captan, folpet, and captafol residues in tomatoes, cucumbers, and apples using a wide-bore capillary column: interlaboratory study.

An interlaboratory study of the determination of captan, folpet, and captafol in tomatoes, cucumbers, and apples was conducted by 4 laboratories using wide-bore capillary column gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The 3 fungicides were determined using the Luke et al. multiresidue method modified to include additional solvent elution in the optional Florisil column cleanup step used with this method. The crops were fortified with each fungicide at 3 levels per crop. Mean recoveries ranged from 86.2% for a 25.1 ppm level of captan in apples to 115.4% for a 0.288 ppm level of captafol in apples. Interlaboratory coefficients of variation ranged from 3.4% (24.7 ppm folpet) to 9.7% (0.243 ppm captafol) for tomatoes; from 2.8% (2.0 ppm captafol) to 8.2% (24.8 ppm captan) for cucumbers; and from 1.5% (0.234 ppm folpet) to 22.1% (0.266 ppm captafol) for apples.

Captan↗