Histopathological study of lesions in the lungs of sheep and goats encountered in the abattoir. I. Study of lesions due to Fasciola.
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Animals↗
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[Medical topics. Lung cancer among employees of abattoirs].
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Food Handling↗
Pneumonia in Saskatchewan swine: abattoir incidence of intrathoracic lesions in pigs from a herd infected with Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae and from other herds.
A 1978-79 survey of the incidence of thoracic cavity lesions at slaughter had shown that the overall incidence of pleurisy in Saskatchewan swine was low (2%). Therefore, in the summer of 1979 a comparison was made between the incidence of pleurisy in a herd of pigs chronically affected with Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae pneumonia and in animals from other herds slaughtered at the same time. The incidence of pleurisy in control pigs (3.6%) was slightly higher than in the large scale survey but in the pigs from the Haemophilus infected herd it was almost four times as great (13.3%). In the same herd the survivors of a batch of pigs which had been decimated by more severe disease showed an incidence of 32% pleurisy. The economic implications of these findings are detailed and discussed.
Animals↗
Myiasis caused by Cephalopina titillator (Clark) in slaughtered camels in Al Arish Abattoir, North Sinai governorate, Egypt.
The oestrid fly or the camel nasal botfly Cephalopina titillator (Clark) is an insect that causes health hazards in camels. No doubt, camels are very important livestock particularly in arid and semi-arid lands. In this paper, the monthly and seasonal prevalence of C. titillator larvae in slaughtered camels were studied. The rate of camel infestation was 25%. The highest prevalence month was October and the highest prevalence season was Autumn. The three larval instars were demonstrated in the infested camels. However, the 3rd instars were the predominant stage (60.59%), followed by the 2nd instars (30.58%) and then the 1st instars (8.83%). In general, some myiasis producers are zoonotic parasites. Nevertheless, the control of the adult C. titillator and its larval instars is a must for the sake of the animal and for the human welfare.
Animals↗
Phenotypic and genotypic traits of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from pig carcasses.
A total of 142 S. aureus strains isolated from pig carcasses from abattoirs A (n=98) and B (n=44) were characterized by phenotypic and genotypic traits. Phenotypically, 96% showed yellow-pigmented colonies, 63% beta/delta hemolysis, 85% were egg yolk-positive and 99% were positive for clumping factor/protein A. Only 25% of the strains were resistant to the antimicrobials tested (abattoir A: 19%; abattoir B: 39%), especially to penicillin and ampicillin. None of the strains harbored the mecA gene, which is conserved in methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The biofilm associated genes icaA, icaD and bap were present in 100%, 100% and 0% of the strains. Genes for staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) were detected in 51% (abattoir A) and 14% of the strains (abattoir B). Among strains harboring SE genes (n=56), 63%, 31%, 4% and 2% tested positive for seg/sei, seg, sei and sec, respectively. The amplification of the 3' end of the coagulase gene (coa) yielded amplicons of 400, 436, 602, 682 or 776bp. Coa restriction profile (CRP) analysis using HaeIII resulted in seven patterns (a-d, e1-e3). CRP (c) was detected most frequently at both abattoirs, whereas CRP (a) was restricted to abattoir A and CRP (e3) to abattoir B. In the slaughter process (abattoir B), (i) two CRPs (b and d) were only found before dehairing/singeing, and (ii) four CRPs (c, e1-e3) were identified throughout the process. The genotyping revealed a remarkable homogeneity in S. aureus strains from the two different abattoirs and the slaughter process stages. These results may be explained by the distribution of a limited number of S. aureus genotypes in the pig population. Moreover, as the predominant CRPs (c, e1-e3) persisted throughout the slaughter process in abattoir B, it may be hypothesized that these types are characterized by colonization advantages.
Animals↗
Effect of antemortem feeding regimes on bacterial numbers in the stomachs and ceca of pigs.
Three groups, each of 45 pigs, were either not fasted, fasted for 15 h during lairage at the abattoir, or fasted for 15 h before dispatch from the piggery to the abattoir. Three subgroups, each of 15 pigs from each group, were held at the abattoir for additional times of either 0 to 1 h, 2 to 3 h, or 4 to 5 h. Immediately after slaughter, stomach and cecal contents were collected for pH measurement and enumeration of coliforms, Escherichia coli biotype 1 and lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Stomach pH changed from 4.1 to 3.1 as additional abattoir holding time increased from 0 to 1 h to 4 to 5 h but was unaffected by feed withdrawal (mean pH, 3.5). Cecal pH (range 6.4 to 7.2) increased in response to both treatments. Coliform and E. coli biotype 1 numbers in the stomach, means 4.6 and 4.5 log CFU/g, respectively, were not affected by feed withdrawal but decreased 0.8 log units as additional abattoir holding time increased from 0 to 1 to 4 to 5 h. LAB in the stomach decreased in response to both feed withdrawal and holding at the abattoir. Cecal numbers of coliforms and E. coli biotype 1 increased 0.8 and 1.0 log units to 7.8 and 7.6 log CFU/g, respectively, as a result of feed withdrawal, and 0.6 log units to 7.6 and 7.5 log CFU/g, respectively, as additional abattoir holding time increased to 4 to 5 h. The LAB in the cecum (mean 9.4 log CFU/g) increased slightly with increasing abattoir holding time. In the event of release of stomach or cecal contents onto the meat during carcass dressing, larger numbers of E. coli per g would be released from the ceca and fewer per g from the stomachs of pigs that have had feed withdrawn as compared to pigs not subjected to feed withdrawal.
Abattoirs↗
Assessment of producer conducted antemortem inspection of market pigs in Australia.
OBJECTIVE: A field trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of on-farm antemortem inspection performed by Australian pig producers in terms of proficiency in detecting unhealthy animals (suspects), the impact on food safety and animal welfare outcomes. ANIMALS: A total of 64 trial groups of market pigs (n = 10,703) were dispatched from 20 herds to three abattoirs in three states. PROCEDURE: All producers and abattoir antemortem inspectors were trained in antemortem inspection prior to the trial, using a standardised set of antemortem criteria. Study 1 consisted of three comparisons: on-farm versus abattoir antemortem inspections on the same pigs, transport effects in suspect and normal pigs, and meat rejection and carcase disposition in suspect and normal pigs. Study 2 compared Salmonella spp. status of suspect and normal pigs. Studies 3 and 4 were conducted to assist the interpretation of the results of on-farm versus abattoir inspection. Antemortem inspection results of three producers and one abattoir antemortem inspector were compared with those of a reference inspector (Gold Standard). RESULTS: Of the pigs examined, 2.12% (95% CI: [1.84%, 2.42%]) were classified as suspect at on-farm antemortem inspection compared to only 0.14% at abattoir antemortem inspection. Forty one percent of pigs classified as suspect on-farm had locomotor problems (arthritis, lameness and foot abscess). Compared to normal pigs, suspect pigs had a relative risk of 67.7 (P < 0.0001) of suffering transport injuries. Meat rejection amounted to the equivalent of 9.68% of suspect carcases, compared to the equivalent of 0.35% of normal carcases. The isolation of Salmonella species from caecal content from 20.9% of 67 suspect pigs and 18.8% of 133 control pigs (two matched healthy pigs from the same batch for each suspect pig) were not significantly different. When compared with the reference inspector on-farm, three producers classified abnormalities in 2495 pigs with high specificity (0.98), acceptable sensitivity (0.82) and kappa (0.57). CONCLUSIONS: With training, producer sensitivity in antemortem inspection may be high and more proficient than abattoir antemortem inspection. Use of producer inspections may have benefits for animal welfare and chain efficiency, but not food safety.
Abattoirs↗
Production factors that influence the hygienic condition of finished beef cattle.
A survey was conducted at five UK abattoirs to trace the source of dirty beef cattle and identify factors in the production chain that contributed to their dirtiness. The Meat Hygiene Service Clean Livestock score categories were used and the animals' histories were traced back to their farm of origin. Comprehensive information was collected relating to the farm, transport and lairage phases for 675 cattle from 85 batches. The mean score of the animals on arrival at the abattoir was 1.57, with 2.8 per cent in categories 3 and 4, and none in category 5. Regression analysis, blocking the data by farm of origin, revealed that age, feed type, coat length, clipping, journey distance and time, and abattoir were the six principal factors that affected the scores. Cattle under 20 months of age were cleaner than older cattle. Dry diets resulted in lower scores than wet diets. 'Shorthair' cattle were cleaner than 'medium' or 'longhair' cattle, and cattle which had been clipped were cleaner than unclipped animals. The cattle which had travelled over 150 miles (15 per cent) were dirtier than the others. Within each abattoir there were variations in score between 1 and 4, and the mean scores of the five abattoirs ranged from 1.19 to 1.76. A significant part of this variation could only be accounted for by unmeasured variables such as abattoir management practice, assessors' categorisations and climate.
Abattoirs↗
Microbiological quality of rabbit meat.
World rabbit meat production is estimated to be over 1 million tons, and Spain is the third largest producer. Although rabbit meat is marketed and consumed worldwide, information on microbiological quality is very scarce. Here, we report indicator organisms, spoilage flora, sensory quality, and some physicochemical traits of 24 h postmortem chilled rabbit carcasses and prepackaged rabbit meat stored chilled in air for 0 to 3 days at the retail level. The mean total bacterial count (4.01 +/- 0.48 log CFU/g) for carcasses dressed at a small abattoir by a manual process was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that (4.96 +/- 0.90 log CFU/g) for carcasses dressed at a large abattoir in automated slaughter lines. Both groups of carcasses had mean pH values of 5.98. The dominant contaminants on carcasses from the small abattoir were Pseudomonas, lactic acid bacteria, and yeasts. These microorganisms and Brochothrix thermosphacta were dominant on carcasses from the large abattoir. On prepacked hind legs (pH 6.26 +/- 0.18) stored at -1 to +1 degree C (supermarket 1), mean aerobic mesophilic count was 5.87 +/- 1.03 log CFU/g, and the major microbial groups were Pseudomonas, yeasts, lactic acid bacteria, and B. thermosphacta. On prepacked whole carcasses (pH 6.37 +/- 0.18) displayed at -1 to +5 degrees C (supermarket 2), mean aerobic mesophilic count was 6.60 +/- 1.18 and the same microbial groups were dominant. Relative Escherichia coli incidence was supermarket 2 > large abattoir > supermarket 1 > small abattoir. Overall, low numbers of coliforms, Enterobacteriaceae, psychrotrophic clostridia, coagulase-positive staphylococci, and molds were found. Sensory scores, pH values, and L-lactic acid content differentiated fresh carcasses from retail samples. Data obtained suggest that the microflora of chilled rabbit meat are different from those found on the meat of other animals.
Abattoirs↗
Salmonella enterica infections in market swine with and without transport and holding.
The objective of this study was to compare, by using identical sample types, the Salmonella enterica prevalences and serovar diversities between pigs necropsied on the farm and those necropsied at the abattoir after transport and holding. We necropsied 567 market weight pigs (>70 kg) from six herds. Pigs were alternately assigned to be necropsied on the farm or at the abattoir. One-half of the group was sent in clean, disinfected trailers to slaughter at a commercial abattoir. After transport (mean distance, 169 km) and 2 to 3 h of holding in antemortem pens, these pigs were necropsied. The 50 pigs remaining on the farm were necropsied the following day. The same sample types and amounts were collected for S. enterica culture at both locations. Results show a sevenfold-higher (P < 0.001) S. enterica isolation rate from pigs necropsied at the abattoir (39.9%; 114 of 286) than from those necropsied on the farm (5.3%; 15 of 281). This difference was also observed for each individual herd. All sample types showed a significantly higher prevalence when comparing abattoir to on-farm collection, respectively: lymph nodes, 9.15 versus 3.6%; cecal contents, 13.6 versus 1.8%; 1 g of fecal matter, 25.2 versus 0.7%. Recovery of additional serovars at the abattoir suggests the pigs are receiving S. enterica from extra-farm sources. This study demonstrates that rapid infection during transport, and particularly during holding, is a major reason for increased S. enterica prevalence in swine. This finding identifies the holding pen as an important S. enterica control point in the pork production chain.
Animals↗
An evaluation of the Norwegian Salmonella surveillance and control program in live pig and pork.
Population data and apparent prevalence data from the Salmonella surveillance and control program in pigs (NSSCP) from 1998 and 1999 were used in a simulation model to evaluate the efficacy of the program. The model consists of three parts: modelling of individual prevalence at the abattoir (abattoir part), modelling of the number of sampled herds of different sizes when carcasses are randomly sampled at the abattoir (sampling strategy part) and finally, modelling of the within herd prevalence (within herd part). A total of 136,550 sows and 2,866,550 finishing pigs slaughtered, 4446 herds and 11 herds positive for Salmonella in 1994/1995-2000 were included in the abattoir part, sampling strategy part and the within herd part of the model, respectively. The abattoir part showed an average estimated prevalence of Salmonella in sows and finishing pigs of (median) 0.4% (5-95 percentiles = 0.03-2%) and 0.1% (0.04-0.2%) respectively. The estimated number of infected sow carcasses that entered the market was 502 (37-2157) while the estimated number of finishing pig carcasses was 2919 (1218-5771). The probability of being sampled for the 10% smallest herds was (mean) 1.9% (1.6-2.2), to 25% (24.7-26.5%) for the 10% largest herds. The within herd prevalence was estimated to be from 1% to 4% for Norwegian pig herds. The conclusions drawn from this evaluation are that the NSSCP does not have any significant consumer protection effect, and that the documentation could be done more effectively using the herd rather than the individual animal as the unit of sampling. Sampling should focus on the larger herds supplying most of the meat on the market and on herds that produce breeding sows and piglets and thus can contribute to the spread of Salmonella among herds.
Abattoirs↗
Estimation of the Salmonella enterica prevalence in finishing swine.
The study objective was to evaluate three methods of Salmonella enterica prevalence estimation in swine herds (faecal culture, culture of abattoir-collected samples, and serum ELISA). From each of six swine herds, we necropsied approximately 100 finishing pigs (> 70 kg); one-half on farm and the other half at the abattoir, after transport and approximately 2.5 h holding. We collected the same samples for S. enterica culture at both locations (1 g faecal, 10 g caecal contents, ileocaecal lymph nodes, superficial inguinal lymph nodes, 25 g of gluteal muscle for serum ELISA). On farm, the 1 g faecal sample only detected 13.3% (2/15) of all positive pigs necropsied on farm. However, with abattoir and on-farm results combined, the faecal sample detected 57.4% (74/129) of positive pigs. Abattoir-collected samples provided prevalence estimates much higher than on-farm collected samples (39.9 vs. 5.3%; P < 0.001). This study shows that faecal samples have a low sensitivity for detecting infected pigs and that abattoir-collected samples overestimate the on-farm S. enterica prevalence. For most herds, serology overestimated the on-farm culture prevalence.
Abattoirs↗
Salmonella in slaughter pigs of German origin: an epidemiological study.
The Salmonella prevalence in slaughter pigs of German origin was determined in seven abattoirs located in different regions of the country between February and June 1996. A total of 11,942 pigs delivered to the abattoirs in 752 batches, most of them comprised of pigs from individual finishing farms, was investigated by the bacteriological examination of faecal and gut lymph node samples, as well as of surface swabs taken from the carcasses. Salmonellae were isolated from 3.7% of the faecal samples, 3.3% of the lymph nodes and 4.7% of the surface swabs. The estimated overall prevalence of Salmonellae was 6.2% in the slaughter pigs, ranging between 1.9% and 12% in individual abattoirs. In the samples taken from carcasses, the estimated prevalence of Salmonellae reached 10.3%. 648 out of 752 batches could be included in a statistical analysis. No Salmonellae were detected in nearly 70 percent of the batches included in this analysis (n = 648). High Salmonella prevalences of more than 50 percent positive animals were detected only in 13 batches (2.0%). A statistically significant influence of the duration of the transport of slaughter pigs to the abattoirs or the waiting period in the abattoirs prior to slaughter could not be detected.
Abattoirs↗
The effect of lairage on Salmonella isolation from market swine.
The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effect of lairage (holding >12 h during transport to slaughter) in clean facilities on Salmonella isolation from market swine. We tested 30 market-bound pigs (about 240 lb [110 kg]) on each of 10 occasions from an Iowa farrow-to-finish operation with about 600 sows. All pigs were slaughtered, and samples were collected at a large Midwest abattoir. On the farm, fecal samples were collected for culture of Salmonella. Pigs were alternately assigned to a lairage treatment (holding in a clean, disinfected facility at the National Animal Disease Center) group or a control group (remaining on the farm). After about 18 h, both groups were transported (about 137 km) to a large Midwest abattoir, commingled, and slaughtered. After slaughter, samples were collected for culture of Salmonella (feces from the distal colon, ileocecal lymph nodes, cecal contents, ventral thoracic lymph nodes, subiliac lymph nodes, and carcass swabs). Diaphragm sections were collected for serum ELISA. Salmonella enterica Derby was the only serotype isolated from farm fecal samples (3.4%, 10 of 290). Multiple serotypes (n = 17) were isolated from 71.8% (196 of 273) of the pigs when abattoir-collected samples were cultured: cecal contents (21.2%. 58 of 273), distal colon contents (52%, 142 of 273), and ileocecal lymph nodes (43.6%, 119 of 273). There were lower Salmonella isolation rates from the lairaged pigs (P < 0.05). The predominant serotype isolated at the abattoir varied by week of the study. This study suggests that pigs became internally contaminated with Salmonella after leaving the farm, possibly while in the abattoir holding pens, and that 18 h lairage, in clean facilities, does not increase shedding.
Abattoirs↗
Effect of short-term lairage on the prevalence of Salmonella enterica in cull sows.
This study was designed to compare Salmonella enterica prevalence in sows held in a holding pen at the abattoir for approximately 2 h (hold sows) with sows slaughtered immediately after transport to the abattoir (no-hold sows). Cull sows (n = 160) were sampled from four sampling periods over 8 weeks (February to March 2002) at the abattoir. Sows originated from an integrated swine farm and were sent to a live-hog market and then to the slaughter facility. Before testing, sows entered the abattoir pen and four 100-cm2 four-ply gauze squares were placed randomly on the pen floor for S. enterica culture. Sows were alternatively assigned to the hold or no-hold group. Samples collected from sows during slaughter were ileocecal lymph node, cecal contents, transverse colon contents, subiliac lymph node, sponge swabs of the left and right carcass section (300 cm2), and chopped meat. Overall, S. enterica was isolated from 44% (35 of 80) of the no-hold sows, which was significantly less (P < 0.05) than 59% (47 of 80) of the held sows. Also, no-hold sows had a lower cecal content prevalence (39%, 31 of 80) compared with that (55%, 44 of 80) of held sows (P < 0.05). S. enterica serovars isolated from no-hold sows were Brandenburg (n = 16), Derby (n = 12), Hadar (n = 8), Infantis (n = 6), Johannesburg (n = 3), 6,7:z10-monophasic (n = 3), and Typhimurium (n = 1). S. enterica serovars isolated from held sows (n = 61 isolates) were Derby (n = 19), 6,7: z10-monophasic (n = 15), Brandenburg (n = 10), Infantis (n = 6), Hadar (n = 5), Johannesburg (n = 4), and Tennessee (n = 2). Serovars recovered from the pen were Reading (n = 6), Derby (n = 4), Uganda (n = 2), and Manhattan (n = 2). Results of this study suggest that holding pens contribute to increased S. enterica carriage in cull sows. Abattoir holding pens might be an important control point for S. enterica in the ground pork production chain.
Abattoirs↗
Preslaughter holding environment in pork plants is highly contaminated with Salmonella enterica.
The objective of this study was to determine whether abattoir pens can provide a Salmonella enterica infection source during the 2 to 4 h of preharvest holding. Previous work has suggested that pigs may be getting infected, but little has been reported on the environmental contamination of abattoir holding pens. For 24 groups of pigs studied ( approximately 150 animals/group) at two high-capacity abattoirs, six pooled fecal samples (n, 10 per pool) were collected from each transport trailer immediately after pigs were unloaded. Holding pens were sampled (one drinking water sample and six pooled floor samples consisting of swabs, residual liquid, and feces) prior to entry of study pigs for the routine holding period ( approximately 2.5 h). After slaughter, cecal contents and ileocecal lymph nodes were collected, on the processing line, from 30 pigs in each studied group. All samples were cultured for the isolation and identification of S. enterica by primary enrichment in GN-Hajna and tetrathionate broths, secondary enrichment in Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth, and plating on brilliant green sulfa and xylose-lysine-tergitol-4 agars, followed by biochemical and serological identification. The study pens were highly contaminated with S. enterica; all holding pens sampled had at least one positive sample. Additionally, 33% (8 of 24) of drinking water samples were positive for S. enterica. All 24 groups of pigs had S. enterica-positive cecal contents and ileocecal lymph nodes, including those groups from transport trailers with no positive samples. From pigs, trailers, and pens, 586 isolates representing 36 different Salmonella serovars were isolated. Of the 353 isolates from pigs (109 from ileocecal lymph nodes plus 244 from cecal contents), 19% were identified as belonging to the same serovars as those isolated from the respective pens; 27% were identified as belonging to the same serovars as those isolated from the trailers. Sixteen percent of the unique serovars were isolated from both pigs and pens, suggesting that pens served as the infection source. This study demonstrates highly contaminated abattoir holding pens and watering sources. It also demonstrates that holding pens can serve as an infection source. This study identifies the abattoir holding pens as a significant hazard and a potential control point for Salmonella contamination in the preharvest pork production chain.
Animals↗
Swine influenza virus in swine and man in Illinois.
Serum samples from 2,091 persons from Illinois populations of swine abattoir employees, 4-H Club youths and their advisors, veterinary medical students, pork producers, and veterinarians were tested for hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibodies to A/Swine/Ill./63. A total of 231 positive reactions of 1:20 or above were found (11%). The highest prevalence of antibody was found in veterinarians, followed by pork producers and future swine abattoir employees. Age-adjusted reactor rates were highest in pork producers. Of 305 abattoir employees from whom two serum samples were examined 26(8.5%) had positive seroconversions. The abattoir population studied consisted largely of males under 40 years of age. A low prevalence of antibody was found in veterinary medical students and none was found in 4-H Club youths having swine contact. It is postulated that in Illinois there is occupational exposure of veterinarians, pork producers, and swine abattoir employees.
Adolescent↗