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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Transition of extremely low-birth-weight infants from adolescence to young adulthood: comparison with normal birth-weight controls.

CONTEXT: Traditionally, educational attainment, getting a job, living independently, getting married, and parenthood have been considered as markers of successful transition to adulthood. OBJECTIVE: To describe and compare the achievement and the age at attainment of the above markers between extremely low-birth-weight (ELBW) and normal birth-weight (NBW) young adults. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A prospective, longitudinal, population-based study in central-west Ontario, Canada, of 166 ELBW participants who weighed 501 to 1000 g at birth (1977-1982) and 145 sociodemographically comparable NBW participants assessed at young adulthood (22-25 years). Interviewers masked to participant status administered validated questionnaires via face-to-face interviews between January 1, 2002, and April 30, 2004. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Markers of successful transition to adulthood, including educational attainment, student and/or worker role, independent living, getting married, and parenthood. RESULTS: At young adulthood, 149 (90%) of 166 ELBW participants and 133 (92%) of 145 NBW participants completed the assessments at mean (SD) age of 23.3 (1.2) years and 23.6 (1.1) years, respectively. We included participants with neurosensory impairments (ELBW vs NBW: 40 [27%] vs 3 [2%]) and 7 proxy respondents. The proportion who graduated from high school was similar (82% vs 87%, P = .21). Overall, no statistically significant differences were observed in the education achieved to date. A substantial proportion of both groups were still pursuing postsecondary education (47 [32%] vs 44 [33%]). No significant differences were observed in employment/school status; 71 (48%) ELBW vs 76 (57%) NBW young adults were permanently employed (P = .09). In a subanalysis, a higher proportion of ELBW young adults were neither employed nor in school (39 [26%] vs 20 [15%], P = .02 by Holm's correction); these differences did not persist when participants with disabilities were excluded. No significant differences were found in the proportion living independently (63 [42%] vs 70 [53%], P = .19), married/cohabitating (34 [23%] vs 33 [25%], P = .69), or who were parents (16 [11%] vs 19 [14%], P = .36). The age at attainment of the above markers was similar for both cohorts. CONCLUSION: Our study results indicate that a significant majority of former ELBW infants have overcome their earlier difficulties to become functional young adults.

Achievement↗
PubMed1989

Weight control in the management of hypertension. World Hypertension League.

This article, which includes a brief description of the mechanisms and some epidemiological findings in obesity and high blood pressure, sums up present knowledge on a complex subject and provides guidance to medical practitioners on the management of obese hypertensive patients. Weight reduction, together with drug therapy in severe and moderate hypertension, and other non-pharmacological methods and continuing observation in mild hypertension are the essential measures to be applied. In addition to the lowering of blood pressure, weight loss offers several other metabolic and haemodynamic benefits.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1993

Weight control in the management of hypertension. World Hypertension League.

This article, which includes a brief description of the mechanisms and some epidemiological findings in obesity and high blood pressure, sums up present knowledge on a complex subject and provides guidance to medical practitioners on the management of obese hypertensive patients. Weight reduction, together with drug therapy in severe and moderate hypertension, and other non-pharmacological methods and continuing observation in mild hypertension are the essential measures to be applied. In addition to the lowering of blood pressure, weight loss offers several other metabolic and haemodynamic benefits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Long-term weight control study. III (weeks 104 to 156). An open-label study of dose adjustment of fenfluramine and phentermine.

Between weeks 104 and 156 we attempted to optimize response by adjusting the doses of fenfluramine and phentermine. Dosing changes were based on an algorithm that aimed to achieve 120% of ideal body weight (IBW) while minimizing adverse effects. The dose groups were as follows: stage I, 30 mg fenfluramine plus 15 mg phentermine in the morning; stage II--continuous or targeted intermittent, 60 mg fenfluramine plus 15 mg phentermine in the morning; stage III, 60 mg fenfluramine plus 30 mg phentermine in the morning; stage IV, 60 mg fenfluramine plus 30 mg phentermine in the morning and 30 mg fenfluramine in the evening; and stage V, 60 mg fenfluramine plus 30 mg phentermine in the morning and 60 mg fenfluramine in the evening. Seventy-seven participants began this segment of the study and 59 completed to week 156. Completers of this segment of the study gained an average of 2.7 +/- 0.5 kg between weeks 104 and 156 but remained 9.4 +/- 0.8 kg (10.5%) below baseline. On average, weight loss from baseline by group was as follows: for stage I (n = 2), 14.1 +/- 6.8 kg; for stage II continuous (n = 14), 10.9 +/- 0.7 kg; for stage II targeted intermittent (n = 7), 8.8 +/- 2.4 kg; for stage III (n = 9), 7.7 +/- 2.6 kg; for stage IV (n = 8), 10.5 +/- 2.6 kg; and for stage V (n = 19), 8.4 +/- 2.4 kg. Upward dose adjustment (n = 36) resulted in further weight loss in 11 and no gain in six participants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Weight control practices in adults: results of a multistate telephone survey.

In this study, data collected in 1989 in a random-digit dialing telephone survey of 60,590 adults in 38 states and the District of Columbia were analyzed. Approximately 38% of women and 24% of men reported that they were currently trying to lose weight. Methods reported were counting calories (24% of women, 14% of men), participating in organized weight loss programs (10%, 3%), taking special supplements (10%, 7%), taking diet pills (4%, 2%), and fasting for 24 hours or longer (5%, 5%). Among both sexes, only half of those trying to lose weight reported using the recommended method of caloric restriction combined with physical activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Evaluation of an intensive weight control program using a priori criteria to determine outcome.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a comprehensive obesity treatment program which incorporated open-ended treatment duration, pre-treatment assessments, protein-sparing modified fasts (PSMFs), and the use of six a priori outcome categories to analyse outcomes. Subjects were the first 291 obese individuals (mean weight = 235 lb, 66% overweight) to participate in the program's intake procedures. Data obtained after 55 weeks of treatment (on average) showed that the program seemed quite effective for 65% of those who participated for at least 12 weeks (mean = 62 and 30 lb lost in the two successful groups). Analyses supported the continued use of pre-treatment assessments, extended treatment times, and a priori categorizations of outcomes. In addition, correlational analyses showed that binge eating, high levels of psychological distress, and low income levels were associated with poorer outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Long-term effects of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet on weight control and cardiovascular risk markers in obese hyperinsulinemic subjects.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the long-term compliance and effects of two low-fat diets differing in carbohydrate to protein ratio on body composition and biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk in obese subjects with hyperinsulinemia. DESIGN: Outpatient, parallel, clinical intervention study of two groups of subjects randomly assigned to either a standard protein (SP; 15% protein, 55% carbohydrate) or high-protein (HP; 30% protein, 40% carbohydrate) diet, during 12 weeks of energy restriction (approximately 6.5 MJ/day) and 4 weeks of energy balance (approximately 8.3 MJ/day). Subsequently, subjects were asked to maintain the same dietary pattern for the succeeding 52 weeks with minimal professional support. SUBJECTS: A total of 58 obese, nondietetic subjects with hyperinsulinemia (13 males/45 females, mean age 50.2 y, mean body mass index (BMI) 34.0 kg/m2, mean fasting insulin 17.8 mU/l) participated in the study. MEASUREMENTS: : Body composition, blood pressure, blood lipids, fasting glucose, insulin, CRP and sICAM-1 were measured at baseline and at weeks 16 and 68. Urinary urea/creatinine ratio was measured at baseline, week 16 and at 3 monthly intervals thereafter. RESULTS: In total, 43 subjects completed the study with similar dropouts in each group (P=0.76). At week 68, there was net weight loss (SP -2.9+/-3.6%, HP -4.1+/-5.8%; P<0.44) due entirely to fat loss (P<0.001) with no diet effect [corrected]. Both diets significantly increased HDL cholesterol concentrations (P<0.001) and decreased fasting insulin, insulin resistance, sICAM-1 and CRP levels (P<0.05). Protein intake was significantly greater in HP during the initial 16 weeks (P<0.001), but decreased in HP and increased in SP during 52-week follow-up, with no difference between groups at week 68, indicating poor long-term dietary adherence behaviour to both dietary patterns. CONCLUSION: Without active ongoing dietary advice, adherence to dietary intervention is poor. Nonetheless, both dietary patterns achieved net weight loss and improvements in cardiovascular risk factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Challenges and strategies for proper pediatric nutrition and weight control.

Pediatric and adolescent obesity are a growing problem in New Jersey and throughout the United States. The long-term health consequences may produce a generation of children with a shorter life expectancy than their parents have. A coordinated effort by parents, teachers, physicians, public health organizations, schools, and peers is essential in encouraging children who are currently overweight to lose weight and attain a normal body mass index and to prevent other children from becoming overweight.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Weight control and its beneficial effect on fertility in women with obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome.

Obesity may be an important pathogenetic factor involved in the development of hyper-androgenism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Among several other mechanisms, hyperinsulinaemia plays a fundamental role, due to its gonadotrophic function, which has been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, not surprisingly, weight loss may be expected to have several beneficial effects upon clinical, endocrinological and metabolic features of obese women presenting both PCOS. In particular, weight loss appears to be associated with a significant improvement in menses abnormalities, ovulation and fertility rates, and with a reduction of hyperandrogenism, hyperinsulinaemia, and altered gonadotrophin pulsatile secretion. The central role of improved insulin concentrations and insulin-resistant state is emphasized by the fact that similar effects can be achieved by both short- and long-term administration of metformin, an insulin-lowering drug which ameliorates peripheral insulin action in non-diabetic insulin resistant states. We therefore recommend weight loss as a first-line therapeutic option in all women with obesity and PCOS.

Female↗