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PubMed2000

Effects of a 2-week treatment with pulsed monochromatic light in healthy pigs: a clinical and morphological study.

BACKGROUND: Pulsed monochromatic light (PML) is now used clinically for pain relief and wound healing in both human and veterinary practice. The purpose of this study was to evaluated the clinical and pathological effects of PML irradiation in an animal model, using healthy specific pathogen-free pigs. METHODS: After 2 weeks of habituation, one group of animals (n=9) underwent treatment with pulsating monochromatic infrared and red light while the control group (n=9) was left untreated. PML was given five times a week during a 2-week period, and at each treatment the total radiant exposure was 6.3 J/cm2. At the completion of the study, all pigs were subjected to complete necropsy. RESULTS: None of the animals showed any clinical signs of disease during the study period. The measured hematological and clinico-chemical variables all showed values within the reference range and the daily weight gain was high in both the treatment and control groups (825 and 923 g/day, respectively). The pathological examination revealed no morphological differences between treated and non-treated animals. CONCLUSION: In healthy pigs, no adverse effects of low-energy photon therapy on the clinical state of health or on the morphology of different tissues were observed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Immunology and homeopathy. 3. Experimental studies on animal models.

A search of the literature and the experiments carried out by the authors of this review show that there are a number of animal models where the effect of homeopathic dilutions or the principles of homeopathic medicine have been tested. The results relate to the immunostimulation by ultralow doses of antigens, the immunological models of the 'simile', the regulation of acute or chronic inflammatory processes and the use of homeopathic medicines in farming. The models utilized by different research groups are extremely etherogeneous and differ as the test medicines, the dilutions and the outcomes are concerned. Some experimental lines, particularly those utilizing mice models of immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory effects of homeopathic complex formulations, give support to a real effect of homeopathic high dilutions in animals, but often these data are of preliminary nature and have not been independently replicated. The evidence emerging from animal models is supporting the traditional 'simile' rule, according to which ultralow doses of compounds, that in high doses are pathogenic, may have paradoxically a protective or curative effect. Despite a few encouraging observational studies, the effectiveness of the homeopathic prevention or therapy of infections in veterinary medicine is not sufficiently supported by randomized and controlled trials.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Production of monoclonal antibodies to Listeria monocytogenes and their application to determine the virulence of isolates from channel catfish.

We produced monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the extracellular proteins of Listeria monocytogenes EGD grown in Chelex-treated improved minimal medium. Ten of the positive hybridomas generated were chosen for further characterization. Seven of the MAbs reacted with a protein having a molecular mass of 60 kDa. These MAbs inhibited listeriolysin (LLO)-mediated hemolysis, and two of them were specific for LLO and none of the other thiol-activated toxins tested. In an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot analysis, five of the anti-LLO MAbs reacted with ivanolysin from Listeria ivanovii. Three of the 10 MAbs reacted with a 29-kDa protein on Western blots and neutralized the phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) activity of L. monocytogenes. These three anti-PC-PLC MAbs did not react with phospholipases from five different gram-positive bacteria. However, the anti-PC-PLC MAbs recognized a 27-kDa extracellular protein from L. ivanovii and neutralized sphingomyelinase activity in a hemolysis test that demonstrates the antigenic relatedness of listerial phospholipases. These data indicate that listerial thiol-activated toxins possess species-specific epitopes and share group-specific epitopes. This is the first description of MAbs that neutralize listerial PC-PLC, and the data suggest that there is antigenic similarity between L. monocytogenes PC-PLC and L. ivanovii sphingomyelinase. The reactions of the MAbs with catfish isolates of L. monocytogenes suggested that some of the isolates examined lack the LLO and/or PC-PLC required for pathogenicity. The MAbs described here differentiated some catfish isolates from previously described type strain-pathogenic isolates and could be useful for detecting and determining the virulence of L. monocytogenes in food and clinical samples and for detecting L. ivanovii in veterinary clinical samples.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Ribotyping for Accurate Identification of Infectious Bacteria in Animal-Derived Foods and Laboratory Samples: Implications for Human Health.

Ribotyping is a molecular typing approach based on ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences for the identification and characterization of bacterial strains. This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of ribotyping in the identification of infectious bacteria in animal-derived foods and veterinary samples. A narrative literature review was conducted using major scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, covering studies published to 2025. Relevant articles were selected based on their focus on ribotyping methodologies (e.g., RFLP-, PCR-, and automated ribotyping) and their applications in food safety, veterinary microbiology, and zoonotic disease investigations. The findings indicate that ribotyping has been widely applied for epidemiological investigations, source tracking, and characterization of foodborne and zoonotic pathogens. These approaches have contributed to understanding bacterial diversity and monitoring antibiotic resistance patterns in animal populations and related food products. However, compared with high-resolution molecular techniques such as whole genome sequencing (WGS), ribotyping demonstrates lower discriminatory power and limited resolution for fine-scale epidemiological analysis. Despite these limitations, ribotyping remains a useful, accessible, and cost-effective tool in certain laboratory and surveillance settings, particularly where advanced genomic technologies are not readily available. Overall, integrating ribotyping with newer genomic approaches can enhance the monitoring and control of infectious bacteria, thereby supporting animal health, food safety, and public health outcomes.

animal-derived foods↗
PubMed1996

Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin (CPE): more than just explosive diarrhea.

The bacterial pathogen Clostridium perfringens is the most prolific toxin-producing species within the clostridial group. The toxins are responsible for a wide variety of human and veterinary diseases, many of which are lethal. C. perfringens type A strains are also associated with one of the most common forms of food-borne illness (FBI). The toxicosis results from the production and gastrointestinal absorption of a protein-enterotoxin known as CPE. The regulation, expression, and mechanism of action of CPE has been of considerable interest as the protein is unique. CPE expression is sporulation associated, although the mechanism of cpe-gene regulation is not fully elucidated. Cloning studies suggest the involvement of global regulators, but these have not been identified. Although very few type A strains are naturally enterotoxigenic, the cpe gene appears highly conserved. In FBI strains, cpe is chromosomally encoded; whereas in veterinary strains, cpe may be plasmid-encoded. Variation in cpe location suggests the involvement of transposable genetic element(s). CPE-like proteins are produced by some C. perfringens types C and D; and silent remnants of the cpe gene can be found in C. perfringens type E strains associated with the iota toxin gene. CPE has received attention for its biomedical importance. The toxin has been implicated in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) because of its superantigenic nature. CPE can destroy a wide variety of cell types both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that it could have potential in the construction of immunotoxins to neoplastic cells. It is obvious that CPE is an interesting protein that deserves continued attention.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Biological and biomedical implications of the co-evolution of pathogens and their hosts.

Co-evolution between host and pathogen is, in principle, a powerful determinant of the biology and genetics of infection and disease. Yet co-evolution has proven difficult to demonstrate rigorously in practice, and co-evolutionary thinking is only just beginning to inform medical or veterinary research in any meaningful way, even though it can have a major influence on how genetic variation in biomedically important traits is interpreted. Improving our understanding of the biomedical significance of co-evolution will require changing the way in which we look for it, complementing the phenomenological approach traditionally favored by evolutionary biologists with the exploitation of the extensive data becoming available on the molecular biology and molecular genetics of host-pathogen interactions.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMed2004

Conservation medicine and a new agenda for emerging diseases.

The last three decades have seen an alarming number of high-profile outbreaks of new viruses and other pathogens, many of them emerging from wildlife. Recent outbreaks of SARS, avian influenza, and others highlight emerging zoonotic diseases as one of the key threats to global health. Similar emerging diseases have been reported in wildlife populations, resulting in mass mortalities, population declines, and even extinctions. In this paper, we highlight three examples of emerging pathogens: Nipah and Hendra virus, which emerged in Malaysia and Australia in the 1990s respectively, with recent outbreaks caused by similar viruses in India in 2000 and Bangladesh in 2004; West Nile virus, which emerged in the New World in 1999; and amphibian chytridiomycosis, which has emerged globally as a threat to amphibian populations and a major cause of amphibian population declines. We discuss a new, conservation medicine approach to emerging diseases that integrates veterinary, medical, ecologic, and other sciences in interdisciplinary teams. These teams investigate the causes of emergence, analyze the underlying drivers, and attempt to define common rules governing emergence for human, wildlife, and plant EIDs. The ultimate goal is a risk analysis that allows us to predict future emergence of known and unknown pathogens.

Amphibians↗
PubMed2006

A single immunization with a minute dose of a lentiviral vector-based vaccine is highly effective at eliciting protective humoral immunity against West Nile virus.

BACKGROUND: Lentiviral vectors, due to their capacity to transduce non-dividing cells, have become precious and worldwide used gene transfer systems. Their ability to efficiently and stably transduce dendritic cells (DCs) has led to their successful use as vaccination vectors for eliciting strong, specific and protective cellular immune responses mostly in anti-tumoral but also in anti-viral applications. However, the ability of lentiviral vectors to elicit an antibody-based protective immunity has, to date, not been evaluated. In the present study, we evaluated the potential of a lentiviral vector-based vaccine to elicit humoral immunity against West Nile virus (WNV). WNV is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that emerged in North America and causes encephalitis in humans, birds and horses. Neutralizing anti-WNV antibodies have been shown to be crucial for protection against WNV encephalitis. METHODS: The ability of lentiviral vector TRIP/sE(WNV), expressing the secreted soluble form of the envelope E-glycoprotein (sE(WNV)) from the highly virulent IS-98-ST1 strain of WNV, to induce a specific humoral response and protection against WNV infection was assessed in a mouse model of WNV encephalitis. RESULTS: Remarkably, a single immunization with a minute dose of TRIP/sE(WNV) was efficient at eliciting a long-lasting, protective and sterilizing humoral immunity, only 1 week after priming. CONCLUSIONS: This study broadens the applicability of lentiviral vectors as efficient non-replicating vaccines against pathogens for which a neutralizing humoral response is one active arm of the protective immunity. The TRIP/sE(WNV) lentiviral vector appears to be a promising tool for veterinary vaccination against zoonotic WNV.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Producer quality assurance programs.

Essentially all animal commodity organizations have established quality assurance programs designed to ensure food safety and quality. Most of these programs were originally implemented to address problems with veterinary drug residues. Many of the current programs have or plan to include food safety critical control points with specific guidelines on how to control or reduce pathogen load. The continued focus placed on food safety by today's consumer demands that American producers ensure that their commodities are wholesome, safe, and of high quality in order to remain competitive in the global marketplace. Veterinarians should recognize that it is important to encourage food animal producers to participate in quality assurance programs for their clients' economic health and for food safety and protection of public health. Commodities certified as being produced under good production practices or by producers certified as following a recognized and validated quality assurance program often bring a premium price. Also, some slaughter establishments are beginning to require producers to be certified as practicing under a recognized quality assurance program before animals are accepted for processing. This practice is being driven partially by the demands placed on slaughter establishments by the US Department of Agriculture's implementation of the Pathogen Reduction, Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Systems regulation. Regardless of why producer trade association quality assurance programs have come into existence, veterinarians should promote the programs as an excellent mechanism to help ensure everyone's goal of a safe, wholesome food supply.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Tick immunobiology.

Ticks are of vast medical and veterinary public health importance due to direct damage caused by feeding and their roles in transmitting well known and emerging infectious agents. Ticks and tick-borne pathogens stimulate the immune system of the host. Those immune interactions are of importance in tick biology, pathogen transmission and control of ticks and tick-borne diseases. Both innate and specific acquired immune defenses are involved in the responses of vertebrate hosts to infestation. Ticks have evolved countermeasures to circumvent host immune defenses. This review addresses the immunobiology of the tick-host interface from the perspectives of the pharmacology of tick saliva; relationship of tick saliva to pathogen transmission; host immune responses to infestation; tick modulation of host immune defences; and genomic/proteomic strategies for studying tick salivary gland molecules.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Antibody response to Haemophilus somnus Fc receptor.

To characterize the bovine immune response to an Haemophilus somnus antigen known to be recognized by convalescent-phase serum, we studied isotypic antibody titers to the 270-kilodalton protein, which we had previously shown to be an immunoglobulin Fc receptor. With a modified immunodot procedure, an immune response was detected after experimental H. somnus abortion, experimental H. somnus pneumonia, or vaccination with commercial H. somnus vaccine, with the greatest titer found within the immunoglobulin G2 isotype. With protein A peroxidase conjugate, which detects primarily bovine immunoglobulin G2, we showed that cattle with H. Somnus disease could be distinguished from clinically normal carriers, culture-negative cattle, or cattle with disease due to Pasteurella haemolytica or P. multocida. Little cross-reactivity between the 270-kilodalton Fc receptor antigen and antigens from other gram-negative bovine pathogens was seen. Thus, this antigen may be a useful diagnostic antigen.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2002

Searching for Wolbachia (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae): large polymerase chain reaction survey and new identifications.

Bacteria of the genus Wolbachia constitute a group of intracellular and maternally inherited micro-organisms that are widespread in arthropods, inducing several reproductive disorders such as cytoplasmic incompatibility in their hosts. Considering relevant biological implications related to the presence of Wolbachia in several insect orders, for example its potential role as mechanism for rapid speciation and as vehicle to drive genetic markers in wild populations of vectors of medical and veterinary interest, we carried out an extensive polymerase chain reaction survey to detect Wolbachia in several species of mosquito belonging to genera involved in the transmission of pathogens. Five species out of 26 tested have shown to be infected; for four of them this is the first evidence of the Wolbachia infection. A phylogenetic analysis was also performed, positioning the five Wolbachia strains in the phyletic subdivision B.

Aedes↗
PubMed1975

[The bacteriological diagnosis of vibrio fetus infection in man (author's transl)].

A synopsis of the present classification of Vibrio fetus is given (tab. 1, 2). Besides the presentation of the importance of these bacteria in veterinary medicine, 97 human infections have been published up to now. The geographic, age and sex distribution of these cases and the material out of which the pathogens were isolated is presented (tab. 3, 4). The clinical picture is summarized. For the culture of Vibrio fetus liver broth as described by TAROZZI incubated for at least 3-4 days was suitable as enrichment medium. The necessity of a prolonged incubation period was shown by results of continous registration of the optical density of growing Vibrio fetus cultures (fig. 1). If specimen is plated out on solid culture media before enrichment, the suitable media are chocolate agar, brain-heart infusion and Bacto-tryptose agar. For subcultures the DST-agar is also useful. Solid media cultures should be incubated microaerobically with 10% CO2 added. The resistance to Cephalothin of Vibrio fetus can be applied for selection on solid culture media. The metabolic activities of different Vibrio fetus biotypes were compared. A hitherto not reported metabolic activity, the hydrolysis of palmitic acid ester, is described (tab. 5). In the tube dilution test Vibrio fetus strains were sensitive to Gentamycin, Streptomycin, Ampicillin, Ciclacillin and Carbenicillin. They were resistent to Penicillin G, Cephalotin and Sulfonamid and showed borderline sensitivities to Tetracyclin, Kanamycin and Chloramphenicol (tab. 6).

Ampicillin↗
PubMed2006

Problems associated with shellfish farming.

Shellfish culture is a major sector of aquaculture production worldwide, and zoonoses and drug residues associated with shellfish farm practice are of concern to public health. This paper focuses on three of the most important shellfish species: molluscs, crabs and shrimp. Although many diseases can affect shellfish, they do not appear to be transmittable to humans. Rather, the main hazards are associated with the methods used to farm the different species. The risk to human health from shellfish most commonly relates to contamination by biotoxins produced by marine algae. Another well-recognised problem associated with shellfish culture is the contamination of shellfish with domestic sewage that contains human pathogenic bacteria and viruses, which causes diseases such as typhoid fever and hepatitis. In shrimp farming, the main potential food safety hazards are zoonoses, chemical contamination and veterinary drug residues. Untreated effluent from shrimp farms is a major concern to the environmental sector as it is known to promote plankton blooms if directly discharged into natural water sources.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies].

The great interest for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, transmissible neurodegenerative diseases has been rapidly grown in the last 10 years, especially after their epidemic appearance in domestic and wild animals in Great Britain and the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ("mad cow diseases") in England has provoked the increased interest in veterinary and medical researches. The opinion that prions are due to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies was accepted by Prusiner and al. 1982. Prions are defined as "Little infective pathogens, which contain protein and which are resistant to procedures which modify and hydrolyze nucleic acid". These diseases in animals and humans have a long incubation period and a long clinical course, and are always fatal. Neuropathological features consist of neuronal vacuolization, neuronal death and gliosis with hyperastrocytosis. Transmissible neurodegenerative diseases are transmissible, infectious and inherited diseases. The inflammatory syndrome, immunological reactions or interferon cannot be detected in the central nervous system. The precise diagnosis of transmissible neurodegenerative diseases can be established only by the examination of the central nervous system after biopsy or autopsy. During the last two years a new variation of Creutzfeld-Jakob disease was detected in England which is different from the classical Creutzfeld-Jakob diseases. The clinical course and the absence of EEG features are typical for Creutzfeld-Jakob disease, and neuropathological changes show extensive curu plaques in the cerebrum and the cerebellum. According to the latest researches it has been established that the abnormal PrP, PrPsc are the same or similar strains which cause the bovine spongiform encephalopathy and a new variation of Creutzfeld-Jakob disease, what is of great medical and epidemiological significance.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Fast, simple and highly sensitive double-rounded polymerase chain reaction assay to detect medically relevant fungi in dermatological specimens.

BACKGROUND: Early detection of fungal infection is essential for beginning of prompt and specific therapy. In this study we describe a rapid and sensitive procedure to detect, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, a wide range of medically important opportunistic and pathogenic fungi in dermal specimens from dermatomycoses-affected patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three primer pairs, amplifying fragments of the highly conserved gene coding for small ribosomal RNA (18S rDNA) and the adjacent internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA, previously published by others, were probed on DNA from pure cultures of medically relevant human and animal fungal species. In order to evaluate the specificity of the assay, amplifications of control DNAs from other eukaryotes and prokaryotes were also carried out, and they gave negative results. RESULTS: These primer sets, in single amplification or double-rounded PCR assays, allowed specific amplification when applied to a wide number of fungal DNA from human and animal tissue specimens, including dermatophytes (genera Trichophyton, Microsporum), several yeast species (Candida, Saccharomyces, Cryptococcus, Malassezia) and moulds (Aspergillus, Penicillium). The PCR assay was able to detect as little as 10 pg of fungal DNA, corresponding to approximately 25 fungal genomes per sample specimen. A small-scale DNA extraction method was also developed. This simple, time-saving and sensitive procedure was successfully applied to 40 human and veterinary specimens, and the diagnosis was confirmed with cultural techniques, being shown to work even in the presence of other lesions or contaminating organisms. CONCLUSIONS: This method allows early recognition of fungal pathogen cells in clinical samples as an alternative tool to conventional detection techniques.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

A field investigation of causes of abortion in dairy cattle.

Cases of abortion on dairy farms on the Lancashire/Cumbria border were investigated by means of a systematic diagnostic procedure, using the facilities of a veterinary practice's laboratory, and the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food veterinary investigation centre. Among approximately 3600 animals, 149 abortions were investigated on 54 farms in two years, an annual abortion rate of 2 per cent. A diagnosis was made in 34 per cent of the cases, based on a pathological examination of aborted material and bacteriological and serological findings. The most common pathogens associated with abortion were bovine viral diarrhoea virus (39 cases), bacterial or fungal infections (20 cases), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (19 cases), and Leptospira hardjo (18 cases), either as single or multiple infections.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2001

Use of antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine and food animal production.

Antimicrobial resistance is a growing area of concern in both human and veterinary medicine. This review presents an overview of the use of antimicrobial agents in animals for therapeutic, metaphylactic, prophylactic and growth promotion purposes. In addition, factors favouring resistance development and transfer of resistance genes between different bacteria, as well as transfer of resistant bacteria between different hosts, are described with particular reference to the role of animals as a reservoir of resistance genes or resistant bacterial pathogens which may cause diseases in humans.

Animal Diseases↗